中学方程与小学奥数问题探析

在小学奥数诸多题型中,其中和生活实际联系比较紧密的应用题在小学数学的范畴内是难度最大、小学生最不易理解的题型;同时,从小学奥数到中学数学在知识的衔接上存在部分重叠,但是在分析方法上无疑又是递进的.下面通过对几个典型问题的分析和解决来比较小学奥数与中学方程(组)在方法本质上的区别和联系,以便于中学数学老师在小学奥数层次上辅导小学生和教授新升入初中的学生时,提高其分析和解决小学奥数中复杂应用题的能力.     

解析几何中的对称问题浅析

对称和对称问题在高中数学课本虽然没有专门研究。但对称和对称问题在高中数学中经常出现．根据教材所涉及的对称知识和高考中所考查的有关对称的试题，在此就解析几何中的三个问题进行总结．     

模糊逻辑系统公理真度分析

分别对Lukasiewicz逻辑系统中的公理在R0系统和G(o)del系统中的真度大小、R0系统逻辑系统中的公理在Lukasiewicz系统和中G(o)del系统的真度大小和G(o)del逻辑系统中的公理在R0系统和Lukasiewicz系统中的真度大小进行了计算和分析,从真度方面研究和分析了常用逻辑系统之间的关系.     

微量氧污染的Ni{001}c(2×2)-Al有序合金表面上CO的分解吸附

本文用真空热蒸镀的方法得到了表面处有微量氧污染的有序表面合金,并用AES,LEED和HREELS研究了CO在该合金表面上的吸附。合金在52,75和105meV处产生三个振动峰,它们分别对应于表面上和表面Al原子以下的Al和氧原子之间的伸缩振动,在室温和低温下(135K),CO分子直立吸附在合金表面Ni原子顶位和最近邻的两个Ni原子桥位上并在250meV 和222meV处产生相应的损失峰。CO暴露量太子2.0L以后,105meV的损失峰强度随CO暴露量的增加有明显的增加,这是由于吸附在表面的CO有部分分解,分解后的氧原子和Al原子结合优先占据表面以下的位置,CO的分解速率与氧污染的多少有关,氧原子越多,分解速率越快。据我们所知,这是第一次在室温下观察到在Ni-Al合金表面上CO的分解。     

Poisson比对弯曲波在变截面梁中传播特性的影响

基于Timoshenko理论和梁几何不连续处位移连续和力平衡条件,得到弯曲波在变截面梁中反射和透射系数矩阵,进而研究材料Poisson比对弯曲波在梁变截面处传播特性的影响.结果显示,在负Poisson比阶段,透射传播波的振幅和能量有显著下降趋势,反射传播波振幅和能量上升明显.这说明负Poisson比有利于反射传播波在变截面处的生成,对透射传播波有抑制作用.此外通过对衰减波能量的分析,得到Euler-Bernoulli理论即使在低频范围内,有时会产生较大误差,因此在使用Euler-Bernoulli理论时应慎重.     

弹性函数的若干应用

列举了弹性函数在数学分析、经济分析和数值分析三个方面的应用.在数学分析方面利用弹性函数分别给出了函数超(次)加性和几何凸(凹)性的判别定理,在经济分析和数值分析方面利用弹性函数进行了简单的弹性分析和误差分析.     

弹性函数的若干应用

列举了弹性函数在数学分析、经济分析和数值分析三个方面的应用.在数学分析方面利用弹性函数分别给出了函数超（次）加性和几何凸（凹）性的判别定理,在经济分析和数值分析方面利用弹性函数进行了简单的弹性分析和误差分析.     

逆向选择下的委托—代理模型分析

分别讨论了在对称信息和逆向选择下,保险代理人的类型是离散和连续情形时激励合同设计问题,得出如下主要结论:保险人在对称信息和逆向选择下要求最高效率的代理人的努力水平相同,且在逆向选择下的支付更多,然而对其他类型的代理人而言,在逆向选择下要求的努力水平和所支付比在对称信息条件下都要少些.     

全概率公式的推广

首先给出了普通事件在普通条件和Fuzzy条件下的Fuzzy条件概率及Fuzzy事件在普通条件和Fuzzy条件下的Fuzzy条件概率公式,并通过对普通事件的全概率公式进行推广,得到普通事件和Fuzzy事件分别在普通划分和Fuzzy划分下的全概率公式     

女性吸毒者在HIV/AIDS传播中的作用

利用数学模型,探讨了女性吸毒者在HIV/AIDS传播中的作用.通过理论分析和数值模拟,揭示了女性吸毒者对HIV/AIDS传播和流行的重要作用:当HIV/AIDS在吸毒人群和一般男性人群中流行时,若切断女性吸毒人群和一般男性人群间的传播途径(商业性行为),则疾病不但在一般男性人群中会消亡,在一定的条件下,甚至会在吸毒人群中消亡.     

DC programming techniques for solving a class of nonlinear bilevel programs

We propose a method for finding a global solution of a class of nonlinear bilevel programs, in which the objective function in the first level is a DC function, and the second level consists of finding a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker point of a quadratic programming problem. This method is a combination of the local algorithm DCA in DC programming with a branch and bound scheme well known in discrete and global optimization. Computational results on a class of quadratic bilevel programs are reported.     

Weakly convex sets and modulus of nonconvexity

We consider a definition of a weakly convex set which is a generalization of the notion of a weakly convex set in the sense of Vial and a proximally smooth set in the sense of Clarke, from the case of the Hilbert space to a class of Banach spaces with the modulus of convexity of the second order. Using the new definition of the weakly convex set with the given modulus of nonconvexity we prove a new retraction theorem and we obtain new results about continuity of the intersection of two continuous set-valued mappings (one of which has nonconvex images) and new affirmative solutions of the splitting problem for selections. We also investigate relationship between the new definition and the definition of a proximally smooth set and a smooth set.     

On arithmetic Macaulayfication of Noetherian rings

The Rees algebra is the homogeneous coordinate ring of a blowing-up. The present paper gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a Noetherian local ring to have a Cohen-Macaulay Rees algebra: A Noetherian local ring has a Cohen-Macaulay Rees algebra if and only if it is unmixed and all the formal fibers of it are Cohen-Macaulay. As a consequence of it, we characterize a homomorphic image of a Cohen-Macaulay local ring. For non-local rings, this paper gives only a sufficient condition. By using it, however, we obtain the affirmative answer to Sharp's conjecture. That is, a Noetherian ring having a dualizing complex is a homomorphic image of a finite-dimensional Gorenstein ring.

     

Noncommutative spectral decomposition with quasideterminant

We develop a noncommutative analogue of the spectral decomposition with the quasideterminant defined by I. Gelfand and V. Retakh. In this theory, by introducing a noncommutative Lagrange interpolating polynomial and combining a noncommutative Cayley-Hamilton's theorem and an identity given by a Vandermonde-like quasideterminant, we can systematically calculate a function of a matrix even if it has noncommutative entries. As examples, the noncommutative spectral decomposition and the exponential matrices of a quaternionic matrix and of a matrix with entries being harmonic oscillators are given.     

A Dynamic Frictional Contact Problem with Normal Damped Response

We consider a mathematical model which describes the frictional contact between a viscoelastic body and a reactive foundation. The process is assumed to be dynamic and the contact is modeled with a general normal damped response condition and a local friction law. We present a variational formulation of the problem and prove the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution, using results on evolution equations with monotone operators and a fixed point argument. We then introduce and study a fully discrete numerical approximation scheme of the variational problem, in terms of the velocity variable. The numerical scheme has a unique solution. We derive error estimates under additional regularity assumptions on the data and the solution.     

A Characterization of Generalized Monotone Normed Cones

Let C be a cone and consider a quasi-norm p defined on it. We study the structure of the couple （C, p） as a topological space in the case where the function p is also monotone. We characterize when the topology of a quasi-normed cone can be defined by means of a monotone norm. We also define and study the dual cone of a monotone normed cone and the monotone quotient of a general cone. We provide a decomposition theorem which allows us to write a cone as a direct sum of a monotone subcone that is isomorphic to the monotone quotient and other particular subcone.     

Polar decomposition in e-rings

An e-ring is a generalization of the ring of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space together with the subset consisting of all effect operators on that space. Associated with an e-ring is a partially ordered abelian group, called its directed group, that generalizes the additive group of bounded Hermitian operators on the Hilbert space. We prove that every element of the directed group of an e-ring has a polar decomposition if and only if every element has a carrier projection and is split by a projection into a positive and a negative part.     

Partially isometric dilations of noncommuting -tuples of operators

Given a row contraction of operators on a Hilbert space and a family of projections on the space that stabilizes the operators, we show there is a unique minimal joint dilation to a row contraction of partial isometries that satisfy natural relations. For a fixed row contraction the set of all dilations forms a partially ordered set with a largest and smallest element. A key technical device in our analysis is a connection with directed graphs. We use a Wold decomposition for partial isometries to describe the models for these dilations, and we discuss how the basic properties of a dilation depend on the row contraction.

     

Conditioned stochastic differential equations: theory, examples and application to finance

We generalize the notion of Brownian bridge. More precisely, we study a standard Brownian motion for which a certain functional is conditioned to follow a given law. Such processes appear as weak solutions of stochastic differential equations that we call conditioned stochastic differential equations. The link with the theory of initial enlargement of filtration is made and after a general presentation several examples are studied: the conditioning of a standard Brownian motion (and more generally of a Markov diffusion) by its value at a given date, the conditioning of a geometric Brownian motion with negative drift by its quadratic variation and finally the conditioning of a standard Brownian motion by its first hitting time of a given level. As an application, we introduce the notion of weak information on a complete market, and we give a “quantitative” value to this weak information.     

A genetic algorithm for the two-stage supply chain distribution problem associated with a fixed charge

This paper considers a two-stage distribution problem of a supply chain that is associated with a fixed charge. Two kinds of cost are involved in this problem: a continuous cost that linearly increases with the amount transported between a source and a destination, and secondly, a fixed charge, that incurs whenever there exists a transportation of a non-zero quantity between a source and a destination. The objective criterion is the minimisation of the total cost of distribution. A genetic algorithm (GA) that belongs to evolutionary search heuristics is proposed and illustrated. The proposed methodology is evaluated for its solution quality by comparing it with the approximate and lower bound solutions. Thus, the comparison reveals that the GA generates better solution than the approximation method and is capable of providing solution either equal or closer to the lower bound solution of the problem.