考虑公平关切及双向CSR投入的闭环供应链差别定价

研究原制造商和再制造商双向CSR(企业社会责任)投入下，考虑再制造商公平关切的新产品与再制品差别定价问题。分别构建了公平中性、公平关切信息对称与不对称的闭环供应链差别定价决策模型。分析了再制造商的公平关切行为及消费者的双向CSR敏感程度对闭环供应链差别定价与绩效的影响。研究表明：原制造商的CSR投入水平、专利费用及新产品定价与公平关切程度负相关。当公平关切信息不对称时，再制造商的公平关切行为仅会对自身的逆向CSR投入水平、废旧品回收价格产生负面影响。无论公平关切信息对称与否，再制造商的公平关切行为均会促使再制造品降价、新产品销量减少。再制造商的公平关切行为会损害原制造商及闭环供应链整体的利益，并且仅在公平关切信息对称时，再制造商的公平关切行为才对自身有利。     

供应中断下具有随机需求的闭环供应链最优差别定价模型

研究了在供应中断下具有随机需求的闭环供应链系统的最优差别定价模型.基于博弈论的理论和方法分别在集中式和分散式决策情形下,确定了最优批发价、最优销售价、最优订购量及系统利润.最后通过数值例子对最优差别定价模型进行了实证分析.     

具有产品回收的闭环供应链差别定价策略研究

研究一个制造商与一个销售商组成的具有产品回收的闭环供应链差别定价问题.利用博弈理论对几种差别定价模型进行了分析,得到了闭环供应链成员的最优定价策略和最终利润.进一步对几种模型的效率进行了分析,发现分散式决策使得整个闭环供应链利润损失了25%,最后提出一种收益共享协调差别定价策略,使得分散式闭环供应链的效率与集成式闭环供应链效率等同.     

随机中断和随机需求下闭环供应链最优回收定价模型

讨论了由一个制造商、一个零售商和一个第三方回收商组成的闭环供应链的差别定价问题.基于博弈论的理论和方法在集中式和分散式决策情形下分别建立了第三方回收定价模型,并给出了随机中断和随机需求下闭环供应链的最优定价策略组合,最后通过数值例子分析了供应中断对最优批发价和零售价的影响.     

制造商主导的供应链产品绿色度与定价协调

针对需求信息不对称下制造商主导型供应链中产品绿色度与定价协调决策问题,分析了产品绿色度与产品销售价格、批发价格及市场需求间的关系,运用收益共享契约原理,建立了以收益共享系数为变量的零售商产品销售价格函数和利润函数以及制造商产品绿色度函数、批发价格函数和利润函数,运用不对称Nash协商原理,进一步构建了在制造商谈判能力给定条件下的收益共享系数优化模型,并通过数值仿真分析验证了需求信息不对称下供应链产品绿色度与定价协调优化结果.研究表明:供应链产品绿色度和定价协调优化不仅有助于制造商和零售商实现共赢,而且有助于制造商为客户提供更好的绿色产品.制造商的谈判能力越强,产品最优绿色度越高,而最优收益共享系数和产品的批发/销售价格则越小.此外,客户对产品绿色度的敏感系数与制造商谈判能力系数的共同升高将会加快最优收益共享系数的降低.研究结论可为制造商产品绿色度和绿色供应链协调决策提供有益的参考.     

不对称信息下逆向供应链定价分析与对策

以博弈论为研究方法,对由零售商和制造商组成的逆向供应链的定价问题进行研究,通过分析在回收成本信息对称和信息不对称情况下逆向供应链中制造商和零售商的定价策略,得出了在信息不对称情况下,制造商承担更大的风险。因此制造商需要防范回收成本信息不对称带来的风险,文章进一步给出了制造商的信息甄别合同,通过合同制造商可以降低由回收成本信息不对称带来的风险。     

产能限制下单向替代产品供应链生产、订货与定价研究

考虑一个产能受限的制造商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链上供需双方信息不完全对称的情景,研究具有单向替代的两种产品生产、订货及响应性定价的供应链决策问题,把问题建立成一个三阶段博弈模型。理论分析得出不同条件下制造商的最优产量及零售商的最优订货和定价决策。通过算例验证了供应链上的最优决策及其条件,灵敏度分析表明制造商产能、潜在市场需求及其方差、替代品的价格敏感系数在一定范围内增大有利于供应链系统及各成员利润增加,被替代产品的价格敏感系数增大可能会导致供应链及制造商利润下降。     

考虑政府约束的再制造闭环供应链差别定价博弈模型

本文考虑政府对废弃产品回收的奖惩约束措施,针对一类由制造商、零售商构成的再制造闭环供应链系统,基于博弈论方法研究了新产品和再制造品存在定价差别时集中决策和分散决策模式下的定价策略,得出了闭环供应链成员的最优定价策略和利润,并分析了政府约束措施对闭环供应链运作的影响。研究表明:集中决策下供应链效率高于Stackelberg博弈分散决策,为此设计了一个收益共享协调定价契约实现了闭环供应链的协调,进而分析了政府回收约束情况下再制造过程利润超过制造过程的再制造优先条件。算例分析验证了定价策略及协调机制的有效性。     

需求不确定性对闭环供应链系统决策的影响分析

在由一个制造商与一个销售商组成的闭环供应链系统中,构建了市场需求不确定环境下废旧产品回收率为外生变量和零售商决策变量两种情形的闭环供应链系统决策模型,并通过数值仿真得到了各模型供应链成员的最优定价和订货策略以及最终利润,进一步分析了两种情形下市场需求不确定性对零售商、制造商决策行为及利润的影响,最后对两种情形进行了对比分析.     

基于差别定价的政府补贴下再制造闭环供应链协调机制研究

针对新产品与再造品存在差别定价的情况,考虑政府从供应链源头上对制造商进行补贴,基于博弈的视角对闭环供应链系统集中式决策与分散式决策的最优定价策略进行分析.分析结果表明分散式决策下闭环供应链系统存在"双重边际效应",导致闭环供应链系统严重失调.通过设计收益一费用分享契约,实现了帕累托改进和闭环供应链系统协调.最后给出算例计算分析,验证了理论方法的正确性与契约设计的可行性.     

汽车行业中买断销售策略分析

买断销售指的是销售商和制造商就某产品在一定区域内达成协议,销售商以买断价格从制造商处采购一定数量的产品,然后由销售商对产品进行定价对外销售.制造商通过采取买断销售实现了对产品的促销.在现实背景的基础上,分析了制造商应该在何时采取买断销售方式,以及买断策略下相应的决策问题.找到了制造商采取买断策略的条件,以及该策略下最优买断价格和买断数量决策,并发现在制造商的最优决策下,制造商和销售商能够实现双赢.     

A spatiotemporal Data Envelopment Analysis (S-T DEA) approach: the need to assess evolving units

We consider a two-stage supply chain with one supplier and one manufacturer. The manufacturer faces a Poisson demand process where the arrival rate depends on the selling price, the announced delivery time, and the delivery reliability defined as the probability of satisfying the announced delivery time. Such a demand model generalizes the works in the literature by simultaneously considering the above three demand sensitivity factors. The main purpose of this paper is to study the equilibrium decisions in the supply chain with an all-unit quantity discount contract. We consider four scenarios regarding whether the leadtime standard, the delivery reliability standard, and the manufacturer’s capacity are endogenous, and whether the manufacturer’s production cost is its private information. We find that an all-unit quantity discount scheme can coordinate the supply chain for most cases. Managerial insights are observed regarding the impact of the three demand sensitivity factors. For example, the breakpoint in an optimal quantity discount contract always increases with the delivery reliability sensitivity under an exogenous delivery reliability, but may decrease under an endogenous delivery reliability; with asymmetric information, a higher variance of the manufacturer’s unit production costs leads to a lower unit wholesale price for the low-cost manufacturer.     

The implications of costs, capacity, and competition on product line selection

We consider a situation in which a manufacturer has to select the product(s) to sell as well as the selling price and production quantity of each selected product. There are two substitutable products in the consideration set, where product 2 has a higher quality and reservation price than that of product 1. By considering the cannibalization effect that depends on the selling price of each product, the manufacturer needs to evaluate the profit function associated with three different product line options: sell both products or only one of the 2 products. In order to examine the impact of costs, capacity, and competition on the optimal product line selection, optimal price, and optimal production quantity analytically, we present a stylized model in this paper so that we can determine the conditions under which a particular option is optimal.     

Pricing and two-tier advertising with one manufacturer and one retailer

This paper considers the pricing decisions and two-tier advertising levels between one manufacturer and one retailer where customer demand depends on the retail price and advertisement by a manufacturer and a retailer. We solve a Stackelberg game with the manufacturer as the leader and the retailer as the follower. With price sensitive customer demand and a linear wholesale contract, we obtain the optimal decisions by the manufacturer and the optimal responses by the retailer. Our results show that cost sharing of local advertising does not work well, it is better for the manufacturer to advertise nationally and offer the retailer a lower wholesale price.     

Risk sharing and information revelation mechanism of a one-manufacturer and one-retailer supply chain facing an integrated competitor

This paper develops an information revelation mechanism model of a one-manufacturer and one-retailer supply chain facing an outside integrated-competitor under demand uncertainty. We investigate how the manufacturer designs a wholesale price-order quantity contract to induce the retailer to report his risk sensitivity information truthfully. We try to explore the effects of the outside competitor and the risk-sharing rule on the optimal price-service level decisions of the retailer and the optimal wholesale prices of the manufacturer. We find that the strategic interaction plays an important role in the effect of risk sensitivity on the order quantity for the retailer. When the fraction of the risk cost shared by the manufacturer is sufficiently large (small), the optimal wholesale price for the high risk-averse retailer is higher (lower) than that for the low risk-averse retailer.     

基于双边平台匹配努力的共享供应链动态定价策略研究

考虑在一个由双边平台、制造商和零售商组成的共享供应链中,研究双边平台匹配努力下的共享供应链动态定价问题。其中制造商通过平台共享其剩余产能,平台为动态地匹配制造商和零售商的供需资源而付出匹配努力,以此改变其服务水平,进而影响共享平台的交易费用、制造商的批发价格和零售商的零售价格。利用HJB方程构建微分博弈模型,分别探讨集中和分散式共享供应链中最优平台匹配努力和各成员的动态定价策略,得到不同情形下的动态定价轨迹,并分析了关键参数对定价策略的影响。结果表明,平台匹配努力通过影响其服务水平对最优/均衡解有正向影响,供应链各成员的定价策略取决于平台初始服务水平和稳态服务水平之间的关系。     

Price markdown scheme in a multi-echelon supply chain in a high-tech industry

This paper studies the price markdown scheme in a supply chain that consists of a supplier, a contract manufacturer (CM), and a buyer (retailer). The buyer subcontracts the production of the final product to the CM. The CM buys the components from the supplier and charges the buyer a service fee for the final product produced. The price markdown is made possible by the supplier with the development of new manufacturing technologies that reduce the production cost for the sourced component. Consequently, the buyer adjusts the retail price in order to possibly stimulate stronger demand that may benefit both the supplier and the buyer. Under this scenario, we identify the optimal discount pricing strategies, capacity reservation, and the stocking policies for the supplier and the buyer. We also investigate the optimal inventory decision for the CM to cope with the price discount by considering both demand and delivery uncertainties. Our results suggest that higher production cost accelerates the effects of higher price sensitivity on lowering the optimal capacity and stocking policies in the supply chain. The effect of mean demand error on the optimal prices is relatively marginal compared with that from price sensitivity. We also found that increasing the standard deviation of the random demand does not necessarily increase the stocking level as one would predict. The results show that delivery uncertainty plays an important role in the inventory carried beyond the price break. We discuss potential extensions for future research.     

Coordination of cooperative cost-reduction efforts in a supply chain partnership

We study cooperative cost reduction in a decentralized supply chain with a single manufacturer and multiple suppliers. The manufacturer assembles components that are procured from the suppliers to produce a final product. Both the manufacturer and the suppliers invest in reducing the unit production costs of the components. We see that neither of the two well-known conventional contracts, the wholesale price contract and the cost-plus pricing contract, generally coordinates the supply chain, i.e., under both of these types of contract, the individual optimal cost-reduction efforts of players deviate from the centralized system-optimal solution. However, this result is not surprising because these contracts encourage either only the manufacturer or only the suppliers alone to invest in cost reduction.     

碳交易机制下考虑竞争和信息非对称的供应链协调研究

本文在碳交易机制下,考虑制造商之间存在竞争且减排成本系数为低碳制造商私有信息的情况,分别构建信息完全对称和信息非对称情形下的供应链模型,对低碳制造商减排率和产品销售价格进行决策。通过引入由批发价和成本共担组成的联合契约,促使低碳制造商传递真实的减排成本信息,并通过算例对碳交易价格和减排成本系数等进行灵敏度分析。研究发现:引入联合契约能够使得信息非对称下的供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;碳交易价格的增加会激励制造商积极减排、降低碳排放总量、提高供应链利润;低碳制造商减排成本系数的降低有助于减少碳排放量、增加产品市场需求、实现供应链利润增长。