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1.
We call a semiring S locally closed if for all a ∈ S there is some integer k such that 1 + a + ⋯ + a
k
=1 + a + ⋯ + a
k + 1
. In any locally closed semiring we may define a star operation a ↦ a
*, where a
* is the above finite sum. We prove that when S is locally closed and commutative, then S is an iteration semiring. 相似文献
2.
We call a semiring S locally closed if for all a ∈ S there is some integer k such that 1 + a + ⋯ + a
k
=1 + a + ⋯ + a
k + 1
. In any locally closed semiring we may define a star operation a ↦ a
*, where a
* is the above finite sum. We prove that when S is locally closed and commutative, then S is an iteration semiring.
Partially supported by grant no. T30511 from the National Foundation of Hungary for Scientific Research and the Austrian–Hungarian
Bilateral Research and Development Fund, no. A-4/1999, and by the Austrian–Hungarian Action Foundation.
Partially supported by the Austrian–Hungarian Bilateral Research and Development Fund, no. A-4/1999, and by the Austrian–Hungarian
Action Foundation.
Received March 16, 2001 相似文献
3.
We consider the differential operators Ψ
k
, defined by Ψ1(y) =y and Ψ
k+1(y)=yΨ
k
y+d/dz(Ψ
k
(y)) fork ∈ ℕ fork∈ ℕ. We show that ifF is meromorphic in ℂ and Ψ
k
F has no zeros for somek≥3, and if the residues at the simple poles ofF are not positive integers, thenF has the formF(z)=((k-1)z+a)/(z
2+β
z+γ) orF(z)=1/(az+β) where α, β, γ ∈ ℂ. If the residues at the simple poles ofF are bounded away from zero, then this also holds fork=2. We further show that, under suitable additional conditions, a family of meromorphic functionsF is normal if each Ψ
k
(F) has no zeros. These conditions are satisfied, in particular, if there exists δ>0 such that Re (Res(F, a)) <−δ for all polea of eachF in the family. Using the fact that Ψ
k
(f
′/f) =f
(k)/f, we deduce in particular that iff andf
(k) have no zeros for allf in some familyF of meromorphic functions, wherek≥2, then {f
′/f :f ∈F} is normal.
The first author is supported by the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development G.I.F., G-643-117.6/1999,
and INTAS-99-00089. The second author thanks the DAAD for supporting a visit to Kiel in June–July 2002. Both authors thank
Günter Frank for helpful discussions. 相似文献
4.
An element e of a semiring S with commutative addition is called an almost idempotent if \(e + e^2 = e^2\). Here we characterize the subsemiring \(\langle E(S)\rangle \) generated by the set E(S) of all almost idempotents of a k-regular semiring S with a semilattice additive reduct. If S is a k-regular semiring then \(\langle E(S)\rangle \) is also k-regular. A similar result holds for the completely k-regular semirings, too. 相似文献
5.
For any subset S of positive integers, a positive definite integral quadratic form is said to be S-universal if it represents every integer in the set S. In this article, we classify all binary S-universal positive definite integral quadratic forms in the case when S=S
a
={an
2∣n≥2} or S=S
a,b
={an
2+b∣n∈ℤ}, where a is a positive integer and ab is a square-free positive integer in the latter case. We also prove that there are only finitely many S
a
-universal ternary quadratic forms not representing a. Finally, we show that there are exactly 15 ternary diagonal S
1-universal quadratic forms not representing 1. 相似文献
6.
We formulate, for regular μ>ω, a “forcing principle” Sμ which we show is equivalent to the existence of morasses, thus providing a new and systematic method for obtaining applications
of morasses. Various examples are given, notably that for infinitek, if 2
k
=k
+ and there exists a (k
+, 1)-morass, then there exists ak
++-super-Souslin tree: a normalk
++ tree characterized by a highly absolute “positive” property, and which has ak
++-Souslin subtree. As a consequence we show that CH+SHℵ
2⟹ℵ2 is (inaccessible)L.
This author thanks the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation for partial support of this research. 相似文献
7.
G. Kuba 《Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universit?t Hamburg》2006,76(1):157-181
LetF be a field not of characteristic 2 andQ =F +F
i +F
j +F
k the quaternion algebra overF whereij = -ji =k andi
2 = α andj
2 = β with 0 ≠ α, β ∈F fixed. (IfF = ℝ and α = β = - 1 thenQ is the division algebra of the Hamilton quaternions.) IfF = ℚ and Q is a division algebra then by embedding certain quadratic number fields inQ we derive an efficient formula to compute the powers of any quaternion. This formula is even true in general and reads as
follows. If a, a1, a2, a3 ∈F andn ∈ ℕ then
where ω ig a square root of αa1
2 + βa
2
2 - αβa
3
2 in or overF and
andA
0 =na
n-1.
With the help of this formula and related ones we are able to solve the equationX
n
=q for arbitrary quaternionsq and positive integers n in case ofF = ℝ and hence in case ofF ⊂ ℝ as well. IfF = ℝ then the total number of all solutions equals 0, 1, 2, 4,n or ∞. (4 is possible even whenn < 4.) In case ofF = ℚ, which we are primarily interested in, there are always either at most six or infinitely many solutions. Further, for
everyq ≠ 0 there is at most one solution provided thatn is odd and not divisible by 3. The questions when there are infinitely many solutions and when there are none can always
be decided by checking simple conditions on the radicandq ifF = ℝ. ForF = ℚ the two questions are comprehensively investigatet in a natural connection with ternary and quaternary quadratic rational
forms. Finally, by applying some of our theorems on powers and roots of quate-rions we also obtain several nice results in
matrix theory. For example, for every k ∈ ℤ the mappingA ↦A
k
on the group of all nonsingular 2-by-2 matrices over ℚ is injective if and only ifk is odd and not divisible by 3.
相似文献
8.
Huanyin Chen 《Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal》2007,57(2):579-590
We characterize exchange rings having stable range one. An exchange ring R has stable range one if and only if for any regular a ∈ R, there exist an e ∈ E(R) and a u ∈ U(R) such that a = e + u and aR ⋂ eR = 0 if and only if for any regular a ∈ R, there exist e ∈ r.ann(a
+) and u ∈ U(R) such that a = e + u if and only if for any a, b ∈ R, R/aR ≅ R/bR ⇒ aR ≅ bR. 相似文献
9.
M. Zippin 《Israel Journal of Mathematics》1981,39(4):349-358
It is proved that there exists a positive function Φ(∈) defined for sufficiently small ∈ 〉 0 and satisfying limt→0 Φ(∈) =0 such that for any integersn 〉>0, ifQ is a projection ofl
1
n
onto ak-dimensional subspaceE with ‖|Q‖|≦1+∈ then there is an integerh〉=k(1−Φ(∈)) and anh-dimensional subspaceF ofE withd(F,l
1
h
) 〈= 1+Φ (∈) whered(X, Y) denotes the Banach-Mazur distance between the Banach spacesX andY. Moreover, there is a projectionP ofl
1
n
ontoF with ‖|P‖| ≦1+Φ(∈).
Author was partially supported by the N.S.F. Grant MCS 79-03042. 相似文献
10.
The Crossing Number of P(N, 3) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
It is proved that the crossing number of the Generalized Petersen Graph P(3k+h,3) is k+h if h∈{0,2} and k+3 if h=1, for each k≥3, with the single exception of P(9,3), whose crossing number is 2.
Received: May 7, 1999 Final version received: April 8, 2000 相似文献
11.
12.
Shmuel Kantorovitz 《Semigroup Forum》2009,78(2):285-292
The “Volterra relation” is the commutation relation [S,V]⊂V
2, where S is a not necessarily bounded operator, V is a bounded operator leaving D(S) invariant, and [⋅,⋅] is the Lie product. When S,V are so related, and in addition iS generates a bounded C
0-group of operators and V has some general property, it is known that S+α
V (α∈ℂ) is similar to S if and only if ℜ
α=0 (cf. Theorem 11.17 in Kantorovitz, Spectral Theory of Banach Space Operators, Springer, Berlin, 1983). In particular, S−V is not similar to S. However, it is shown in this note that (without any restriction on
V
and on the group
S(⋅) generated by
iS), the perturbations (S−V)+P are similar to S for all P in the similarity sub-orbit {S(a)VS(−a);a∈ℝ} of V. When S is bounded, the above perturbations are similar to S for all P in the wider similarity sub-orbit {e
aS
Ve
−aS
;a∈ℂ}. 相似文献
13.
Fix integers n, x, k such that n≥3, k>0, x≥4, (n, x)≠(3, 4) and k(n+1)<(
n
n+x
). Here we prove that the order x Veronese embedding ofP
n
is not weakly (k−1)-defective, i.e. for a general S⊃P
n
such that #(S) = k+1 the projective space | I
2S
(x)| of all degree t hypersurfaces ofP
n
singular at each point of S has dimension (
n
/n+x
)−1− k(n+1) (proved by Alexander and Hirschowitz) and a general F∈| I
2S
(x)| has an ordinary double point at each P∈ S and Sing (F)=S.
The author was partially supported by MIUR and GNSAGA of INdAM (Italy). 相似文献
14.
O. T. Mewomo 《Proceedings Mathematical Sciences》2008,118(4):547-555
Let S be a Rees matrix semigroup. We show that l
1(S) is (2k + 1)-weakly amenable for k ∈ ℤ+. 相似文献
15.
M. K. Sen 《Semigroup Forum》1992,44(1):149-156
A pair (S, P) of a regular semigroupsS and a subsetP ofE
s
whereE
s
is the set of all idempotent elements ofS is called aP-regular semigroupS(P) if it satisfies the following:
The class of orthodox semigroups and the class of regular *-semigroups are within the class ofP-regular semigroups. This paper gives a characterisation of theP-kernel of aP-congruence. 相似文献
(1) | P 2 ⊆E S |
(2) | qPq⊆P for allq∈P |
(3) | for anyx∈S there existsx †∈V(x) (the set of inverses ofx), such thatxP 1 x †⊆P andx † P 1 x⊆P whereP 1=P∩{1}. |
16.
It is proved that all the equivalence relations of a universal algebra A are its congruences if and only if either |A| ≤ 2 or every operation f of the signature is a constant (i.e., f(a
1
, . . . , a
n
) = c for some c ∈ A and all the a
1
, . . . , a
n
∈ A) or a projection (i.e., f(a
1
, . . . , a
n
) = a
i
for some i and all the a
1
, . . . , a
n
∈ A). All the equivalence relations of a groupoid G are its right congruences if and only if either |G| ≤ 2 or every element a ∈ G is a right unit or a generalized right zero (i.e., x
a
= y
a
for all x, y ∈ G). All the equivalence relations of a semigroup S are right congruences if and only if either |S| ≤ 2 or S can be represented as S = A∪B, where A is an inflation of a right zero semigroup, and B is the empty set or a left zero semigroup, and ab = a, ba = a
2 for a ∈ A, b ∈ B. If G is a groupoid of 4 or more elements and all the equivalence relations of it are right or left congruences, then either all
the equivalence relations of the groupoid G are left congruences, or all of them are right congruences. A similar assertion for semigroups is valid without the restriction
on the number of elements. 相似文献
17.
Josef DIBLIK Irena RICKOVA Miroslava ROZICKOVA 《数学学报(英文版)》2007,23(2):341-348
We study a problem concerning the compulsory behavior of the solutions of systems of discrete equations u(k + 1) = F(k, u(k)), k ∈ N(a) = {a, a + 1, a + 2 }, a ∈ N,N= {0, 1,... } and F : N(a) × R^n→R^n. A general principle for the existence of at least one solution with graph staying for every k ∈ N(a) in a previously prescribed domain is formulated. Such solutions are defined by means of the corresponding initial data and their existence is proved by means of retract type approach. For the development of this approach a notion of egress type points lying on the defined boundary of a given domain and with respect to the system considered is utilized. Unlike previous investigations, the boundary can contain points which are not points of egress type, too. Examples are inserted to illustrate the obtained result. 相似文献
18.
Attila Nagy 《Semigroup Forum》2009,78(1):68-76
A semigroup S is said to be ℛ-commutative if, for all elements a,b∈S, there is an element x∈S
1 such that ab=bax. A semigroup S is called a generalized conditionally commutative (briefly,
-commutative) semigroup if it satisfies the identity aba
2=a
2
ba. An ℛ-commutative and
-commutative semigroup is called an
-commutative semigroup. A semigroup S is said to be a right H-semigroup if every right congruence of S is a congruence of S. In this paper we characterize the subdirectly irreducible semigroups in the class of
-commutative right H-semigroups.
Research supported by the Hungarian NFSR grant No T029525. 相似文献
19.