基于动态数据驱动的改进灰色马尔科夫模型黄金价格预测

将黄金数据的尖峰厚尾、异方差性及杠杆效应等统计特征与马尔科夫概率转移矩阵所具有的动态变化规律结合,提出一种改进的灰色马尔科夫模型.模型首先对数据进行统计分析,建立相应的概率统计模型并用此模型对系统发展变化趋势进行拟合.在拟合序列的基础上利用马尔科夫链的动态转移变化建立状态转移概率矩阵,采用动态数据驱动原理对未来每一步数据进行动态预测.模型既是统计方法与数据动态驱动的结合,克服了传统的灰色马尔科夫模型中对数据内在统计规律的忽视,实证表明其预测精度较灰色马尔科夫模型预测高,具有较好的实用性.     

我国长期护理保险设计创新及定价研究

随着我国人口老龄化程度不断加深,针对老年人的长期护理保险的定价方法成为保险精算方向的热点问题.本文利用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS) 2014–2018年的数据,在传统的三、四状态马尔科夫模型的基础上,进一步将老年人的健康状况划分为六种状态,采用马尔科夫模型对各状态进行数值测算,利用Robinson幂函数综合考虑了性别和年龄两种因素求解健康状态的转移强度矩阵和转移概率矩阵,随后运用双随机Lee-Carter模型、随机游走模型和预期寿命公式估算了65、75和85岁的保费年限,以此为依据给出了长期护理保险的保费计算方法,为我国的长期护理保险定价提供理论参考.     

一种基于季节指数的灰色马尔科夫气温预测模型

提出一种根据气温历史数据的年际周期性和季节性变化规律建立的基于季节指数的灰色-马尔科夫气温预测模型.模型将纵向与横向分析相结合方法运用到气温预报之中,通过季节指数修正气温的横向季节性变化,再用灰色模型进行预测,最后通过马尔科夫进行误差修正.实例运用中,对广州市的2000年月平均气温进行预测,在与历史数据的对比中表明,模型预测结果较为准确,可靠性较好.并讨论说明该模型也可推广到其他具有周期特征的非平稳时间序列的预测中,并大大提高预测精度.     

基于改进灰色马尔科夫模型成品油消费预测

近年来中国经济放缓,成品油的消费一定程度上受到了抑制,2016年,我国汽柴油表观消费量首次较前年下降.成品油消费税率提高,导致部分成品油生产资本向新能源项目转移.根据GM(1,1)模型和马尔科夫模型时间序列预测的长短期互补,首先用GM(1,1)模型对成品油消费量进行预测,随后利用马尔科夫模型对GM(1,1)预测误差项的状态及状态概率进行预估,采用预测状态与其概率的乘积对GM(1,1)预测值进行修正.结果表明,改进后的灰色马尔科夫模型误差小,精度高,适于中长期预测.除此之外,组合模型还可以通过增加误差状态划分的个数,以提高模型预测的精度.     

关于巨灾债券定价模型的研究

巨灾债券的定价是巨灾债券的核心技术及难题。本文从两个方面来分析巨灾债券的定价:首先从规范学的角度来分析巨灾债券的定价,以金融衍生品的无套利定价方法确定巨灾债券的价格,即"巨灾债券价格应该为多少";其次,从实证学角度分析巨灾债券的定价,以利用精算学中的Wang变换和双因素变换模型为定价方法,分析巨灾债券的价格,即"巨灾债券价格是多少",通过对实际巨灾债券的价格实证分析得到:双因素模型能更好的拟合实际价差,对单一事件单一期限的巨灾债券,运用双因素模型得到较高的拟合优度。     

气温随机模型与我国气温期权定价研究

建立气温期权交易对于对冲天气风险,增加市场金融投资品种具有重要意义。本文主要参照均值回复模型,考虑气温的季节变化和长期趋势,建立反映气温变化的随机模型,应用1980至1999年北京日平均气温对模型参数进行估计。实证仿真以及模型验证结果表明,模型的相对误差较小,建立的气温随机模型能够对未来气温变化进行较好的模拟。蒙特卡罗方法能够对天气衍生产品进行合理定价。     

基于EMD-HMM的故障诊断模型及应用

提出了基于经验模式分解(EMD)和隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)的故障诊断模型,为通过设备状态监测数据分析进行基于状态维修和维修决策提供了一种新途径.为了消除EMD的端点效应,使用神经网络拟合延拓原始数据序列端点极值,并通过定义序列复杂度来定性地确定延拓极点数.进一步,采用分解所得的固有模态(IMF)能谱熵作为HMM分类系统的输入,得到一种设备故障诊断方案.通过数值仿真和发动机故障诊断验证了该方法的有效性.     

金融中的Levy模型及其仿真

近20年来,金融中Levy模型与蒙特卡洛仿真技术日益受到重视. 在连续时间过程的金融建模中带跳跃的Levy模型相比于连续轨道的布朗运动模型能很好地刻画市场的跳跃,更好地拟合金融数据的统计特征,更准确地对衍生品定价. 但是,相较于经典的Black-Scholes模型,用Levy模型对衍生品定价以及求解对冲策略的计算复杂度大大增加. 蒙特卡洛仿真成为Levy模型计算中最重要的方法之一. 首先详细地介绍了Levy模型引入的背景,并引出仿真方法在其中重要的应用价值. 最后,简要地给出了Levy过程仿真及其梯度估计的基本方法.     

隐马尔科夫模型在乙肝发病预测中的应用

基于隐马尔科夫模型(HMM)为中国疾病预防与控制中心发布的乙肝发病数量时间序列进行建模,通过似然函数的计算而建立起一个具有2状态的单变量正态分布隐马尔科夫模型.根据模型估计结果,发现两个状态对应的乙肝发病数量的分布规律有较大差异,分别对应着乙肝疫情的低发状态和高发状态.状态之间有可能发生转换,但是转换的概率比较低.基于所估计得到的隐马尔科夫模型,可以识别出特定时刻乙肝疫情所处的状态,也可以预测未来时刻乙肝疫情所处的状态.     

Hull-White利率下有红利支付的O-U过程的幂型期权定价

考虑到标的资产(股票)价格和利率的随机性及均值回复特征,采用Hull-White模型刻画利率的变化规律,指数Ornstein-Uhlenbeck(O-U)过程刻画有红利支付的股票价格变化.利用计价单位转换的方法研究了基于以上模型且有连续支付红利情况下的一类幂型欧式期权定价问题,并得到了其定价公式.     

Pricing electricity derivatives within a Markov regime-switching model: a risk premium approach

In this paper we derive analytic formulas for electricity derivatives under assumption that electricity spot prices follow a 3-regime Markov regime-switching model with independent spikes and drops and periodic transition matrix. Since the classical derivatives pricing methodology cannot be used in the case of non-storable commodities, we employ the concept of the risk premium. The obtained theoretical results are then used for the European Energy Exchange data analysis. We calculate the risk premium in the case of the calibrated 3-regime MRS model. We find a time varying structure of the risk premium and an evidence for a negative risk premium (or positive forward premium), especially at short times before delivery. Finally, we use the obtained risk premium to calculate prices of European options written on spot, as well as, forward prices.     

Optimal stopping of switching diffusions with state dependent switching rates

This paper is concerned with a continuous-time and infinite-horizon optimal stopping problem in switching diffusion models. In contrast to the assumption commonly made in the literature that the regime-switching is modeled by an independent Markov chain, we consider in this paper the case of state-dependent regime-switching. The Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation associated with the optimal stopping problem is given by a system of coupled variational inequalities. By means of the dynamic programming (DP) principle, we prove that the value function is the unique viscosity solution of the HJB system. As an interesting application in mathematical finance, we examine the problem of pricing perpetual American put options with state-dependent regime-switching. A numerical procedure is developed based on the DP approach and an efficient discrete tree approximation of the continuous asset price process. Numerical results are reported.     

Pricing Variance Swaps in a Hybrid Model of Stochastic Volatility and Interest Rate with Regime-Switching

In this paper, we consider the problem of pricing discretely-sampled variance swaps based on a hybrid model of stochastic volatility and stochastic interest rate with regime-switching. Our modeling framework extends the Heston stochastic volatility model by including the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) stochastic interest rate model. In addition, certain model parameters in our model switch according to a continuous-time observable Markov chain process. This enables our model to capture several macroeconomic issues such as alternating business cycles. A semi-closed form pricing formula for variance swaps is derived. The pricing formula is assessed through numerical implementation, where we validate our pricing formula against the Monte Carlo simulation. The impact of incorporating regime-switching for pricing variance swaps is also discussed, where variance swaps prices with and without regime-switching effects are examined in our model. We also explore the economic consequence for the prices of variance swaps by allowing the Heston-CIR model to switch across three different regimes.     

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This paper investigates the pricing of CatEPuts under a Markovian regime-switching jump-diffusion model. The parameters of this model, including the risk-free interest rate, the appreciation rate and the volatility of the clients' equity, are modulated by a continuous-time, finite-state, observable Markov chain. An equivalent martingale measure is selected by employing the regime-switching Esscher transform. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is applied to price the CatEPuts. In a two-state Markov chain case, numerical example is presented to illustrate the practical implementation of the model.     

Pricing annuity guarantees under a double regime-switching model

This paper is concerned with the valuation of equity-linked annuities with mortality risk under a double regime-switching model, which provides a way to endogenously determine the regime-switching risk. The model parameters and the reference investment fund price level are modulated by a continuous-time, finite-time, observable Markov chain. In particular, the risk-free interest rate, the appreciation rate, the volatility and the martingale describing the jump component of the reference investment fund are related to the modulating Markov chain. Two approaches, namely, the regime-switching Esscher transform and the minimal martingale measure, are used to select pricing kernels for the fair valuation. Analytical pricing formulas for the embedded options underlying these products are derived using the inverse Fourier transform. The fast Fourier transform approach is then used to numerically evaluate the embedded options. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate our approach.     

Utility-based indifference pricing in regime-switching models

In this paper, we study utility-based indifference pricing and hedging of a contingent claim in a continuous-time, Markov, regime-switching model. The market in this model is incomplete, so there is more than one price kernel. We specify the parametric form of price kernels so that both market risk and economic risk are taken into account. The pricing and hedging problem is formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem and is discussed using the dynamic programming approach. A verification theorem for the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) solution to the problem is given. An issuer’s price kernel is obtained from a solution of a system of linear programming problems and an optimal hedged portfolio is determined.     

Heavy-tails and regime-switching in electricity prices

In this paper we first analyze the stylized facts of electricity prices, in particular, the extreme volatility and price spikes which lead to heavy-tailed distributions of price changes. Then we calibrate Markov regime-switching (MRS) models with heavy-tailed components and show that they adequately address the aforementioned characteristics. Contrary to the common belief that electricity price models ‘should be built on log-prices’, we find evidence that modeling the prices themselves is more beneficial and methodologically sound, at least in case of MRS models.     

A BSDE approach to risk-based asset allocation of pension funds with regime switching

An asset allocation problem of a member of a defined contribution (DC) pension fund is discussed in a hidden, Markov regime-switching, economy using backward stochastic differential equations, (BSDEs). A risk-based approach is considered, where the member selects an optimal asset mix with a view to minimizing the risk described by a convex risk measure of his/her terminal wealth. Firstly, filtering theory is adopted to transform the hidden, Markov regime-switching, economy into one with complete observations and to develop, (robust), filters for the hidden Markov chain. Then the optimal asset allocation problem of the member is formulated as a two-person, zero-sum stochastic differential game between the member and the market in the economy with complete observations. The BSDE approach is then used to solve the game problem and to characterize the saddle point of the game problem. An explicit expression for the optimal asset mix is obtained in the case of a convex risk measure with quadratic penalty and it can be considered a generalized version of the Merton ratio. An explicit expression for the optimal strategy of the market is also obtained, which leads to a risk-neutral wealth dynamic and may provide some insights into asset pricing in the economy with inflation risk and regime-switching risk. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate financial implications of the BSDE solution.     

Option pricing when the regime-switching risk is priced

We study the pricing of an option when the price dynamic of the underlying risky asset is governed by a Markov-modulated geometric Brownian motion. We suppose that the drift and volatility of the underlying risky asset are modulated by an observable continuous-time, finite-state Markov chain. We develop a two- stage pricing model which can price both the diffusion risk and the regime-switching risk based on the Esscher transform and the minimization of the maximum entropy between an equivalent martingale measure and the real-world probability measure over different states. Numerical experiments are conducted and their results reveal that the impact of pricing regime-switching risk on the option prices is significant.     

Constrained investment–reinsurance optimization with regime switching under variance premium principle

This paper studies optimal investment and reinsurance problems for an insurer under regime-switching models. Two types of risk models are considered, the first being a Markov-modulated diffusion approximation risk model and the second being a Markov-modulated classical risk model. The insurer can invest in a risk-free bond and a risky asset, where the underlying models for investment assets are modulated by a continuous-time, finite-state, observable Markov chain. The insurer can also purchase proportional reinsurance to reduce the exposure to insurance risk. The variance principle is adopted to calculate the reinsurance premium, and Markov-modulated constraints on both investment and reinsurance strategies are considered. Explicit expressions for the optimal strategies and value functions are derived by solving the corresponding regime-switching Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations. Numerical examples for optimal solutions in the Markov-modulated diffusion approximation model are provided to illustrate our results.