股指期货推出对股票市场影响的实证研究

1982年2月24日,世界上第一个股指期货合约——价值线指数期货合约(Value Line Index)在堪萨斯市农产品交易所上市交易.股指期货作为应用最广泛的金融期货之一,已有了近30年的历史.2010年4月16日我国股指期货也正式上市交易,这对我国金融市场来说是具有里程碑意义的.本文以股指期货推出前后沪深300指数普通收益数据和5分钟高频收益数据为样本,从描述性统计量对比和GARCH模型分析两个角度入手,研究我国股指期货对于股票现货市场波动性的影响.得出结论:第一、股指期货推出不会改变股票现货市场的长期趋势;第二、股指期货推出后市场的信息传递速度加快,股指期货发挥了其价格发现功能;第三、股指期货推出在长期减小了现货市场的波动,发挥了其规避风险、稳定市场的功能.     

沪深300股指期货价格发现能力研究

利用沪深300指数及其期货当月主力合约的5分钟高频数据,本文采用Granger因果检验、向量自回归模型、Johansen协整检验及向量误差修正模型,系统分析不同价格趋势下沪深300股指期货的价格发现能力。研究表明:第一,在上涨趋势中期货收益率单方面引起现货收益率变化,现货收益率不是引导期货收益变化的原因;但是,在下跌趋势中现货收益率与期货收益率具有相互引导的Granger因果关系。第二,无论在上涨阶段还是下跌阶段,期货市场都在价格发现能力方面处于主导地位。第三,期货价格与现货价格存在长期均衡关系,当二者短期内偏离均衡时,期货价格引导现货价格向均衡方向调整。     

股指期货对现货市场微观结构影响研究

着眼于股指期货对现货市场微观结构的影响,基于2015-2017年三次股指期货交易机制重大调整前后两个月的1分钟高频数据,利用ACD-EGARCH模型对不同市场波动率背景下的股指期货是否改善现货市场微观质量进行了实证研究.文章的主要结论为:股指期货在不同市场波动率背景下均能降低现货市场波动率,且新进入的投机者比信息交易者贡献更高的波动率;而只在平稳市背景下,股指期货能增强现货市场流动性,在波动市背景下,股指期货吸引的信息交易者超过现货市场增加的非信息交易者,现货市场流动性减弱.建议在平稳市背景下恢复股指期货的常态化交易,但需要防范利好消息和投机者入市对市场波动率的冲击风险.     

基于高频数据的中国国债期货价格发现能力研究

期货的价格发现能力是近几年国际学术界关注的热点问题,但目前理论界相关研究主要集中于商品期货和股指期货,尚缺乏专门针对中国国债期货价格发现方面的研究。随着中国5年期国债期货于2013年9月上市交易,深入研究中国市场结构下的国债期货价格发现能力有助于从微观视角掌握与其它期货品种内在运行规律的差异性。本文运用中国5年期国债期货上市交易后的5分钟高频数据,采取向量误差修正(VECM)模型和Granger因果关系检验等计量分析方法检验中国国债期货与现货价格之间的关系,并创新性地使用共同因子贡献法和信息份额法分析我国国债期货市场与现货市场对价格发现功能的贡献程度。结果表明,中国国债期货价格与现货价格之间存在长期协整关系。中国国债期货价格是现货价格的Granger成因,且两者之间存在单向的价格引导关系。同时通过实证得出中国国债期货市场在对价格发现的贡献程度上占主导地位的结论。     

沪深300股指期货价格发现功能的实证分析

价格发现功能是股指期货的一项重要的经济功能.以股指期货与现货市场的相互关系作为出发点,以沪深300指数以及沪深300股指期货连续合约日收盘价数据作为研究对象,采用定性分析与实证分析相结合的手段,深入研究股指期货和现货市场间价格发现关系.     

我国股指期货和现货市场隔夜信息、午间信息的因果效应分析

非交易时间的信息累积效应引起学者广泛关注,隔夜信息和午间信息是其典型代表。本文选取我国A股市场沪深300、上证50、中证500的股指期货和指数现货的日交易数据作为样本,运用DAG因果分析法,研究了隔夜信息和午间信息对日内收益率之间的因果关系结构。不论是隔夜信息和午间信息的影响传递路径还是影响系数,三个指数品种的因果影响结构都有很大不同。通过分析因果结构图和影响系数,本文认为隔夜信息和午间信息对日内收益率的影响冲击是存在的,但与相邻时段收益的相互影响相比,这种影响并不强劲,并且在后续会被市场逐渐消化。本文还发现,沪深300和中证500的因果结构图中,都显示出股指期货的影响占据主导地位。     

基于面板政策评估方法的股指期货推出效应研究

本文采用Hsiao等(2012)提出的利用面板数据进行政策效果评估的方法,分别研究了上证50股指期货(IH)和中证500股指期货(IC)的推出对相应的股票市场波动的影响。研究区间为IH和IC的上市日2015年4月16日至8月底即中金所采取严格监管措施以抑制市场过度投机的时点,并以6月15日为界将之分为股灾前和股灾期两个时间段。实证结果表明,股灾前IH的推出并未显著影响其现货股指的波动,股灾期间增加了其现货市场的波动;IC的推出在股灾前已经显著地增加了现货股指的波动,股灾期间则大幅增加了现货股指的波动。对IH和IC进一步的回归分析结果指出,过度投机导致IC的推出引起对应的现货市场更大幅度的波动。在中金所采取严格监管措施前,IH和IC未能发挥股指期货的现货稳定器作用。     

我国股指期货市场与股票市场风险传导机理研究——基于双变量CAViaR方法

本文基于日内和日度数据使用双变量CAViaR模型估计了沪深300股指期货和标的指数的风险价值,并基于沪深300股指期货市场日内交易行为角度分析了股指期货和现货市场间日内与日间风险传导作用的差异。结果发现,期货市场日内风险的自相关特征显著高于现货市场,而两个市场的日间自相关性相差甚小,期货市场向现货市场的单向风险溢出效应仅体现在日内信息的传递过程中。与现货市场相比,期货交易的杠杆性以及当日回转交易便利了日内投机、套利交易,因而期货市场日内信息传递效率更高。     

机器学习方法在股指期货预测中的应用研究——基于BP神经网络、SVM和XGBoost的比较分析

机器学习在人工智能领域取得了巨大的成就,在学界和业界都掀起了机器学习的热潮.针对股指期货交易速度快、交易频率高和交易量巨大且交易数据具有高纬、时序的特征,构建了新的股指期货量化投资模型,采用沪深300股指期货1分钟高频数据作为研究对象.并对比分析了神经网络、支持向量机和XGBoost对股指期货下1分钟价格的变动方向的预测能力.研究结果表明,三种机器学习方法都具有较好的预测能力,但XGBoost的预测能力要优于传统的神经网络和支持向量机.     

风险最小化套期保值比例估计:基于RV-Copula模型

随着中国第一只股指期货—沪深300股指期货合约的推出,基于沪深300的期货现货套期保值交易受到广泛关注。风险最小化套期保值比例估计成为影响套期保值交易有效性的关键问题。本文提出了基于已实现波动率和Copula(RV-Copula)相结合的风险最小套期保值比例估计方法,并基于沪深300指数期货和现货数据进行了实证分析。实证结果表明,相对于线性相关系数,本文提出的RV-Copula模型能够更准确地度量沪深300指数期货和现货价格的相关性,从而给出更合理的风险最小套期保值比例估计,提高套期保值交易有效性。本研究是对风险最小套期保值比例估计研究的有益补充,特别是对高频数据背景下的套期保值实践具有重要指导意义。     

Optimal ordering and pricing strategies in the presence of a B2B spot market

In the current paper, we examine the effect of a B2B spot market on the strategic behavior and the performance of a reseller who continues to use the traditional channel while participating in a B2B spot market. We analyze the case in which a risk-neutral reseller faces an additive or multiplicative demand function and identify sufficient conditions under which the optimal order quantity and retail price exist and are unique. We then analytically examine the case in which a risk-averse reseller participates in a fully liquid spot market. We also study numerically how varying liquidity, spot price volatility, demand variability, and correlation coefficient affect a firm’s strategies and performance. We find that demand variability significantly affects both pricing and ordering strategies, whereas the spot price volatility has less influence on pricing decisions. Our results also show that for a risk-averse reseller to charge a lower retail price when the spot market liquidity increases is desirable. We further show that a B2B spot market cannot always improve a reseller’s utility. These findings shed light on how resellers can adjust their procurement and pricing strategies to align with the new business environment created by the emergence of B2B spot markets, as well as have obvious implications for the development of a B2B spot market.     

我国铝期货、铝现货与废铝价格动态关系的实证研究

利用Johansen协整检验、Granger因果检验以及向量误差修正(VEC)模型、脉冲响应分析和方差分解分析,从三个不同的角度对我国铝期货、铝现货和废铝市场价格间的动态关系进行了实证分析,研究结果表明:从引导关系看,铝期货价格与铝现货价格之间具有协整关系,并且铝期货价格对铝现货价格及废铝价格具有单向价格引导关系,铝现货价格对废铝价格具有单向价格引导关系;从冲击反应看,铝期货对铝现货的冲击比较强烈,而铝期货对废铝以及铝现货对废铝的冲击相对比较和缓;从价格发现程度看,铝期货市场具有最强的价格发现能力,铝现货价格发现能力次之,废铝的价格发现能力最弱,表明铝期货是价格发现过程的主要驱动力量.     

Optimal procurement strategies for online spot markets

Spot markets have emerged for a broad range of commodities, and companies have started to use them in addition to their traditional, long-term procurement contracts (forward contracts). In comparison to forward contracts, spot markets offer products at essentially negligible lead time, but typically command a higher expected price for this added flexibility while also exhibiting substantial price uncertainty. In our research, we analyze the resulting procurement challenge and quantify the benefits of using spot markets from a supply chain perspective. We develop and solve mathematical models that determine the optimal order quantity to purchase via forward contracts and the optimal quantity to purchase via spot markets. We analyze the most general situation where commodities can be both bought and sold via a spot market and derive closed-form results for this case. We compare the obtained results to the reference scenario of pure contract sourcing and we include results for situations where the use of spot markets is restricted to either buying or selling only. Our approaches can be used by decision makers to determine optimal procurement strategies based on key parameters such as, demand and spot price volatilities, correlation between demand and spot prices, and risk aversion. The results of our analysis demonstrate that significant profit improvements can be achieved if a moderate fraction of the commodity demand is procured via spot markets. The results also show that companies who use spot markets can offer a higher expected service level, but that they might experience a higher variability in profits than companies who do not use spot markets. We illustrate our analytical results with numerical examples throughout the paper.     

Modeling carbon spot and futures price returns with GARCH and Markov switching GARCH models

This paper makes use of spot and futures market data to carry out a thorough analysis of the dynamics of carbon price returns in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme for the whole first commitment period from 2008 to 2012. Understanding the properties of carbon price returns is especially crucial for industries which have to comply with an emission trading system and other market participants such as risk managers and speculators. We therefore seek to develop accurate models which capture the behavior of carbon price returns comprehensively. We apply a broad spectrum of GARCH model specifications, using different distributions for model innovations. As both time series, spot and futures price returns, exhibit asymmetric behavior in their variance, we additionally take Markov regime switching models for the variance equation into consideration. Empirical results demonstrate that AGARCH, NARCH and GJR fit the data best. We further show that, in the error term of any model, fat-tailed distributions—in particular the generalized error distribution—significantly improve the fit. Additionally, as futures returns seem to carry informational content concerning subsequent spot returns, we propose a sound, yet parsimonious, spot returns model, well-suited to capturing the dynamics. Finally, the most appropriate models for spot and futures price returns are tested in an out-of-sample environment, and further checked for robustness in data subsets. Subsequently a model for each market is proposed.     

More than a second channel? Supply chain strategies in B2B spot markets

The emergence of B2B spot markets has greatly facilitated spot trading and impacted supply chain structures as well as the way commercial transactions take place between firms in many industries. While providing new opportunities, the B2B spot market also exposes participants to a price risk. This new business landscape raises some important questions on how the supplier and manufacturer should change their sales channel and procurement strategies and tailor their decisions to this changing environment. In this paper, we study the channel-choice, pricing and ordering/production decisions of the risk-averse supplier and manufacturer in a two-tier supply chain with a B2B spot market. Our analysis shows that, to benefit from the B2B spot market and control the risk exposure, the upstream supplier should develop an integrated channel-choice and pricing strategy. When the supplier adopts a dual-channel strategy, the equilibrium contract price decreases in the supplier’s risk attitude, but increases in the demand uncertainty. However, it first decreases and then increases in the manufacturer’s risk attitude and spot price volatility. We conclude that rather than simply being a second channel, the B2B spot market provides a strategic tool to supply chain members to achieve an advantageous position in their contract trading.     

郑州期货糖08年9月合约价格的分析与预测

本文对郑州期货糖0809主力合约的价格首先进行多元线性回归,探求其与纽约期货糖价和郑州现货糖价的关系,进而在发现回归残差具有周期效应的基础上进行时间序列的频域分析,并同时考虑各种突发事件的影响,在模型中加入示性变量进行适当修正,经过ADF单位根检验确定此时的残差已为平稳序列之后建立ARMA模型,并接受最终残差为白噪声。将上述分解过程进行整合,估计模型系数并剔除其中的不显著变量便得到最终的拟合方程,在此基础上对后续三天的郑州期货糖价进行动态预测,结果显示真实价格均落在所给95%置信区间内。     

Modeling and analysis of an auction-based logistics market

We consider a logistics spot market where the transportation orders from a number of firms are matched with two types of carriers through a reverse auction. In the spot market, local carriers compete with in-transit carriers that have lower costs. In order to analyze the effects of implementing a logistics spot market on these three parties: firms, local carriers, and in-transit carriers and also the effects of various system parameters, we develop a two-stage stochastic model. We first model the auction in a static setting and determine the expected auction price based on the number of carriers engaging in the auction and their cost distributions. We then develop a continuous-time Markov chain model to evaluate the performance of the system in a dynamic setting with random arrivals and possible abandonment of orders and carriers. By combining these two models, we evaluate the performance measures such as the expected auction price, price paid to the carriers, distribution of orders between local and in-transit carriers, and expected number of carriers and orders waiting at the logistics center in the long run. We present analytical and computational results related to the performance of the system and discuss operation of such a logistics spot market in Turkey.     

Australian electricity market and price volatility

Australian Electricity Market has experienced high price volatility since the deregulation in early 1990s. In this exploratory and preliminary analysis of 2010 data from South Australian electricity market we identify and exhibit a number of phenomena which, arguably, contribute to (A) high cost of electricity supply to consumers and (B) volatility in spot prices. These phenomena include: (i) Distinct bidding patterns of some generators occurring in trading intervals corresponding to periods of low, medium and high spot prices, (ii) Low correlation between electricity demand and spot prices on days when spot price spikes are observed, (iii) Failure of the lottery model and associated Markowitz-type optimisation approaches to adequately explain the shifting structure of generators’ bids and (iv) Unexpectedly high contribution to the consumers costs and risks from the relatively small number of trading intervals where spot price spikes were observed.