Characterizations of perturbations of spectra of 2×2 upper triangular operator matrices

When $A\in B\left(H\right)$ and $B\in B\left(K\right)$ are given, we denote by $M_C$ the operator acting on the infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space $H\oplus K$ of the form $M_C=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A\hfill & \hfill C\hfill \\ \hfill 0\hfill & \hfill B\hfill \end{array}\right)$. In this paper, we first give some necessary and sufficient conditions for $M_C$ to be a left invertible operator (an upper semi-Weyl, upper semi-Fredholm) operator for some $C\in B(K,H)$, which extend the corresponding results in Cao et al. (2006) [4], Cao and Meng (2005) [5], Hwang and Lee (2001) [12] and Li and Du (2006) [15]. Then we present some counter-examples.     

The Geometry of 2 × 2 Systems of Conservation Laws

We consider one typical two-parameter family of quadratic systems of 2 × 2 conservation laws, and study the geometry of the behaviour of the possible solutions of the Riemann problem near an umbilic point, following the geometric approach presented by Isaacson, Marchesin, Palmeira, Plohr, in A global formalism for nonlinear waves in conservation laws, Commun. Math. Phys. (1992). The corresponding phase portraits for the rarefaction curves, shock curves and composite curves are discussed. Financial support from FCT and Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.     

The Order of Hypersubstitutions of Type （2, 2）

Hypersubstitutions are mappings which map operation symbols to terms of the corresponding arities. They were introduced as a way of making precise the concept of a hyperidentity and generalizations to M-hyperidentities. A variety in which every identity is satisfied as a hyperidentity is called solid. If every identity is an M-hyperidentity for a subset M of the set of all hypersubstitutions, the variety is called M-solid. There is a Galois connection between monoids of hypersubstitutions and sublattices of the lattice of all varieties of algebras of a given type. Therefore, it is interesting and useful to know how semigroup or monoid properties of monoids of hypersubstitutions transfer under this Galois connection to properties of the corresponding lattices of M-solid varieties. In this paper, we study the order of each hypersubstitution of type （2, 2）, i.e., the order of the cyclic subsemigroup generated by that hypersubstitution of the monoid of all hypersubstitutions of type （2, 2）. The main result is that the order is 1, 2, 3, 4 or infinite.     

Perturbation of spectra for a class of 2×2 operator matrices

In this paper, we study the perturbation of spectra for 2 × 2 operator matrices such as M _X = ( _{0 B} ^{A X} ) and M _Z = ( _{Z B} ^{A C} ) on the Hilbert space H ?? K and the sets $\bigcap\limits_{X \in \mathcal{B}(K,H)} {P_\sigma (M_X )} ,\bigcap\limits_{X \in \mathcal{B}(K,H)} {R_\sigma (M_X )} $ and $\bigcap\limits_{Z \in \mathcal{B}(H,K)} {\sigma (M_Z )} ,\bigcap\limits_{Z \in \mathcal{B}(H,K)} {P_\sigma (M_Z )} ,\bigcap\limits_{Z \in \mathcal{B}(H,K)} {R_\sigma (M_Z )} ,\bigcap\limits_{Z \in \mathcal{B}(H,K)} {C_\sigma (M_Z )} $ , where R(C) is a closed subspace, are characterized     

Geometry of 2 × 2 hermitian matrices

LetD be a division ring which possesses an involution a → α . Assume that is a proper subfield ofD and is contained in the center ofD. It is pointed out that ifD is of characteristic not two, D is either a separable quadratic extension of F or a division ring of generalized quaternions over F and that if D is of characteristic two,D is a separable quadratic extension ofF. Thus the trace map Tr:D → F, a → a + a is always surjective, which is formerly posed as an assumption in the fundamental theorem of n×n hermitian matrices overD when n ≥ 3 and now can be deleted. WhenD is a field, the fundamental theorem of 2 × 2 hermitian matrices overD has already been proved. This paper proves the fundamental theorem of 2×2 hermitian matrices over any division ring of generalized quaternions of characteristic not two This research was completed during a visit to the Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Defining Relations for the Algebra of Invariants of 2×2 Matrices

We obtain defining relations of the algebra of invariants of the classical subgroups of GL ₂(C) acting by simultaneous conjugation on m-tuples of 2×2 complex matrices. The sets of defining relations look uniformly for all m2 and are derived by translation of classical results on invariant theory of orthogonal groups in the language of 2×2 matrix invariants, combined with arguments of representation theory of the general linear group GL _m (C) and ideas coming from the theory of algebras with polynomial identities.     

Some properties of Malgrange isomonodromic deformations of linear 2 × 2 systems

We study movable singularities of the Malgrange isomonodromic deformation of a linear differential 2 × 2 system with two irregular singularities of Poincaré rank 1 and with an arbitrary number of Fuchsian singular points.     

Computation of the commutator of 2 × 2 matrices via five multiplications

Algorithms for computing the commutator AB ? BA of 2 × 2 matrices A and B are proposed that involve five multiplications.     

The degrees of polynomial self-mappings of ℂ2

Two results on the degrees of polynomial mappings ²² are obtained.Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 527–534, April, 1998.     

The rank of a 2 × 2 × 2 tensor

As computing power increases, many more problems in engineering and data analysis involve computation with tensors, or multi-way data arrays. Most applications involve computing a decomposition of a tensor into a linear combination of rank-1 tensors. Ideally, the decomposition involves a minimal number of terms, i.e. computation of the rank of the tensor. Tensor rank is not a straight-forward extension of matrix rank. A constructive proof based on an eigenvalue criterion is provided that shows when a 2?×?2?×?2 tensor over ? is rank-3 and when it is rank-2. The results are extended to show that n?×?n?×?2 tensors over ? have maximum possible rank n?+?k where k is the number of complex conjugate eigenvalue pairs of the matrices forming the two faces of the tensor cube.     

一类无穷维Hamilton算子根向量组的完备性

本文研究主对角元为常数的无穷维Hamilton算子的特征值问题.基于次对角元乘积的特征值和特征向量的某些性质,刻画此类Hamilton算子特征值分布、特征值的代数指标、特征向量(或一阶根向量)的辛正交关系及特征向量组和根向量组在辛Hilbert空间中完备的充要条件.     

弹性理论中上三角无穷维Hamilton算子根向量组的完备性

考虑弹性力学中一类上三角无穷维Hamilton算子.首先,给出此类Hamilton算子特征值的几何重数和代数指标,进而得到代数重数.其次,根据Hamilton算子特征值的代数重数确定其特征(根)向量组完备的形式,得到此类Hamilton算子特征(根)向量组的完备性是由内部算子特征向量组决定.最后,将所得结果应用到弹性力学问题中.     

Partial differential equation approach to F 4

Singular vectors of a representation of a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra are weight vectors in the underlying module that are nullified by positive root vectors. In this article, we use partial differential equations to explicitly find all the singular vectors of the polynomial representation of the simple Lie algebra of type F ₄ over its 26-dimensional basic irreducible module, which also supplements a proof of the completeness of Brion’s abstractly described generators. Moreover, we show that the number of irreducible submodules contained in the space of homogeneous harmonic polynomials with degree k ⩾ 2 is greater than or equal to 〚k/3〛 + 〚(k − 2)/3〛 + 2.     

Operator Interpretation of Resonances Arising in Spectral Problems for 2 × 2 Operator Matrices

We consider operator matrices ${\rm{H = }}\left( {{_{B_{10} }^{A{_0}}} {_{A_{1} }^{B{_{01}}}} } \right)$ with self - adjoint entries A_i, i = 0,1, and bounded B₁₀ = B₁₀ acting in the orthogonal sum μ=μ₀ ⊕ μ₁ of Hilbert spaces μ₀ and μ₁. We are especially interested in the case where the spectrum of, say, A₁ is partly or totally embedded into the continuous spectrum of A₀ and the transfer function V₁(z) = B₁₀ where (χ - A₀)^?1 B₀₁, admits analytic continuation (as an operator - valued function) through the cuts along branches of the continuous spectrum of the entry A₀ into the unphysical sheet(s) of the spectral parameter plane. The values of χ in the unphysical sheets where M₁^?1(z) and consequently the resolvent (H - z)^?1 have poles are usually called resonances. A main goal of the present work is to find non - selfadjoint operators whose spectra include the resonances as well as to study the completeness and basis properties of the resonance eigenvectors of M₁(z) in μ₁. To this end we first construct an operator - valued function V₁(Y) on the space of operators in μ₁ possessing the property: V₁(Y)?₁ = V₁(z)?₁ for any eigenvector ?₁ of Y corresponding to an eigenvalue z and then study the equation H₁ = A₁ + V₁(H₁). We prove the solvability of this equation even in the case where the spectra of A₀ and A₁ overlap. Using the fact that the root vectors of the solutions H₁ are at the same time such vectors for M₁(z), we prove completeness and even basis properties for the root vectors (including those for the resonances).     

The eigen functions of the complex projective space

In the complexn-dimensional projective spaceCP ⁿ , let λ _p (=4p(p+n)) be the eigen value of the Laplace-Beltrami operator andH _p be the space of all eigen functions of eigen value λ _p . The reproducing kernelh _p (z, w) ofH _p is constructed explicitly in this paper, and a system of complete orthogohal functions ofH _p is constructed fromh _p (z,w)(p=1,2, …). Partially supported by NSF of China     

Fold completeness of a system of root vectors of a system of unbounded polynomial operator pencils in Banach spaces. I. Abstract theory

N. Dunford and J.T. Schwartz (1963) striking Hilbert space theory about completeness of a system of root vectors (generalized eigenvectors) of an unbounded operator has been generalized by J. Burgoyne (1995) to the Banach spaces framework. We use the Burgoyne's theorem and prove n-fold completeness of a system of root vectors of a system of unbounded polynomial operator pencils in Banach spaces. The theory will allow to consider, in application, boundary value problems for ODEs and elliptic PDEs which polynomially depend on the spectral parameter in both the equation and the boundary conditions.     

Remarks Concerning Completeness of Translates in Function Spaces

This note explains how to translate the author's old result on cyclic vectors of the multiple shift operator into the language of completeness theorems for integer translates. This translation, together with those results, turns out to be a source for many completeness theorems. In particular, there follows the existence of functions f whose positive integer translates f(x−k), where k ₊ are complete in the spaces C^l₀( ), L^p( ), W^l_p( ), 2<p<∞, l=0, 1, …, as well as in their weighted and/or vector-valued analogues.     

A recursive construction for universal cycles of 2-subspaces

We prove that universal cycles of 2-dimensional subspaces of vector spaces over any finite field F exist, i.e., if V is a finite-dimensional vector space over F, there is a cycle of vectors v₁,v₂,…,v_n such that each 2-dimensional subspace of V occurs exactly once as the span of consecutive vectors.     

Geodesic completeness in static space-times

Let (H, h) be a Riemannian manifold and assume f: H(0, ) is a smooth function. The Lorentzian warped product (a, b) _f ×H,–a<b, with metric ds ²=(–f ² dt ²) h is called a standard static space-time. A study is made of geodesic completeness in standard static space-times. Sufficient conditions on the warping function f: H(0, ) are obtained for (a, b) _f ×H ×H to be timelike and null geodesically complete. In the timelike case, the sufficient condition is independent of the completeness of the Riemannian manifold (H, h).     

Matroid automorphisms of the root system <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Subscript>3</Subscript>

Let H ₃ be the root system associated with the icosahedron, and let M(H ₃) be the linear dependence matroid corresponding to this root system. We prove , and interpret these automorphisms geometrically. Dedicated to Thomas Brylawski.