从一道错误的例题谈条件极值的代入法

同济大学出版的教材 [1] 在介绍条件极值时举了这样的一道例题 :“例 1 0 :某公司的两个工厂生产同样的产品 ,但所需成本不同 ,第一个工厂生产 x单位产品和第二个工厂生产 y单位产品时的总成本是 C( x,y) =x2 +2 y2 +5xy +70 0。若公司的生产任务是 50 0个单位产品 ,问如何分配任务才能使总成本最小 ?解 :根据题意 ,是求函数 C( x,y) =x2 +2 y2 +5xy +70 0在条件 x +y =50 0下的极值。作辅助函数F( x,y) =x2 +2 y2 +5xy +70 0 +λ( x +y -50 0 )令Fx =2 x +5y +λ =0Fy =4y +5x +λ=0x +y =50 0,解得 x =1 2 5,y =3 75,所以根据题意知 ,当…     

巧用圆的一般方程解题

<正>圆的一般方程C:x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0(D2+E2-4F>0).当点P(x0,y0)在圆外时,x20+y20+Dx0+Ey0+F>0,那么x20+y20+Dx0+Ey0+F的几何意义是什么呢?经过探索,我们发现:结论1已知圆C:x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0(D2+E2-4F>0),当点P(x0,y0)在圆外时,过点P作圆的切线PA,切点为     

圆锥曲线的切线和切点弦方程的应用

<正>定理1过圆锥曲线C:Ax~2+By~2+Dx+Ey+F=0(A、B不同时为0)上一点P(x_0,y_0)的切线方程为:Ax_0x+By_0y+D(x_0+x/2)+E(y_0+y/2)+F=0.证明设切线方程为x=m(y-y_0)+x_0,代入曲线方程C中有:A[m(y-y_0)+x_0]~2+     

判断直线与椭圆位置关系的两种新方法

“判别式”法是判断直线与椭圆位置关系的常用方法,笔者在进行“研究性学习”教学时发现了两种判断直线与椭圆位置关系的新方法.1　提出问题已知直线L :x -y + 9=0 ,椭圆E :x21 2 +y23=1 ,E的两焦点为F1,F2 ,求以F1,F2 为焦点,且与L有公共点M的椭圆中,长轴最短的椭圆E′的方程.经过学生探索讨论,一般可得下面两种解法.方法1　F1( - 3,0 ) ,F2 ( 3,0 ) ,设椭圆E′的方程为x2m+ y2m - 9=1 (m >9) ,原题转化为求m最小时E′的方程.由x2m+ y2m - 9=1 ,x -y + 9=0得( 2m - 9)x2 + 1 8mx + 90m -m2 =0 .由Δ=8m3- 432m2 =32 4 0m≥0得m≥4 5…     

争鸣

问题　　问题61　笔者在教学中,遇到了这样一个有趣的问题,同学们给出了三种不同的解法,都认为自己的解法有道理.然后,我们几个老师在一起讨论,也有所分歧.现请贵刊予以讨论.题目　设函数y=F(x) ,其定义域为[0 ,+∞) ,值域为R,已知F(x2 - 2 mx+ m+ 2 )的值域为R,求m的取值范围.解法1　令f(x) =x2 - 2 mx+ m+ 2 ,则可转化为对任意x∈R,f(x)≥0恒成立.故Δ=4 m2 - 4(m+ 2 )≤0 ,∴- 1≤m≤2 .解法2　由题意,y=f(x)的图象与直线y=0相切,即f(x)的最小值为0 (x∈R) .故Δ=4 m2 - 4(m+ 2 ) =0 ,∴m=- 1或m=2 .解法3　由题意,只要保证f(x)能取遍…     

双曲线定义的变式

本刊文 [1]介绍了椭圆定义的几个变式 ,它为同学们学习椭圆拓宽了知识空间 .那么 ,双曲线定义的变式又如何呢 ?本文来研究这个问题 .为了讨论方便 ,先将课本对双曲线方程的推导过程摘录如下 :以两定点F1,F2 所在直线为x轴 ,线段F1F2中点为坐标原点 ,建立直角坐标系 ,设M (x ,y)是双曲线上任一点 ,F1(-c ,0 ) ,F2 (c,0 ) (c>a) ,则由双曲线定义得|MF1| - |MF2 | =± 2a (1)而 |MF1| =(x +c) 2 + y2 (2 )|MF2 | =(x -c) 2 + y2 (3)故得(x +c) 2 + y2 - (x -c) 2 + y2 =± 2a (4)移项平方得cx -a2 =±a (x -c) 2 + y2 (5 )再平方整理得(c…     

构圆定界求范围

解析几何中求参数范围的问题一直倍受青睐 ,为此 ,本文特介绍一种“构圆定界法”速解一类解析几何范围问题 .图 1　例 1图例 1　椭圆 x29+ y24=1的焦点为F1,F2 ,P为其上的动点 ,当∠F1PF2为钝角时 ,点P横坐标的取值范围是 .解析　这是一道2 0 0 0年全国高考题 ,解法较多 ,但用构圆定界来解显得简捷明快 .由椭圆方程得a2 =9,b2 =4 ,∴c2 =5 .故以 |F1F2 |为直径的圆的方程为x2 +y2 =5 .由方程组x2 + y2 =5 ,x29+ y24 =1中消去 y ,得4x2 + 9(5 -x2 ) =36 .解之得P点的横坐标为x =± 355 ,此时∠F1PF2 =90° .故由图 1知 ,当∠F1PF2 为…     

例谈圆锥曲线定义的应用

定义揭示的是事物的本质属性 ,对于某些数学问题 ,若能灵活运用定义解题 ,往往事半功倍 .本文试就圆锥曲线的定义举例说明它在解题中的应用 .1　应用圆锥曲线定义解方程例 1　解方程x2 -10 3x+ 80 +x2 + 10 3x+ 80 =2 0 .分析　此类题的常规解法是经过两次平方去根号 ,解出x ,但这种解法运算繁杂 ,且容易出错 .如果我们联想到椭圆第一定义 ,将方程配方后令 5=y2 ,可得 (x-53 ) 2 + y2+ (x+ 53 ) 2 + y2 =2 0 ,且 2 0 >10 3 ,由椭圆的第一定义可知 :点M (x ,y)的轨迹是一个以F1(-53 ,0 ) ,F2 (53 ,0 )为焦点 ,长轴长为 2 0的椭圆 ,从而原方…     

评2003年高中联赛

与往年的试题相比 ,2 0 0 3年的试题计算量较小 ,而思维的程度有所增加 ,更有利于培养人才 .选择题的 3是过抛物线 y2 =8(x + 2 )的焦点F作倾斜角为 6 0°的弦AB ,AB的中垂线交x轴于P ,求PF ,本题焦点F为原点 ,直线AB方程为y =3x ,所以A ,B横坐标适合方程 :3x2 - 8x - 1 6 =0 .由韦达定理 ,AB中点E的横坐标为12 ×83=43.由于AB倾斜角为 6 0° ,所以FE =2×43,PF =2FE =4×43=1 63.选择题的 4是x∈ [- 5π1 2 ,- π3],求 y =tan(x + 2π3) -tan(x + π6 ) +cos(x + π6 )的最大值 .本题可先化 y为同角的三角函数的代数和 .y =-cot(…     

中点弦所在的直线方程

已知平面上一点M(x_0,y_0)以及二次曲线C: Ax~2+Bxy+Cy~2+Dx+Ey+F=0 (1)简记为G(x,y)=0。又方程Ax_o+B(y_0+x_0y)/2+Cy_0+D(x+x_0)/2+E(y+y_0)/2+F=0简记为 G＇_(x_0,y_0)(x,y)=0 (2)显然有① G＇_(x_0,y_0)(x,y)=G＇_(x,y)(x_0,y_0) ② G＇_(x_0,y_0)(x_0,y_0)=G(x_0,y_0)我们有如下众所周知的结论1)当M(x_0,y_0)在曲线(1)上时,方程(2)表     

球壳轴对称弯曲问题精确的挠度微分方程及其奇异摄动解

本文提出了球壳轴对称弯曲问题精确的挠度(ω)微分方程和精确的转角(dω/da)微分方程.本文重点研究了挠度微分方程的精度,基本思路是:首先假设边缘效应时经线中面位移u=0,从而建立挠度微分方程,然后再精确地证明挠度微分方程与原来微分方程内力解答完全相同.再精确地证明边缘效应时经线中面位移u=0是精确解.本文给出了挠度微分方程的奇异摄动解,最后验算了平衡条件,证明摄动解求出的内力和外荷载是完全平衡的.这一方面表明摄动解的计算是正确的;另一方面也再二次表明挠度微分方程是精确的微分方程.新微分方程的优点是:1.新微分方程和原来微分方程精度完全相同;2.新微分方程满足的边界条件非常简单;3.新微分方程便于使用摄动解;4.新微分方程可以得到挠度(ω)和转角(dω/da)的表达式.新微分方程使球壳的计算得到很大的简化.本文采用的符号与徐芝纶《弹性力学》第二版下册相同[1].     

On One Class of Systems of Differential Equations and on Retarded Equations

We establish a connection between solutions to a broad class of large systems of ordinary differential equations and solutions to retarded differential equations. We prove that solving the Cauchy problem for systems of ordinary differential equations reduces to solving the initial value problem for a retarded differential equation as the number of equations increases unboundedly. In particular, the class of systems under consideration contains a system of differential equations which arises in modeling of multiphase synthesis.     

Nondegeneracy and uniqueness of positive solutions for Robin problem of second order ordinary differential equations and its applications

This article studies positive solutions of Robin problem for semi-linear second order ordinary differential equations. Nondegeneracy and uniqueness results are proven for homogeneous differential equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of one or two positive solutions for inhomogeneous differential equations or differential equations with concave-convex nonlinearities are obtained by making use of the nondegeneracy and uniqueness results for positive solutions of homogeneous differential equations.     

Solving systems of fractional differential equations using differential transform method

This paper presents approximate analytical solutions for systems of fractional differential equations using the differential transform method. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. The application of differential transform method, developed for differential equations of integer order, is extended to derive approximate analytical solutions of systems of fractional differential equations. The solutions of our model equations are calculated in the form of convergent series with easily computable components. Some examples are solved as illustrations, using symbolic computation. The numerical results show that the approach is easy to implement and accurate when applied to systems of fractional differential equations. The method introduces a promising tool for solving many linear and nonlinear fractional differential equations.     

抽象函数空间的连续小波变换和微分方程

主要讨论了抽象函数的某些微分方程和相应的积分方程之间的关系;通过连续小波变换将这些微分方程能够转换为相应的积分方程;这些微分方程和相应的积分方程在弱收敛意义下是等价的.     

On existence of solutions of differential‐difference equations

This paper applies Nevanlinna theory of value distribution to discuss existence of solutions of certain types of non‐linear differential‐difference equations such as (5) and (8) given in the succeeding paragraphs. Existence of solutions of differential equations and difference equations can be said to have been well studied, that of differential‐difference equations, on the other hand, have been paid little attention. Such mixed type equations have great significance in applications. This paper, in particular, generalizes the Rellich–Wittich‐type theorem and Malmquist‐type theorem about differential equations to the case of differential‐difference equations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frobenius integrable decompositions for ninth-order partial differential equations of specific polynomial type

Frobenius integrable decompositions are presented for a kind of ninth-order partial differential equations of specific polynomial type. Two classes of such partial differential equations possessing Frobenius integrable decompositions are connected with two rational Bäcklund transformations of dependent variables. The presented partial differential equations are of constant coefficients, and the corresponding Frobenius integrable ordinary differential equations possess higher-order nonlinearity. The proposed method can be also easily extended to the study of partial differential equations with variable coefficients.     

n阶线性模糊微分方程的结构元解法

研究了n阶线性模糊微分方程的模糊初值问题,将n阶线性模糊微分方程转化成一阶线性模糊微分方程组,利用结构元方法将模糊线性微分方程组转化成两个分明的线性微分方程组,通过分明的线性微分方程组的解构造出原n阶线性模糊微分方程的解.最后,给出了具体的算例.     

Universal theory of dynamical chaos in nonlinear dissipative systems of differential equations

A new universal theory of dynamical chaos in nonlinear dissipative systems of differential equations including ordinary and partial, autonomous and non-autonomous differential equations and differential equations with delay arguments is presented in this paper. Four corner-stones lie in the foundation of this theory: the Feigenbaum’s theory of period doubling bifurcations in one-dimensional mappings, the Sharkovskii’s theory of bifurcations of cycles of an arbitrary period up to the cycle of period three in one-dimensional mappings, the Magnitskii’s theory of rotor type singular points of two-dimensional non-autonomous systems of differential equations as a bridge between one-dimensional mappings and differential equations and the theory of homoclinic cascade of bifurcations of stable cycles in nonlinear differential equations. All propositions of the theory are strictly proved and illustrated by numerous analytical and computing examples.     

Symmetries of compatibility conditions for systems of differential equations

When symmetries of differential equations are applied, various types of associated systems of equations appear. Compatibility conditions of the associated systems expressed in the form of differential equations inherit Lie symmetries of the initial equations. Invariant solutions to compatibility systems are known as orbits of partially invariant and generic solutions involved in the Lie group foliation of differential equations and so on. In some cases Bäcklund transformations and differential substitutions connecting quotient equations for compatibility conditions and initial systems naturally arise. Besides, Ovsiannikov's orbit method for finding partially invariant solutions is essentially based on such symmetries.