Hardy spaces H~p over non-homogeneous metric measure spaces and their applications

Let(X,d,)be a metric measure space satisfying both the geometrically doubling and the upper doubling conditions.Let ρ∈(1,∞),0p≤1≤q≤∞,p≠q,γ∈[1,∞)and ∈∈(0,∞).In this paper,the authors introduce the atomic Hardy space Hp,q,γ atb,ρ(μ)and the molecular Hardy space Hp,q,γ,mb,ρ∈(μ)via the discrete coefficient K(ρ),p B,S,and prove that the Calder′on-Zygmund operator is bounded from Hp,q,γ,δmb,ρ(μ)(or Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ))into Lp(μ),and from Hp,q,γ+1atb,ρ(ρ+1)(μ)into H p,q,γ,12(δ-νp+ν)mb,ρ(μ).The boundedness of the generalized fractional integral Tβ(β∈(0,1))from Hp1,q,γ,θmb,ρ(μ)(or Hp1,q,γatb,ρ(μ))into Lp2(μ)with 1/p2=1/p1-β is also established.The authors also introduce theρ-weakly doubling condition,withρ∈(1,∞),of the measure and construct a non-doubling measure satisfying this condition.If isρ-weakly doubling,the authors further introduce the Campanato space Eα,qρ,η,γ(μ)and show that Eα,qρ,η,γ(μ)is independent of the choices ofρ,η,γand q;the authors then introduce the atomic Hardy space Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ)and the molecular Hardy space Hp,q,γ,mb,ρ(μ),which coincide with each other;the authors finally prove that Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ)is the predual of E1/p-1,1ρ,ρ,1(μ).Moreover,if is doubling,the authors show that Eα,qρ,η,γ(μ)and the Lipschitz space Lipα,q(μ)(q∈[1,∞)),or Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ)and the atomic Hardy space Hp,q at(μ)(q∈(1,∞])of Coifman and Weiss coincide.Finally,if(X,d,)is an RD-space(reverse doubling space)with(X)=∞,the authors prove that Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ),Hp,q,γ,mb,ρ(μ)and Hp,q at(μ)coincide for any q∈(1,2].In particular,when(X,d,):=(RD,||,dx)with dx being the D-dimensional Lebesgue measure,the authors show that spaces Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ),Hp,q,γ,mb,ρ(μ),Hp,q,γatb,ρ(μ)and Hp,q,γ,mb,ρ(μ)all coincide with Hp(RD)for any q∈(1,∞).     

有得有失 有加有减

正林泽宇说,他的爸爸妈妈经常吵架,他很羡(xiàn)慕(mù)其他同学有温暖和谐的家庭,其实,很多家庭都有不如意的事情,就拿我家来说,我爸爸是做生意的,他经常在全国各地飞来飞去,很少有时间陪我,为此我经常闷闷不乐。昨天早上,爸爸匆匆忙忙地整理好行李就去机场了,谁知过了半天,他又回来了,原来,由于雾太大,航班取消了。     

一类随机最优控制问题的单调控制解

讨论了一类可允许控制策略满足单调非降条件的随机最优控制问题,给出了值函数v(t,x,y,)满足一类受梯度限制的Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman(HJB)方程:max{Lv(t,x,y), v(t,x,y)/ y}=0,其中Lv(t,x,y)= v/ t b(t,x,y,) v/ x 1/2σ2(t,x,y) 2v/ x2 f(t,x,y).借助粘性解的思想,定义了该类HJB方程的粘性解并在此意义下证明了v(t,x,y)是唯一粘性解,这类方程在随机控制,金融数学等领域内有重要应用.     

对一道中考模拟题的剖析

2011年,北京石景山区二模第22题,其中蕴含的数学知识非常值得探究,题目如下:(1)已知:如图1,在四边形ABCD中,E是AD上一点,EC//AB,EB//CD,若S△DEC=1,S△ABE=3,则S△BCE=;若S=S,S=S,S=S,请直     

怎一个“又”字了得

拐角和问题,图形变化多端,神秘莫测,破解之法是挖掘图形中的一个又字,这个又字时大时小,时正时偏,扑朔迷离,然连接又字撇、捺的末端,好似变8字,构造规则图形,则会揭开其神秘的面纱.析解几例,以飨读者.     

例说数学思维的困境及其摆脱

思维受挫就是在解题时,按一般的思路介入后,或者浅尝辄止,或者眼花缭乱,或者误入歧途,一错再错,或者前途渺茫,无法推进,就算使尽了浑身解数,左冲右突,终觉“山重水复疑无路”.笔者以为,要修复受挫的思维,只要仔细读题审题,寻找蛛丝马迹,类比联想相关知识点,分析可能的思想方法,探索恰当的思维路径,就会“峰回路转,柳暗花明”.下面举例说明,供同学们参考.     

例谈“以退求进”法解题策略

著名数学家华罗庚说过:善于退,足够的退,退到最原始而不失去重要的地方,是学好数学的一个诀窍.这里所谓的退,当然不是逃跑,而是养精蓄锐,蓄势待发,是在为进寻求途径,即以退为进.它的实质是借助转化的数学思想,把复杂的问题简单化,运动的问题静止化,高维问题低维化,变量问题常量化,抽象问题具体化,代数问     

零国王勇战食数兽

一天,数字王国突然闯进来一个三只角的怪兽,吓得数字王国的公民纷纷躲避走,怪兽张开血盆大口,一口吞下数36,接着它又吞吃了-6,数2吓得脚软,奇怪的是,怪兽看也没看它     

珠心算可以防止老人痴呆症

犹记得在24年前。仲夏之际,母亲在三军总医院住院一个月才把如小玉西瓜大的肿瘤切除,当母亲身体逐渐康复,正准备隔天要出院时,父亲却因为太劳累,脑溢血倒下去,住进特护病房、重病房插管不醒人世,二周后与我们永别,与世长辞。世事如此无常,对我们的打击犹如晴天霹雳,母亲也变得郁郁寡欢,精神恍惚,思念父亲溢于言表。     

依靠自己站起来

以前,在西方的一个国家里,有一个经理,他把所有积蓄全部投资在了一个项目上,但由于世界大战的爆发,他破产了.他认为是他把家人害得没有了一切,于是就离开家人,成了一名流浪汉.他心情非常沮丧,对往事难以释怀,不肯为以后的日子打算,甚至想要自杀.一天,他偶然看到了一本名为《自信心》的书,这本书的内容讲的是人在生活、工作上崩溃了以后,如何重新恢复信心的事.他看后心里又有了一丝希望,想找到作者,请作者帮他再度站起来.     

Convergence of densities of some functionals of Gaussian processes

The aim of this paper is to establish the uniform convergence of the densities of a sequence of random variables, which are functionals of an underlying Gaussian process, to a normal density. Precise estimates for the uniform distance are derived by using the techniques of Malliavin calculus, combined with Stein?s method for normal approximation. We need to assume some non-degeneracy conditions. First, the study is focused on random variables in a fixed Wiener chaos, and later, the results are extended to the uniform convergence of the derivatives of the densities and to the case of random vectors in some fixed chaos, which are uniformly non-degenerate in the sense of Malliavin calculus. Explicit upper bounds for the uniform norm are obtained for random variables in the second Wiener chaos, and an application to the convergence of densities of the least square estimator for the drift parameter in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes is discussed.     

On the boundedness of outer polyhedral estimates for reachable sets of linear systems

New properties of outer polyhedral (parallelepipedal) estimates for reachable sets of linear differential systems are studied. For systems with a stable matrix, it is determined what the orientation matrices are for which the estimates possessing the generalized semigroup property are bounded/unbounded on an infinite time interval. In particular, criteria are found (formulated in terms of the eigenvalues of the system’s matrix and the properties of bounding sets) that guarantee for previously mentioned tangent estimates and estimates with a constant orientation matrix that either there are initial orientation matrices for which the corresponding estimate tubes are bounded or all these tubes are unbounded. For linear stationary systems, a system of ordinary differential equations and algebraic relations is derived that determines estimates with constant orientation matrices for reachable sets that have no generalized semigroup property but are tangent and also bounded if the matrix of the system is stable.     

The use of analysis of variance procedures in biological studies

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is widely used in biological studies, yet there remains considerable confusion among researchers about the interpretation of hypotheses being tested. Ambiguities arise when statistical designs are unbalanced, and in particular when not all combinations of design factors are represented in the data. This paper clarifies the relationship among hypothesis testing, statistical modelling and computing procedures in ANOVA for unbalanced data. A simple two-factor fixed effects design is used to illustrate three common parametrizations for ANOVA models, and some associations among these parametrizations are developed. Biologically meaningful hypotheses for main effects and interactions are given in terms of each parametrization, and procedures for testing the hypotheses are described. The standard statistical computing procedures in ANOVA are given along with their corresponding hypotheses. Throughout the development unbalanced designs are assumed and attention is given to problems that arise with missing cells.     

Monte Carlo study of time asymptotics of the polarized radiation intensity

The parameters of time asymptotics of the polarized radiation intensity are estimated. Precision Monte Carlo estimates of these parameters are derived for finite medium layers by iterating the resolvent of the corresponding transfer operator with a given scattering matrix and by evaluating parametric time derivatives. The computations are performed for two versions of the problem: with a Rayleigh scattering matrix and an aerosol scattering matrix. It is shown that the asymptotics of the radiation intensity are affected by polarization, except for the spatially homogeneous problem, for which the results are obtained analytically.     

Numerical Methods for Computing Plausibility and Belief Distributions of Consequences of a Subjective Model of Object of Research

Numerical methods for computing plausibility and belief distributions of consequences of a subjective model are considered. More precisely, related constrained optimization problems are studied. Error estimates of the proposed algorithms are obtained. Techniques for taking into account the information about the consequence available to the researcher for improving the accuracy of computations are discussed.     

Classification of geometric invariants of planar representations by the method of autocorrelation functions

New results and algorithms are obtained for classifying characteristics of planar representations by the method of autocorrelation functions. Theorems are proven on the geometric content of an arbitrary autocorrelation function for various surfaces of planar representations. New algorithms are proposed for normalizing representations and for computing characteristics which are invariant relative to the transformation groups of a plane-parallel translation, rotation, and change of scale.Translated from Vychislitel'naya i Prikladnya Matematika, No. 70, pp. 109–112, 1990.     

Bifurcations of nontwisted heteroclinic loop

Bifurcations of nontwisted and fine heteroclinic loops are studied for higher dimensional systems. The existence and its associated existing regions are given for the 1-hom orbit and the 1-per orbit, respectively, and bifurcation surfaces of the two-fold periodic orbit are also obtained. At last, these bifurcation results are applied to the fine heteroclinic loop for the planar system, which leads to some new and interesting results.     

Calculation of effective moduli of composite materials

Effective properties of composite and porous materials are determined by using an approach based on two-scale asymptotic expansions. Explicit approximate formulas are derived for the effective moduli of composite and porous materials of elongated structures. A numerical method is proposed for finding solutions to cell problems, which are used to determine “exact” effective moduli. Examples are computed for a two-dimensional porous medium with variously shaped pores and various degrees of “elongation.” The effective moduli produced by the explicit approximate formulas prove to be similar to those found by numerically solving cell problems.     

Forces of rails for electromagnetic railguns

In this paper, using electromagnetic theory, the equations for the total magnetic force on the rails are deduced. Besides this, the equations for the changes of the magnetic force along with time and the running position of the armature under jointed pulse operating current are presented. Then, the equations for changes of the bending stress and shear stress in the rail along with time and the running position of the armature are given. Changes of the magnetic force distribution between the two rails along with the running position of the armature and other parameters are investigated. The total electromagnetic forces on the rail under jointed pulse operating current are analyzed. Distribution and changes of the bending stresses in the rail are studied. A number of results are obtained. The results are useful for design and application of the railgun system.     

Effective moduli of elasticity of a composite composed of anisotropic layers

Relations are obtained for the effective moduli of elasticity and Poisson's ratios of a laminated fiber-reinforced composite, each layer of which has at least orthorhombic symmetry. The elastic properties of the composite in terms of the elastic constants of the layer are expressed exactly, and the elastic constants of the individual layer in terms of the values for the fiber and the matrix are expressed approximately. Two approximations are considered: one corresponds to the Hashin-Shtrikman variational approach, while in the second the comparison material is assigned elastic properties equal to the Voigt or Reuss means of the values for each layer. A numerical example is worked for the combination boron fibers-epoxy resin. The results of the calculation are compared with the exact solution of the problem for a composite composed of alternating layers of boron and epoxy resin.