On non-strong jumping numbers and density structures of hypergraphs

Estimating Turán densities of hypergraphs is believed to be one of the most challenging problems in extremal set theory. The concept of ‘jump’ concerns the distribution of Turán densities. A number α∈[0,1) is a jump for r-uniform graphs if there exists a constant c>0 such that for any family F of r-uniform graphs, if the Turán density of F is greater than α, then the Turán density of F is at least α+c. A fundamental result in extremal graph theory due to Erd?s and Stone implies that every number in [0,1) is a jump for graphs. Erd?s also showed that every number in [0,r!/r^r) is a jump for r-uniform hypergraphs. Furthermore, Frankl and Rödl showed the existence of non-jumps for hypergraphs. Recently, more non-jumps were found in [r!/r^r,1) for r-uniform hypergraphs. But there are still a lot of unknowns regarding jumps for hypergraphs. In this paper, we propose a new but related concept-strong-jump and describe several sequences of non-strong-jumps. It might help us to understand the distribution of Turán densities for hypergraphs better by finding more non-strong-jumps.     

The Turán problem for projective geometries

We consider the following Turán problem. How many edges can there be in a (q+1)-uniform hypergraph on n vertices that does not contain a copy of the projective geometry PG_m(q)? The case q=m=2 (the Fano plane) was recently solved independently and simultaneously by Keevash and Sudakov (The Turán number of the Fano plane, Combinatorica, to appear) and Füredi and Simonovits (Triple systems not containing a Fano configuration, Combin. Probab. Comput., to appear). Here we obtain estimates for general q and m via the de Caen-Füredi method of links combined with the orbit-stabiliser theorem from elementary group theory. In particular, we improve the known upper and lower bounds in the case q=2, m=3.     

Bounding the feedback vertex number of digraphs in terms of vertex degrees

The Turán bound (Turán (1941) [17]) is a famous result in graph theory, which relates the independence number of an undirected graph to its edge density. Also the Caro-Wei inequality (Caro (1979) [4] and Wei (1981) [18]), which gives a more refined bound in terms of the vertex degree sequence of a graph, might be regarded today as a classical result. We show how these statements can be generalized to directed graphs, thus yielding a bound on directed feedback vertex number in terms of vertex out-degrees and in terms of average out-degree, respectively.     

A weighted Turán sieve method

We develop a weighted Turán sieve method and applied it to study the number of distinct prime divisors of f(p) where p is a prime and f(x) a polynomial with integer coefficients.     

The asymptotic number of graphs not containing a fixed color-critical subgraph

For a finite graphG letForb(H) denote the class of all finite graphs which do not containH as a (weak) subgraph. In this paper we characterize the class of those graphsH which have the property that almost all graphs inForb(H) are -colorable. We show that this class corresponds exactly to the class of graphs whose extremal graph is the Turán-graphT _n ().An earlier result of Simonovits (Extremal graph problems with symmetrical extremal graphs. Additional chromatic conditions,Discrete Math. 7 (1974), 349–376) shows that these are exactly the (+1)-chromatic graphs which contain a color-critical edge.     

What we know and what we do not know about Turán numbers

The numbers which are traditionally named in honor of Paul Turán were introduced by him as a generalization of a problem he solved in 1941. The general problem of Turán having anextremely simple formulation but beingextremely hard to solve, has become one of the most fascinatingextremal problems in combinatorics. We describe the present situation and list conjectures which are not so hopeless.     

The maximal number of inducedr-partite subgraphs

In this paper, we extend earlier results concerning the maximal number of induced completer-partite graphs in a graphG of ordern. In particular, we show that ift > 1 + logr, then the maximal number of inducedK _r (t)'s is achieved in the case of the Turán graphT _r (n), and that this bound ont is essentially best possible.     

Constructions of non-principal families in extremal hypergraph theory

A family F of k-graphs is called non-principal if its Turán density is strictly smaller than that of each individual member. For each k?3 we find two (explicit) k-graphs F and G such that {F,G} is non-principal. Our proofs use stability results for hypergraphs. This completely settles the question posed by Mubayi and Rödl [On the Turán number of triple systems, J. Combin. Theory A, 100 (2002) 135-152].Also, we observe that the demonstrated non-principality phenomenon holds also with respect to the Ramsey-Turán density as well.     

Finitely forcible graphons

We investigate families of graphs and graphons (graph limits) that are determined by a finite number of prescribed subgraph densities. Our main focus is the case when the family contains only one element, i.e., a unique structure is forced by finitely many subgraph densities. Generalizing results of Turán, Erd?s-Simonovits and Chung-Graham-Wilson, we construct numerous finitely forcible graphons. Most of these fall into two categories: one type has an algebraic structure and the other type has an iterated (fractal-like) structure. We also give some necessary conditions for forcibility, which imply that finitely forcible graphons are “rare”, and exhibit simple and explicit non-forcible graphons.     

The Combinatorics of Dom de Caen

We give an overview of some of the mathematical results of Dominique de Caen. These include a short proof of Königs theorem, results on Turán numbers, biclique partitions, clique coverings, hypergraphical Steiner systems, p-ranks, stellar permutations, the construction of new distance- regular graphs, large sets of equiangular lines, a bound on the probability of a union, and more.     

Boundedness of optimal matrices in extremal multigraph and digraph problems

We consider multigraphs in which any two vertices are joined by at mostq edges, and study the Turán-type problem for a given family of forbidden multigraphs. In the caseq=2, answering a question of Brown, Erds and Simonovits, we obtain an explicit upper bound on the size of the matrix generating an asymptotical solution of the problem. In the caseq>2 we show that some analogous statements do not hold, and so disprove a conjecture of Brown, Erds and Simonovits.     

On lower bounds for the chromatic number in terms of vertex degree

In this paper we discuss the existence of lower bounds for the chromatic number of graphs in terms of the average degree or the coloring number of graphs. We obtain a lower bound for the chromatic number of K_1,t-free graphs in terms of the maximum degree and show that the bound is tight. For any tree T, we obtain a lower bound for the chromatic number of any K_2,t-free and T-free graph in terms of its average degree. This answers affirmatively a modified version of Problem 4.3 in [T.R. Jensen, B. Toft, Graph Coloring Problems, Wiley, New York, 1995]. More generally, we discuss δ-bounded families of graphs and then we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a family of graphs to be a δ-bounded family in terms of its induced bipartite Turán number. Our last bound is in terms of forbidden induced even cycles in graphs; it extends a result in [S.E. Markossian, G.S. Gasparian, B.A. Reed, β-perfect graphs, J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 67 (1996) 1–11].     

Über einige Extremalaufgaben bezüglich endlicher Körper

Ohne Zusammenfassung Vorgelegt von P. Turán Herrn ProfessorP. Turán zum 50. Geburtstag gewidmet     

On extremal hypergraphs for Hamiltonian cycles

We study sufficient conditions for Hamiltonian cycles in hypergraphs, and obtain both Turán- and Dirac-type results. While the Turán-type result gives an exact threshold for the appearance of a Hamiltonian cycle in a hypergraph depending only on the extremal number of a certain path, the Dirac-type result yields a sufficient condition relying solely on the minimum vertex degree.     

A variant of the classical Ramsey problem

For fixed integersp, q an edge coloring of a complete graphK is called a (p, q)-coloring if the edges of everyK _p K are colored with at leastq distinct colors. Clearly, (p, 2)-colorings are the classical Ramsey colorings without monochromaticK _p subgraphs. Letf(n, p, q) be the minimum number of colors needed for a (p, q)-coloring ofK _n . We use the Local Lemma to give a general upper bound forf. We determine for everyp the smallestq for whichf(n, p, q) is linear inn and the smallestq for whichf(n, p, q) is quadratic inn. We show that certain special cases of the problem closely relate to Turán type hypergraph problems introduced by Brown, Erds and T. Sós. Other cases lead to problems concerning proper edge colorings of complete graphs.Supported by OTKA grant 16414.     

Sharp Turán inequalities via very hyperbolic polynomials

We present new sharp inequalities for the Maclaurin coefficients of an entire function from the Laguerre-Pólya class. They are obtained by a new technique involving the so-called very hyperbolic polynomials. The results may be considered as extensions of the classical Turán inequalities.     

Perfect Matchings Versus Odd Cuts

We give a simple proof for an important result of Edmonds, Lovász and Pulleyblank, stating that a brick has no non-trivial tight cuts. Our proof relies on some results on almost critical graphs. The introduction of these graphs is the second aim of the present paper.     

On the number of edge disjoint cliques in graphs of given size

In this paper, we prove that any graph ofn vertices andt _r–1(n)+m edges, wheret _r–1(n) is the Turán number, contains (1–o(1)m edge disjointK _r'sifm=o(n ²). Furthermore, we determine the maximumm such that every graph ofn vertices andt _r–1(n)+m edges containsm edge disjointK _r's ifn is sufficiently large.Research partially supported by Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research Grant no. 1812.     

A Turán type inequality for rational functions with prescribed poles

Summary By employing a novel idea and simple techniques, we substantially generalize the Turán type inequality for rational functions with real zeros and prescribed poles established by Min [5] to include L^p spaces for 1≤ p ≤ ∞ while loosing the restriction ρ > 2 at the same time.     

On an Interpolatory Inequality of Erdős and Turán and its Application

The paper generalizes an old inequality of Erds and Turán on adjacent fundamental Lagrange interpolatory polynomials. We mention an application, too.