网络结构、资本缓冲与银行系统性风险传染效应——来自2007~2017年中国14个上市商业银行数据

银行体系稳健运行对国民经济健康发展具有重要意义。选取2007~2017年中国14个上市商业银行数据,利用债务矩阵构建银行网络,运用无残差完全分解模型将其分解为网络结构和资本缓冲两个因素,对我国银行系统性风险传染效应研究。结果表明:网络结构与银行系统性风险存在复杂的关联性,而资本缓冲与银行系统性风险有显著负相关关系;在金融危机期间,网络结构是诱导银行系统性风险波动的决定性因素,资本缓冲对降低银行系统性风险有重要作用。此外国有商业银行与其他银行债务关系更为紧密,对系统性金融风险贡献较大,中国银行处于网络结构中重要位置,中国工商银行和中国建设银行处于次重要位置。该结果为资本监管政策和宏观审慎政策有效实施提供了理论依据。     

我国商业银行效率测度及其影响因素分析

本文首先采用DEA方法对1999-2004年我国14家商业银行的技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率进行了测度,在此基础上利用Panel Data模型对影响我国银行效率的若干因素进行了检验,结果表明自有资本比率和资产费用率对银行效率有显著影响,贷款质量、资产市场份额与银行效率值之间呈现较弱的相关关系,产权结构多元化有利于提高银行效率.     

基于平滑扩充原理的商业银行信用风险评级模型及实证

本文通过银行的资产质量方面、资本充足率方面、管控效能层面、盈利状态层面、流动性层面与社会敏感度层面等构建商业银行信用风险评价体系。根据平滑扩充原理模拟生成大样本数据,对评级得分进行扩充,进而根据扩充后的大样本数据划分银行的信用风险等级。解决了由于样本少、无法对信用等级合理划分的难题。通过实证分析可以了解到,本文得出的银行评级信息和标准普尔提供的评价结论存在共同的序关系状态。因此,可根据本模型对大多数未经过国际权威机构评级的银行进行风险评级。     

商业银行间风险相依结构、传染网络与溢出效应

为更加科学地揭示我国商业银行间的风险溢出效应,提出“相依结构-传染网络-风险测度”的研究思路,并使用贝叶斯网络与R藤Copula-CAViaR-CoVaR模型对我国14家商业银行在2008年至2018年区间内的风险溢出效应进行了系统分析。实证研究表明:银行风险相依结构具有国有商业银行、股份制商业银行各自聚集,城市商业银行分布于股份制商业银行周边的经济性质聚集分布特征,其中股份制商业银行起到了枢纽连接作用;国有商业银行管理、抵御及分散风险的能力大于股份制商业银行大于城市商业银行;银行间存在双向溢出效应且呈现非对称性,其中股份制银行的风险溢出大小大于城市商业银行大于国有商业银行,且银行之间存在负向溢出效应。     

新资本协议下基于半参数估计的商业银行市场风险VaR研究

VaR(Value at Risk)是商业银行市场风险管理的重要方法。本文提出了一种基于组合权重伪似然函数的VaR半参数估计方法,选取股票市场数据进行实证分析,并依据新资本协议对市场风险内部模型法的要求及其它VaR检验准则检验了模型结果。结果表明,相对常用VaR模型及改进之前的模型,此方法在多种检验标准下都具有明显优势。     

基于贝叶斯极值估计的商业银行内部欺诈风险度量研究

内部欺诈风险是我国商业银行面临的一个重大风险来源。本文针对内部欺诈具有的低频率高损失的特点,采用不同分布分段刻画其损失统计分布规律,对于低于和高于门限值的样本点,采用Box-Cox变换和全Paretian分布模型进行分析,然后采用贝叶斯估计对全Paretian分布模型的参数进行估计,接着在此基础上对建立了一个内部欺诈风险度量模型,然后使用所构建的风险度量模型对操作风险在险风险值、经济资本和最大可能损失进行了测算,最后提出了防范操作风险的政策建议。     

基于风险偏好和公平偏好的PPP项目政府补偿机制研究

本文在综合考虑社会资本风险偏好和公平偏好的基础上,构建了政府与社会资本之间的Stackelberg博弈模型,分析了社会资本风险偏好和公平偏好影响下PPP项目政府补偿机制的最优设计。研究表明:社会资本的最优投资水平随风险规避度的增高而降低,随公平偏好程度的增高而增高;政府补偿机制的最优设计应是在考虑单期风险及公平溢价成本的基础上,估计单期期望运营收益的高低,进而协调年建设成本补偿及运营期补偿系数两者的相对关系,设计最优的年建设成本补偿和运营期补偿系数。     

尾部极值分布下的系统性金融风险度量及影响因素分析

本文将极值理论应用到系统性金融风险度量上,在尾部极值分布的假设下应用极端的分位数回归度量尾部的风险并研究风险变化和风险的相依性,本文度量了单一机构的系统性风险贡献并识别出我国的系统重要性金融机构。另外,本文还使用面板回归分析了金融机构系统性风险贡献的影响因素。本文得到的主要结论有:在险价值和系统性风险贡献在评价金融机构风险上的差异很大;银行类金融机构的系统性风险贡献普遍较高;金融机构的规模和杠杆率两个特征变量对系统性风险贡献的影响最显著。政策建议方面本文认为要综合考虑金融机构规模、杠杆率、股票市场贝塔值等多个特征变量,对金融机构尤其是银行类金融机构进行资本监管和约束。     

CreditRisk+模型下商业银行经济资本配置研究

对金融资产风险的度量与经济资本的分配应该体现分散化效应,传统的V aR方式不能保证分散化效应的次可加性.本文讨论了基于T a ilV aR这一新的风险度量与经济资本分配标准,并在违约率均值不变情况下,对C red itR isk+模型下的商业银行经济资本分配进行了实证分析.     

不同风险偏好下虚拟企业风险规划研究

针对虚拟企业风险规划问题,在分析其各种风险具有随机性的特点的基础上,运用随机规划理论,分别建立风险规划的期望值模型和机会约束规划模型来描述决策者在不同风险偏好下的决策行为。针对所建立的模型,分别设计了基于蒙特卡罗模拟的粒子群优化算法、遗传算法和蚁群算法对其进行求解。仿真分析表明期望值模型较好地描述了风险中性决策者的决策行为,机会约束规划模型随着其偏好系数取值的不同描述了不同风险偏好(风险厌恶、风险中性、风险爱好)决策者的决策行为。通过对三种算法仿真结果的比较分析,表明基于蒙特卡罗模拟的粒子群优化算法在寻优能力、稳定性和收敛速度等方面优于其余两种算法,是解决此类风险规划问题的有效手段。     

Integrated bank risk modeling: A bottom-up statistical framework

In the last few years, according to the evolution of financial markets and the enforcement of international supervisory requirements, an increasing interest has been devoted to risk integration. The original focus on individual risk estimation has been replaced by the growing prominence of top-down and bottom-up risk integration perspectives. Following this latter way, we bring together different approaches developed in the recent literature elaborating a general model to assess banking solvency in both the long-run (economic capital) as well as in the short period (liquidity mismatching). We consider banking capability to face credit, interest rate and liquidity risks associated to macro-economic shocks affecting both assets and liabilities. Following the perspective of commercial banks, we concentrate on information available in the risk management practice to propose an easy to implement statistical framework. We put in place this framework estimating its scenario generation parameters on Italian macro-economic time series from 1990 to 2009. Once applied to a stylized commercial bank, we compare the results of our approach to regulatory capital requirements. We emphasize the need for policy makers as well as risk managers, to take into account the entire balance sheet structure to assess banking solvency.     

The Pricing of Deposit Insurance Considering Regulatory Capital and Bankruptcy Cost

We develop a deposit insurance pricing model that explicitly considers regulatory capital and bankruptcy costs. Based on the pricing deposit insurance model, we calculate the deposit insurance premiums of China's 16 listed banks with time span of 2011 to 2017 in this paper. The results demonstrate that the deposit insurance premiums of state-owned banks is lower than joint-stock commercial banks and city commercial banks, however, the deposit insurance premiums of joint-stock commercial banks is higher than city commercial banks. Numerical simulation shows that, ceteris paribus, the value of deposit insurance decreases with regulatory capital ratios and the insured deposits ratios, but it increases with interest rate and bankruptcy costs.     

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??We develop a deposit insurance pricing model that explicitly considers regulatory capital and bankruptcy costs. Based on the pricing deposit insurance model, we calculate the deposit insurance premiums of China's 16 listed banks with time span of 2011 to 2017 in this paper. The results demonstrate that the deposit insurance premiums of state-owned banks is lower than joint-stock commercial banks and city commercial banks, however, the deposit insurance premiums of joint-stock commercial banks is higher than city commercial banks. Numerical simulation shows that, ceteris paribus, the value of deposit insurance decreases with regulatory capital ratios and the insured deposits ratios, but it increases with interest rate and bankruptcy costs.     

基于POT方法的商业银行操作风险极端值估计

对于商业银行而言,操作风险已经成为与市场风险和信用风险同样重要的风险。本文利用极值理论超越样本的估计能力,采用极值理论中对数据要求量较少,可以进行单步预测的超阈值(POT)方法对我国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计,以均值超额函数图和拟合直线的交点确定阈值,估计出给定置信水平之下操作风险损失的分位数,从而使得国内商业银行操作风险监管资本的计算成为可能。     

基于不均衡数据的小企业信用风险评价

小企业信用风险评价既是银行风险管理问题,又事关经济社会稳定。针对小企业贷款实践中,违约样本远少于非违约样本、且违约客户误判对银行影响较大的现实,采用不均衡支持向量机对小企业信用风险评价指标进行赋权,进而构建了能有效区分违约客户、非违约客户的评价模型。根据有无特定评价指标、特定评价指标数值变化对贷款小企业违约状态的影响程度赋权;反映了对违约状态影响越大、评价指标权重越大的赋权思路。将违约样本正确识别率、违约样本的准确率与查全率等因素作为支持向量机赋权模型中客户识别率的度量标准,改变了样本数据不均衡所导致的样本总体精度很高、违约样本精度反而不高的现象。研究结果表明:行业景气指数、资本固定化比率、净利润现金含量、恩格尔系数、营业利润率等评价指标对小企业信用风险的影响较大。     

Capital adequacy and risk management in banking industry

The present paper deals with the issue of bank capital adequacy and risk management within a stochastic dynamic setting. In particular, an explicit risk aggregation and capital expression is provided regarding the portfolio choice and capital requirements special context. Such a framework leads to a nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem whose solution may be determined by means of dynamic programming algorithm. The pertaining analysis relies heavily on the stochastic dynamic modeling of such balance sheet items as securities, loans, and regulatory capital with stochastic interest rates. In this respect, the special Kalman filter approach is used for the purpose of estimating the model parameters. The reached findings reveal well that the Tunisian bank, subject of study, generally exceeds the minimum requirements and is adequately capitalized to maintain the appropriate capital amount level commensurate with the aggregate risk. Besides, empirical evidence on the regulations' impact on driving bank capitalization and risk‐taking behavior has also been highlighted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selecting an optimal portfolio of consumer loans by applying the state preference approach

Internal models like CreditMetrics and KMV, implemented by banks to manage credit risk and assess regulatory capital, are significant examples of how practitioners apply modern portfolio theory (MPT) to the management of bank loan-portfolios.From a theoretical perspective there are several reasons suggesting to be careful in extending MPT to the case of bank loan-portfolios selection in order to avoid misleading results. Specifically, loans' log-returns are non-normally distributed random variables, furthermore, decision-makers not necessarily perform a quadratic utility function. Because both of those reasons the traditional mean–variance approach is inadequate in building up optimal loan-portfolios. Such a conclusion is even more relevant if specific categories of loans are considered.In our paper we deal with the problem of selecting optimal portfolios of consumer-loans by developing a state preference model. It allows us not to explicitly consider the distributional properties of loans' log-returns. The model is a static one having the objective to select the loan-portfolio maximizing the expected utility of wealth allocated by the bank managers, subject to a number of constraints accounting for fundamental strategic choices implemented by the bank managers.Our results show that flexibility is the main characteristic of our model. In fact, adding constraints gives new optimal portfolios without reducing the expected utility of the decision maker. We will explain that such a result does not depend on constraints' misspecification but on the risk structure implied in the state preference approach.