基于演化博弈视角的政府预算博弈模型设计及分析

针对政府预算体系,由于部门采取的行为策略是基于有限理性而做出的,所以博弈双方的策略选择实际上是不断调整的,并且是根据对方策略的变化而不断变化的。因此,运用演化博弈工具来研究政政府预算体系更符合现实情况。基于此,从演化博弈理论的研究视角探讨了预算审批部门、预算申报部门和财政支出部门决策的演化过程,建立了预算审批部门和预算申报部门以及财政支出部门之间的演化博弈模型。分析了审批部门、申报部门和支出部门的行为特征,根据复制者动态方程得到了参与者的行为演化规律和行为演化稳定策略。最后,文章通过数值算例对结论进行了论证。     

突发公共卫生事件中地方政府与社会公众间的演化博弈研究

近年来,突发公共卫生事件频发,社会公众与地方政府相互配合是及时、高效解决突发公共卫生事件的必然选择。本文以全球抗击新冠肺炎疫情为背景,讨论在突发公共卫生事件中社会公众与地方政府之间的博弈关系,基于有限理性假设,构建演化博弈模型,分析博弈双方决策行为的动态调整过程,得到在不同条件下社会公众和地方政府的演化稳定策略。同时,利用MATLAB进行仿真实验,分析在博弈过程中政府的奖惩、上级部门的处罚等主要因素对博弈双方策略选择的影响。研究结果表明,完善相关的补贴政策,普及疫情防控的相关法律法规,加大对社会公众随意流动、违反疫情相关规章制度的惩罚力度,提高对地方政府宽松防疫的处罚等措施可以有效促进社会公众和地方政府之间的相互协作,最终实现共同积极防疫。     

主体异质性下风险联合投资演化博弈模型研究

在前人相关研究基础上,将主体异质性等更符合实际的影响因素引入到风险联合投资演化博弈模型中,求出了模型的演化稳定策略,并对影响演化稳定策略的相关因素进行了分析,博弈一方的合作策略选择视对方的合作均衡策略而定,但联合投资的合作行为终将演化为一博弈方选择不合作策略而终止.主体的异质性与单位冲突成本收益对促进双方都选择合作策略造成很大影响,异质性程度差异程度越大,单位冲突成本收益越小,联合投资成功的可能性就越大,合作行为也会因双方遵守合约契约而得到长期稳定的维持.     

基于演化博弈的PPP项目运营期政府监管方式选择研究

PPP项目运营期内,投资者可能为了追求私利而采取投机行为。针对这种投机行为,本文从监管的角度,运用演化博弈理论分析了政府监管方式策略选择问题。本文将监管方式分为两类:过程监管和结果监管。结果表明,政府监管部门的策略选择与监管部门结果监管时能够识别投机行为的概率有关。以投资者投机所得的“价值”为标准,当结果监管识别投机行为的概率小于投资者采取机会主义所得的“价值”时,双方最终的策略选择为(不采取机会主义行为,结果监管);相反,则双方之间不存在一组进化稳定策略,博弈的最终结果与双方的收益以及系统所处的初始状态有关。此外,本文还讨论了不同参数变化对双方行为策略选择的影响,为政府监管方式的选择提供参考,以期最大程度抑制机会主义行为。     

基于随机演化博弈的重大工程项目主体行为博弈及仿真分析

从演化博弈视角分析了重大工程项目中利益主体业主与承包商的行为博弈,建立了复制动态方程,对方程引入白噪声来反映演化过程受到的随机干扰,建立了随机动力系统,借鉴Ito随机微分方程来分析博弈双方的策略演化,给出了策略稳定的充分条件,并进行了仿真分析.研究表明:在随机扰动下,当决策主体采取积极风险管理的成本小于补偿成本与分担成本之和时,决策双方的策略会上下波动,最终演化至稳定策略积极风险管理;当决策主体采取积极风险管理的成本大于补偿成本与分担成本之和时,积极风险管理策略不稳定,决策双方会倾向于采取消极风险管理.     

基于演化博弈视角的植物品种权价值链合作伙伴行为协调机制研究

本文提出了植物品种权价值链合作伙伴行为协调的概念,应用演化博弈的双种群理论,研究了植物品种权价值链合作伙伴行为协调的博弈演化过程及影响因素。研究表明,协调演化方向受协调成本、协调收益、超额收益分配比例、成本分摊比例、单独合作收益、背叛收益和奖惩金额等因素的影响。提高协调收益和单方面合作收益,降低协调成本和背叛收益,保持合作双方支付的成本与双方合作超额收益的分配正相关,建立合理的超额收益分配机制,加强外部监管和惩罚力度,将会促进植物品种权价值链合作伙伴行为向全面协调的方向演化。     

团队规范下管制员违章行为演化与监管研究

为发现团队规范下管制员违章行为及监管策略的演化博弈规律,运用演化博弈理论,构建安全管理者与管制员演化博弈模型,分析博弈系统均衡点的局部稳定性。在此基础上建立演化博弈的系统动力学模型,仿真模拟不同情形下博弈双方策略选择的动态演化过程,并分析模型参数变化对系统演化结果的影响。结果表明:正的团队规范有助于系统演化至理想模式,负的团队规范会使系统陷入“不良锁定”模式和“震荡”模式;管制员行为收益、行为成本、被监查到的概率、处罚力度、监管成本等因素均对系统演化结果产生影响。鼓励班组成员对违章行为进行否定性评价、加大对管制员的处罚力度等均能够长效促进管制员主动遵章。     

基于演化博弈的军民融合技术协同创新行为稳定性分析

基于演化博弈理论,从市场机制和政府奖惩机制两个角度出发,构建军民融合技术协同创新演化博弈模型,分析影响协同创新行为稳定性的因素.研究表明:军民融合技术协同创新行为稳定性与协同创新产生的成本、技术风险负相关;与技术转移能力、隐形壁垒强度、技术收益增量正相关;协同创新意愿与军民双方的技术实力差距相关;同时,在政府奖惩机制下,军民融合技术协同创新行为稳定性增强,由此为促进军民融合技术协同创新长期稳定提出建议.     

基于演化博弈论的环卫自律组织激励机制研究

我国部分城市开始推进市容环境卫生责任区制度,并探索建立环卫自律组织。本文将自律组织和组织成员作为博弈双方建立演化博弈模型,并引入激励机制;然后计算博弈双方在不同收益下的选择意愿,进行稳定性分析;最后运用MATLAB仿真分析参数变化对演化结果和路径的影响。结果表明,合理的激励机制大大提高了组织成员的积极性,并将激励机制设置为正激励与负激励,其中正激励包括荣誉激励、资金激励两者并行激励。同时,上级政府部门需加强对自律组织的监管,大力宣传环卫自律自治,提高组织成员的自律自治意识,使环卫自律组织的管理运行更加顺畅。     

基于演化博弈视角下的加盟式快递合作稳定性分析

针对我国加盟式快递企业逐渐暴露出的加盟商服务质量低下、各自为政、总部管理薄弱等引发的双方合作不稳定问题, 本研究以演化博弈模型为主要理论工具, 开发了不完全信息下快递公司总部和加盟商的行为交互演化博弈系统。通过雅克比矩阵求解, 揭示了博弈初始条件改变以及决策参数取值变动对演化稳定结果的影响;然后以申通公司为例, 采用MATLAB软件进行了数值仿真分析。研究表明, 当加盟商积极合作所增加的收益、快递公司总部的罚金、信息不对称程度和监督成本位于不同阈值区间时, 系统分别呈现出三种演化稳定结果和一种周期性的随机状态, 同时发现快递单价对促进博弈双方的合作稳定性具有积极作用。最后, ①降低快递加盟商服务成本, 提高服务质量;②建立适度的违约惩罚制度, 完善利润分配机制;③加强平台信息共享, 促进信息透明化;④营造良好的竞争氛围, 避免无谓的价格战, 有助于引导系统向理想状态演化。     

Using spatial games to model dynamic evolutionary systems

Modelling the dynamics of evolutionary competing species on a physical grid is a challenging modelling problem. This paper presents a novel modelling approach for synthesizing evolutionary dynamics of competing species using a spatial game perspective. This modelling approach describes the movement of players (‘species’ in our context) across a lattice. The model is based on a payoff function which controls the move likelihood and direction of the players (‘predators’ and ‘preys’). Using simulated results, the paper provides a comparison between the spatial game model and an existing predator-prey dynamic model. Finally, a case study is performed to illustrate the application of this formalism and validate the model.     

Role of update dynamics in the collective cooperation on the spatial snowdrift games: Beyond unconditional imitation and replicator dynamics

In this paper, we investigate the role of update or imitation rules in the spatial snowdrift game on regular lattices. Three different update rules, including unconditional imitation (UI), replicator dynamics (RD) and the Moran process, are utilized to update the strategies of focal players during the game process in the spatial snowdrift on the lattice. We observe that the aggregate cooperation level between players is largely elevated by using the Moran process in the spatial snowdrift game, when compared to the UI or replicator dynamics. Meanwhile, we carefully explore the dynamical evolution of frequency of cooperators and the cluster formation pattern for these three update rules. Moreover, it is also shown that the evolutionary behavior under the Moran update is independent of and insensitive to the randomly initial configurations of cooperators and defectors. The current results clearly indicate that the introduction of moderate randomness in the strategy update will highly promote the maintenance and persistence of cooperation among selfish individuals, which will be greatly instrumental to deeply understand the evolution of cooperation within many natural, biological and social systems.     

Closed-loop Stackelberg solution to a multistage linear-quadratic game

A new solution of a two-person, nonzero-sum Stackelberg game, with linear dynamics, quadratic performance criteion, and closed-loop information available to both players, is presented. This solution is applicable to all problems where the leader is able to influence the objective function of the follower, and this function is strictly convex with respect to the control variable handled by the follower. The resulting equilibrium strategies adapt to the possible nonoptimal behavior of players at some stages of the game. The strategy of the leader has a simple interpretation of a threat formulated by the leader toward the follower and, if necessary, carried out one stage after the follower has played inconsistently with the leader's wishes.     

分享经济环境下制造业产能分享的三群体演化博弈分析

制造业产能分享的兴起,改变了传统的制造模式,打破了原有制造业系统的平衡。为研究制造业产能分享参与群体的决策行为,在产能分享平台具有网络外部性、制造企业具有接入成本且博弈群体均具有有限理性的假设条件下,构建了“产能分享平台-制造业产能所有企业-制造业产能需求企业”三个博弈群体的演化博弈模型。运用演化博弈理论分析了模型的演化稳定策略,探讨了制造企业接入成本、产能分享平台的网络外部性系数等对此动态系统稳定性的影响,给出了演化稳定策略的经济和管理意义。最后,用数值仿真对比分析不同参数变化对演化结果的影响,为产能分享平台和制造企业的行为决策提供理论参考依据。     

乡村振兴战略下农村人居环境整治PPP模式合作行为演化博弈分析

农村人居环境整治是乡村振兴战略的重要内容,基于有限理性的演化博弈理论,构建了以地方政府、社会资本和农村居民为博弈主体的农村人居环境整治PPP模式合作行为演化博弈模型,运用Matlab软件分析了三方主体的初始意愿和政府规制对三方主体行为策略演化的影响。研究发现:(1)政府规制对农村人居环境整治PPP模式合作博弈系统演化的影响从大到小依次是:政府对社会资本的补贴资助、投机罚金、合作奖励和政府对农村居民的参与奖励。(2)与提高地方政府对社会资本的补贴资助力度和惩罚力度相比,提高地方政府的激励规制初始意愿更能促进农村人居环境整治PPP项目的顺利落地实施。(3)农村居民参与PPP项目的初始意愿的提升关键在于提高农村居民参与收益。最后,为促进PPP模式在农村环境治理领域的应用与发展和推动农村人居环境整治的可持续改善提出相应建议。     

Competition analysis of a triopoly game with bounded rationality

A dynamic Cournot game characterized by three boundedly rational players is modeled by three nonlinear difference equations. The stability of the equilibria of the discrete dynamical system is analyzed. As some parameters of the model are varied, the stability of Nash equilibrium is lost and a complex chaotic behavior occurs. Numerical simulation results show that complex dynamics, such as, bifurcations and chaos are displayed when the value of speed of adjustment is high. The global complexity analysis can help players to take some measures and avoid the collapse of the output dynamic competition game.     

Evolutionary games

This paper deals with a mathematical game. As the name implies, the game concept is formulated with biological evolution in mind. An evolutionary game differs from the usual game concepts in that the players cannot choose their strategies. Rather, the strategies used by the players are handed down from generation to generation. It is the survival characteristics of a strategy that determine the outcome of the evolutionary game. Players interact and receive payoffs according to the strategies they are using. These interactions, in turn, determine the fitness of players using a given strategy. The survival characteristics of strategy are determined directly from the fitness functions. Necessary conditions for determining an evolutionarily stable strategy are developed here for a continuous game. Results are illustrated with an example.Dedicated to G. LeitmannThis work was supported by NSF Grant No. INT-82-10803 and The University of Western Australia (Visiting Fellowship, Department of Mathematics, 1983).     

Evolutionary insights on the willingness to communicate

While in previous models of pre-play communication players are forced to communicate, we investigate what happens if players can choose not to participate in this cheap talk. Outcomes are predicted by analyzing evolutionary stability in a population of a priori identical players. If the game following the communication rewards players who choose the same action then an efficient outcome is only guaranteed when participation in the pre-play communication is voluntary. If however players aim to coordinate on choosing different actions in the underlying game and there are sufficiently many messages then the highest payoff is selected when players are forced to talk to each other before playing the game. Received: September 2000/Revised: March 2003     

Inducing cooperation by reciprocative strategy in non-zero-sum games

In this paper, we investigate the use of reciprocative strategy to induce cooperative behavior in non-zero-sum games. Reciprocative behavior is defined mathematically in the context of a two-person non-zero-sum game in which both the players have a common set of pure strategies. Conditions under which mutual cooperative behavior results when one of the players responds optimally to reciprocative behavior by the other player are described. Also, the desirability of playing the reciprocative strategy is investigated by stating conditions under which reciprocative strategy by one of the players or by both the players leading to mutual cooperative behavior is a Nash equilibrium outcome.