三角代换在竞赛中的应用

三角是中学数学的重要内容之一,其基础主要是几何中的相似形和圆．研究方法主要是代数变形和图象分析．因此,三角的研究已经初步把代数与几何联系起来了．本文讲讲三角代换在竞赛中的应用．     

《代数与几何基础》(张肇炽教授主编)一书评析

数学是研究现实事物的数量关系与空间形式的一门科学 .分析学、代数学与几何学是数学的三大基础 ,分析与代数侧重于数学中的“数”,而几何则侧重于数学中的“形”.坐标、向量、矩阵等概念的建立 ,将代数和几何紧密地结合在一起 ,代数为几何提供了研究方法 ,而几何也为代数提供了直观的几何背景 .事实上 ,线性代数中所讨论的“线性”概念来源欧氏几何、线性方程组理论和解析几何 ,线性空间的概念是几何空间的一种代数抽象 .变换的理论 ,如正交变换、仿射变换、射影变换等都是从几何中产生的 .线性代数中的很多重要概念 ,如矩阵的等价、相合、…     

UMD空间及其应用

UMD空间是被广泛研究的一类新型的Banach空间，它具有一系列良好的几何性质与分析性质并且与向量值调和分析、随机分析有着广泛深刻的联系。本扼要介绍这类空间的有关问题，主要是以下几个方面：（1）引言（定义与产生背景）；（2）UMD空间的几何特性与分析特征；（3）此类空间的例；（4）在向量值调和分析理论中的应用；（5）关于鞅不等式的最优系数问题。     

关于重视几何直观分析的思考

关于重视几何直观分析的思考王敬庚（北京师大数学系１００８７５）培养学生从几何直观上分析问题的能力，是中学几何教学的任务之一，然而在解析几何教学中，却往往容易把注意力全部放在如何教学生用代数方法解几何题上，而对如何教学生也要注意从几何直观上分析问题重视...     

数学机械化进展综述（迎接ICM2002特约文章）

本文介绍数学机械化理论,构造性代数几何,构造性微分代数几何,构造性实代数几何,方程求解,与几何自动推理的主要进展及其若干领域的应用,我们还提出了一些待解决的问题。     

以凸包为工具求解组合几何题

组合几何诞生于20世纪中叶．是用组合数学的成果来解决几何学中的问题．主要研究几何图形的拓扑性质和有限制条件的欧几里德性质．组合几何以其内容丰富．题目新颖，难度有层次而在竞赛数学中异军突起．分类是一种重要的数学思想方法，它分化了问题的难度．对每一子问题而言，原来问题中的不确定因素变成了确定因素(因为附加了已知条件)，     

Clifford 代数,几何计算和几何推理

Clifford代数是一种深深根植于几何学之中的代数系统,被它的创始人称为几何代数．历史上,E．Cartan,R．Brauer,H．Weyl,C．Chevalley等数学大师都曾研究和应用过Clifford代数,对它的发展起了重要作用．近年来,Clifford代数在微分几何、理论物理、经典分析等方面取得了辉煌的成就,是现代理论数学和物理的一个核心工具,并在现代科技的各个领域,如机器人学、信号处理、计算机视觉、计算生物学、量子计算等方面有广泛的应用．本文主要介绍Clifford代数在几何计算和几何推理中的应用．作为一种优秀的描述和计算几何问题的代数语言,Clifford代数对于几何体,几何关系和几何变换有不依赖于坐标的、易于计算的多种表示,因而应用它进行几何自动推理,不仅使困难定理的证明往往变得极为简单,而且能够解决一些著名的公开问题,目前在国际上,几何自动推理已经成为Clifford代数的一个重要应用领域。     

动态几何课上的勾股定理教学

本文介绍笔者在<动态几何>课程中的一个教学案例.虽然是发生在大学课堂,但其中的内容完全是中学的,特别是打破常规的思索,有一定的借鉴作用,故与大家分享. 几何作图和动态测量是动态几何中非常基本但又十分重要的功能.近些年,测量之风在中学教学中相当盛行.有些老师采用原始工具,主要是三角板、量角器;有些老师则先进一些,采用动态几何软件.     

几何分析中运用Gromov方法的几个课题

近３０年来Ｇｒｏｍｏｖ对数学的多个领域，其中包括微分几何，拓扑，动力系统，群论和偏微分方程，作出了重要的贡献，本文讨论几何分析中与Ｇｒｏｍｏｖ引进的多种几何不变量有关的几个专题中主要包括Ｇｒｏｍｏｖ几乎平坦流形，极小体积空隙独测，填充黎曼流形，等周不等式，Ｇｒｏｍｏｖ字双曲群，非紧空间和具有界曲率奇异空间上的加权Ｌ＾ｐ上同调。     

平面向量的运算及其应用

在高中数学中，平面向量的运算主要包括两类，一是向量的线性运算，二是向量的数量积．这些运算都有明确的几何意义，因此学好向量可以为研究数学的其它问题(特别是平面几何)带来很大的方便．     

Space curve evolution,geometric phase,and solitons

Certain moving space curves are endowed with a geometric phase. This phase arises due to the path dependence of the rotation of an orthonormal triad (frame) defined at every point on the curve. In the present work we use the connection between moving curves and soliton dynamics to find the geometric phase associated with a class of soliton-supporting equations.The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Madras 600 113, India. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 172–176, May, 1994.     

Linking in Hilbert space

We present the most general definition of the linking of sets in a Hilbert space and, drawing on the theory given in earlier papers by Schechter and Tintarev, give a necessary and sufficient geometric condition for linking when one set is compact.

     

Crowns,cutsets, and valuable partial orders

We consider the problem of recognizing those partial orders which admit a valuation: this is a linear-algebraic condition which arises naturally in an algebraic/geometric context. We show that a partial order has at most one valuation (which is integer-valued) and present various structural conditions which are either necessary or sufficient for a partial order to be valuable. The first main result is a reduction theorem which allows us to restrict attention to those partial orders which do not have a bounded cutset. We use this and a theorem of Kelly and Rival to prove the second main result: that every contraction of a bounded partial order is fibre-valuable if and only if the partial order is a dismantlable lattice. This result has a geometric interpretation.This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada under operating grant OGP0105392.     

Matrix models, complex geometry, and integrable systems: I

We consider the simplest gauge theories given by one-and two-matrix integrals and concentrate on their stringy and geometric properties. We recall the general integrable structure behind the matrix integrals and turn to the geometric properties of planar matrix models, demonstrating that they are universally described in terms of integrable systems directly related to the theory of complex curves. We study the main ingredients of this geometric picture, suggesting that it can be generalized beyond one complex dimension, and formulate them in terms of semiclassical integrable systems solved by constructing tau functions or prepotentials. We discuss the complex curves and tau functions of one-and two-matrix models in detail. [This article was written at the request of the Editorial Board. It is based on several lectures presented at schools of mathematical physics and talks at the conference “Complex Geometry and String Theory” and the Polivanov memorial seminar.] __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 147, No. 2, pp. 163–228, May, 2006.     

The Hermite-Hadamard inequality in Beckenbach's setting

The classical Hermite-Hadamard inequality gives a lower and an upper estimations for the integral average of convex functions defined on compact intervals, involving the midpoint and the endpoints of the domain. The aim of the present paper is to extend this inequality and to give analogous results when the convexity notion is induced by Beckenbach families. The key tool of the investigations is based on some general support theorems that are obtained via the pure geometric properties of Beckenbach families and can be considered as generalizations of classical support and chord properties of ordinary convex functions. The Markov-Krein-type representation of Beckenbach families is also investigated.     

Checking oriented matroid isomorphism by means of canonical labeling

In this paper a method for establishing the structural equivalence of sets of planar geometric features composed by points and lines is presented. It is based on oriented matroid theory, a setting in which the combinatorial structural properties of these geometric features, such as incidence, order, partitioning, separation, and convexity, can be represented and analyzed in a coordinate-free manner. Projective transformations in computer vision keep in general the convexity property which implies an invariant oriented matroid representation of the planar geometric features under this class of transformations. As long as points and lines are in general position, the oriented matroid representation is also insensitive to small changes in the geometric image features. However the oriented matroid representation depends on the labeling of its elements. Checking the structural equivalence of the above mentioned geometric features represented by means of oriented matroids implies establishing whether two oriented matroid representations are equivalent up to relabeling of their elements. This is the oriented matroid isomorphism problem which is solved in this paper by means of a canonical labeling of the elements.     

Dynamics of Poisson-Nernst-Planck Systems and Ionic Flows Through Ion Channels: A Review

Poisson-Nernst-Planck systems are basic models for electrodiffusion process, particularly, for ionic flows through ion channels embedded in cell membranes. In this article, we present a brief review on a geometric singular perturbation framework for analyzing the steady-state of a quasi-one-dimensional Poisson-Nernst-Planck model. The framework is based on the general geometric singular perturbed theory from nonlinear dynamical system theory and, most crucially, on the reveal of two specific structures of Poisson-Nernst-Planck systems. As a result of the geometric framework, one obtains a governing system–an algebraic system of equations that involves all physical quantities such as protein structures of membrane channels as well as boundary conditions, and hence, provides a complete platform for studying the interplay between protein structure and boundary conditions and effects on ionic flow properties. As an illustration, we will present concrete applications of the theory to several topics of biologically significant based on collaboration works with many excellent researchers.     

Computing regions of interest for geometric features in digital images

We present an uncertainty model for geometric transformations based on polygonal uncertainty regions and transformation polytopes. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic approach for the computation of regions of interest for features by using the uncertainty model for affine and projective transformations. The focus is on the solution of transformation problems for geometric primitives, especially lines, so that regions of interest can be computed for corresponding geometric features in distinct images.     

Matrix models, complex geometry, and integrable systems: II

We consider certain examples of applications of the general methods based on geometry and integrability of matrix models. These methods were described in the first part of this paper. In particular, we investigate the nonlinear differential equations satisfied by semiclassical tau functions. We also discuss a similar semiclassical geometric picture arising in the context of multidimensional supersymmetric gauge theories and the AdS/CFT correspondence. [This article was written at the request of the Editorial Board. It is based on several lectures presented at schools of mathematical physics and talks at the conference “Complex Geometry and String Theory” and the Polivanov memorial seminar.] __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 147, No. 3, pp. 399–449, June, 2006.     

基于Frobenius定理的Hamilton-Jacobi方法的几何解释

给出了一阶偏微分方程特征微分方程组的一种基于Frobenius定理的几何解释,通过研究发现根据Frobenius定理可以从一阶偏微分方程直接得到其特征微分方程组;在此基础上说明如何利用几何方法从Hamilton正则方程出发找到与之对应的Hamilton-Jacobi方程.这种方法可以被用于非保守或非完整Hamilton力学问题的研究中,经典Hamilton-Jacobi方法是这种方法的一个特例.