应急救援物资紧缺的配送车辆路径选择研究

针对应急救援物资总量紧缺不能全部满足各点需求量的实际情形,以单个需求点最大缺货量最小为目标,建立基于单个配送中心、车辆数目有限和带时间窗的应急救援物资配送车辆路径选择模型,并讨论了三种不同缺货情形下模型的求解。对于车辆按最短路径行驶也无法在救援时间内到达导致需求点缺货的情形,删除这些需求点的需求量后,如果剩余需求点的需求量不大于物资总量且车辆足够多,可转化为车辆最短路径问题求解;对于物资紧缺无法满足所有需求且车辆足够多的情形,设计时间复杂性为O(mn²)的精确算法A^*求解,其中m和n分别为车辆数和需求点数;对于物资紧缺且车辆数目不足无法把全部物资送达需求点的情形,设计时间复杂性为O(n²)的近似算法GA^*求解,并分析了算法GA^*的近似比。最后结合云南彝良县地震灾区局部路网进行实例分析,验证模型和算法的有效性。     

互补约束优化问题的乘子序列部分罚函数算法

利用互补问题的Lagrange函数,
将互补约束优化问题(MPCC)转化为含参数的约束优化问题.
给出Lagrange乘子的简单修正公式,
并给出求解互补约束优化问题的部分罚函数法. 无须假设二阶必要条件成立,
只要算法产生的迭代点列的极限点满足互补约束优化问题的线性独立约束规范(MPCC-LICQ),
且极限点是MPCC的可行点, 则算法收敛到原问题的M-稳定点. 另外,
在上水平严格互补(ULSC)成立的条件下, 算法收敛到原问题的B-稳定点.     

区域二级应急救援系统多救援点协同策略研究

主要研究在需求不确定的救援环境下,由一个区域救援总站和多个地方救援点组成的二级应急救援系统多种救援物资协同共享问题.各地方救援点对救援物资的需求为随机模糊变量,当某一地方救援点救援物资不足时,可以通过不同的协同方式进行应急补库,所有应急补库方式均考虑了地方救援点的优先级.据此建立了在一定服务满足率条件下以救援时间最短为目标函数的模型,结合随机模糊变量模拟和PSO、PSO-SA算法对模型进行了求解.最后对各种协同方式进行了对比并分析了相关变量的敏感性.结果表明:允许完全转运的协同共享方式能有效地缩短救援时间.     

区际救援物资中转调度的动态决策模型与算法

考虑灾害救援中灾区对应急物资的持续消耗,研究了区际多品种救援物资的动态中转调度问题.综合考虑各阶段调度费用、运输费用和库存费用总和最小化的救援物资中转调度安排和库存规划,建立了一个区际救援物资中转调度动态决策模型,并设计了一种矩阵编码的协进化遗传算法.最后通过一个算例验证了模型和算法的有效性.     

一体化生产企业进货决策研究

综合考虑一体化生产企业原料使用中存在的间接消耗和循环消耗情况、企业进货受到的多种约束条件的限制以及多种物资的批量折扣的存在,在建立企业物资需求模型、进行物资需求量计算的基础上,建立了一体化生产企业进货决策模型,进而提出了模型的两种可供选用的求解方法：分解法、调整法。算例求解结果正确合理。     

考虑路径风险的需求不确定应急物流定位-路径问题

针对自然灾害对路网造成的破坏性和受灾点物资需求量的不确定性,综合考虑应急物流路径风险和物资分配的时间公平性,将路径风险定量化为路径通行能力风险、路径损毁风险和路径复杂性,基于鲁棒优化理论,以最小化车辆最长配送时间和应急物流系统总成本为目标,建立了双目标多物资定位-路径优化模型,采用遗传算法对其求解,以汶川地震应急救援相关数据为例进行了数据仿真实验。实验结果的对比分析表明:在考虑路径风险下,随着控制系数的增加,系统总成本和最长配送时间目标值均呈现增大的趋势;受灾点的物资需求扰动越大,构建应急物流系统的总成本越高。算例结果也验证了鲁棒优化方法在处理不确定需求方面的有效性,为解决自然灾害后应急设施点的开设和救援物资的安全及时准确配送提供了有效的方法。     

基于优先等级的震后应急物资LRP优化决策模型

针对震后初期应急物资总量有限且不充足情形下的系统优化问题,提出一个基于优先等级的震后LRP优化模型.考虑震后初期应急物资需求主要影响因素,利用可变集理论确定各受灾点应急物资优先级;在此基础上,以整个救援过程总耗时最少为目标构建选址定位-路径优化模型,针对模型特点设计了一种基于两阶段的遗传算法.最后,通过算例验证了模型及算法的可行性和有效性.     

基于海空协同的群岛救援方案优化模型及算法

针对边远群岛的物资供给受突发事件影响可能出现中断,需要开展紧急救援的实际情况,以中心岛屿为救援出发地,采用海空协同运输方式,以选择救援路线和分配救援物资批量为优化内容,对中心岛屿周边各岛救援用时最短为目标,建立了考虑海空协同的群岛应急救援模型。根据所建模型的特点,对基于运输点划分的遗传算法(PB-GA)进行进一步的改进,提出一种能够同时考虑两种运输方式、多批次运输的双层搜索遗传算法进行求解。最后,以南海群岛开展紧急救援为算例进行了优化分析。采用不同算法分别进行比较后显示,本文算法在优化结果、运算时间等方面均更优,从而验证了所建模型和算法的合理性与有效性。本文研究为制定群岛海空联合救援的应急预案提供了分析方法。     

城市突发事件中基于事故演变的救援需求决策模型及其优化求解

针对城市突发事件中待救点对应急救援物资的需求状态随着事故的演变而发生变化的情况,将待救点对应急救援物质的需求设计成马尔可夫决策过程,并提出一种动态的物资调配策略,构建救援物资需求决策模型,然后通过花朵授粉算法进行优化求解。某市突发地震应急物资调配实例证明,本文方法能够给出合理的救援需求满足策略,使得待救点对物资的需求更低,需求变化更加平稳。花朵授粉算法对模型求解的效果相比粒子群算法和萤火虫算法有更快的收敛速度和更优的求解结果。     

多储备点多品种应急物资配送的多目标优化模型

应急救援的社会化、应急物资需求的多样性、应急物资需求和补给的时变性,对应急物流的配送调度提出了挑战.应急物流的紧急性要求最大程度保障受灾点的物资供应;在经济上则要求应急物流的成本最小化.通过将时间离散化为阶段序列,在应急物资需求和补给是可预测的情况下,建立一个多储备点、多物资品种、单受灾点的应急物资配送的多目标优化模型,来最小化应急物资短缺次数和运输成本.仿真实例表明,该模型可以通过优化引擎快速求解,能够发现导致短缺的应急物资品种和加强供应补给的时间区间.     

具有单向转载的Newsboy型产品订货决策的博弈模型

研究了允许单向横向转载的Newsboy型产品的订货决策问题。以两个Newsboy型零售商为研究对象,在允许单向横向转载存在的前提下,构建了以二者期望利润最大化为目标的非合作博弈模型,讨论了模型存在纳什均衡解的条件并证明了解的存在性与唯一性,给出了均衡解的解析表达形式,进一步分析了转载价格对均衡的影响。最后的算例分析则从期望利润、均衡订货和转载价格三个方面验证了横向转载策略的优势。研究表明:(1)与传统报童模型相比,横向转载策略提高了零售商的期望利润;(2)转载价格显著影响横向转载策略下零售商的订货决策。     

Optimal lateral transshipment policies for a two location inventory problem with multiple demand classes

We consider an inventory model for spare parts with two stockpoints, providing repairable parts for a critical component of advanced technical systems. As downtime costs for these systems are expensive, ready–for–use spare parts are kept in stock to be able to quickly respond to a breakdown of a system. We allow for lateral transshipments of parts between the stockpoints upon a demand arrival. Each stockpoint faces demands from multiple demand classes. We are interested in the optimal lateral transshipment policy. There are three ways in which a demand can by satisfied: from own stock, via a lateral transshipment, or via an emergency procedure. Using stochastic dynamic programming, we characterize and prove the structure of the optimal policy, that is, the policy for satisfying the demands which minimizes the average operating costs of the system. This optimal policy is a threshold type policy, with state-dependent thresholds at each stockpoint for every demand class. We show a partial ordering in these thresholds in the demand classes. In addition, we derive conditions under which the so-called hold back and complete pooling policies are optimal, two policies that are often assumed in the literature. Furthermore, we study several model extensions which fit in the same modeling framework.     

Inventory sharing via circular unidirectional chaining

This research studies the performance of circular unidirectional chaining – a “lean” configuration of lateral inventory sharing among retailers or warehouses – and compares its performance to that of no pooling and complete pooling in terms of expected costs and optimal order quantities. Each retailer faces uncertain demand, and we wish to minimize procurement, shortage and transshipment costs. In a circular unidirectional chain all retailers are connected in a closed loop, so that each retailer can cooperate with exactly two others as follows: receive units (if needed?available) from the left “neighbor” and send units (if needed?available) to the right, and a retailer who receives units from one neighbor is not allowed to send any units to its other neighbor. If the chain consists of at least three nodes and demands across nodes are i.i.d., its performance turns out to be independent of the number of nodes. The optimal stocking is therefore solved analytically. Analytical comparative statics with respect to cost parameters and demand distributions are provided. We also examine thoroughly the cases of uniform demand distribution (analytically) and normal demand distribution (numerically). In the uniform case with free transshipment, a unidirectional chain can save up to 1/3 of the expected cost of separate newsvendors caused by uncertainty. For three nodes, the advantage of complete pooling over unidirectional chaining does not exceed 19%.     

Approximate evaluation of multi-location inventory models with lateral transshipments and hold back levels

We consider a continuous-time, single-echelon, multi-location inventory model with Poisson demand processes. In case of a stock-out at a local warehouse, a demand can be fulfilled via a lateral transshipment (LT). Each warehouse is assigned a pre-determined sequence of other warehouses where it will request for an LT. However, a warehouse can hold its last part(s) back from such a request. This is called a hold back pooling policy, where each warehouse has hold back levels determining whether a request for an LT by another warehouse is satisfied. We are interested in the fractions of demand satisfied from stock (fill rate), via an LT, and via an emergency procedure from an external source. From these, the average costs of a policy can be determined. We present a new approximation algorithm for the evaluation of a given policy, approximating the above mentioned fractions. Whereas algorithms currently known in the literature approximate the stream of LT requests from a warehouse by a Poisson process, we use an interrupted Poisson process. This is a process that is turned alternatingly On and Off for exponentially distributed durations. This leads to the On/Off overflow algorithm. In a numerical study we show that this algorithm is significantly more accurate than the algorithm based on Poisson processes, although it requires a longer computation time. Furthermore, we show the benefits of hold back levels, and we illustrate how our algorithm can be used in a heuristic search for the setting of the hold back levels.     

多路径下应急资源调度的非线性混合整数规划模型

本文通过对地震、瘟疫、恐怖袭击等灾害发生的特点与调运应急资源的机理进行分析,兼顾已发生地点的需求和其它地点潜在发生事故的可能性,建立非线性混合整数规划模型。从资源调运过程中的多路径以及不同的路径由于所受到不确定性的干扰和阻碍,往往引起随机的调运效率降低等情况进行考虑,最小化资源救助点到不同资源需求点的时间总量,同时对于已出事点与潜在出事点,利用发生概率作为权重进行轻重区别,由此使研究更贴近实际应用。最后给出算例对模型进行分析求解,验证了模型的可行性。     

A Semi-Markov decision problem for proactive and reactive transshipments between multiple warehouses

Lateral transshipments are an effective strategy to pool inventories. We present a Semi-Markov decision problem formulation for proactive and reactive transshipments in a multi-location continuous review distribution inventory system with Poisson demand and one-for-one replenishment policy. For a two-location model we state the monotonicity of an optimal policy. In a numerical study, we compare the benefits of proactive and different reactive transshipment rules. The benefits of proactive transshipments are the largest for networks with intermediate opportunities of demand pooling and the difference between alternative reactive transshipment rules is negligible.     

震后应急物流系统中带时间窗的模糊动态LRP

针对震后应急物流系统中多层次设施定位－运输路线安排问题(LRP),考虑系统中的动态性、时效性、路网连通性、需求不确定性等特点,建立了一个带时间窗的模糊动态LRP优化模型,据此进行救援过程中不同周期灾区外围应急物资集散点和灾区应急配送中心的定位以及应急物资运输路线安排的联合决策。针对该模型的特点,提出了一种基于动态规划的改进遗传算法,为防遗传算法过早收敛问题,使用了随机遍历抽样法、重组策略和变化变异率法,并通过特定实值编码、罚函数法和物资需求量分割策略处理模型中的约束条件。最后,通过算例分析验证了该模型和算法的有效性。     

不确定性需求下易逝品零售商横向调货策略研究

本文通过建立易逝品零售商间横向调货模型,研究了不确定性需求与不确定性需求更新零售商之间协调调货行为下最优调货价格和调货量。研究结果表明,在不确定性需求条件下,零售商间横向调货模型中调货价格和调货量的存在纯策略纳什均衡解;在不确定性需求更新条件时,零售商间横向调货价格和调货量在任意时刻均存在纯策略纳什均衡解。数值实验也证实了理论部分的研究结论。