Free resolutions for multiple point spaces

This paper relates the multiple point spaces in the source and target of a corank 1 map-germ ${(\mathbb {C}^n, 0)\to(\mathbb {C}^{n+1}, 0)}$ . Let f be such a map-germ, and, for 1 ≤ k ≤ multiplicity( f ), let D ^k ( f ) be its k’th multiple point scheme – the closure of the set of ordered k-tuples of pairwise distinct points sharing the same image. There are natural projections D ^k+1( f ) → D ^k ( f ), determined by forgetting one member of the (k + 1)-tuple. We prove that the matrix of a presentation of ${\mathcal {O}_{D^{k+1}(f)}}$ over ${\mathcal {O}_{D^k(f)}}$ appears as a certain submatrix of the matrix of a suitable presentation of ${\mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {C}^n,0}}$ over ${\mathcal {O}_{\mathbb {C}^{n+1},0}}$ . This does not happen for germs of corank > 1.     

Sharing Set and Normal Families of Entire Functions

Let ${\mathcal{F}}$ be a family of holomorphic functions defined in a domain ${\mathcal{D}}$ , let k( ≥ 2) be a positive integer, and let S = {a, b}, where a and b are two distinct finite complex numbers. If for each ${f \in \mathcal{F}}$ , all zeros of f(z) are of multiplicity at least k, and f and f ^(k) share the set S in ${\mathcal{D}}$ , then ${\mathcal{F}}$ is normal in ${\mathcal{D}}$ . As an application, we prove a uniqueness theorem.     

Parametric nonlinear discrete optimization over well-described sets and matroid intersections

We address optimization of parametric nonlinear functions of the form f(Wx), where ${f : \mathbb {R}^d \rightarrow \mathbb {R}}$ is a nonlinear function, W is a d × n matrix, and feasible x are in some large finite set ${\mathcal {F}}$ of integer points in ${\mathbb {R}^n}$ . Generally, such problems are intractable, so we obtain positive algorithmic results by looking at broad natural classes of f, W and ${\mathcal {F}}$ . One of our main motivations is multi-objective discrete optimization, where f trades off the linear functions given by the rows of W. Another motivation is that we want to extend as much as possible the known results about polynomial-time linear optimization over trees, assignments, matroids, polymatroids, etc. to nonlinear optimization over such structures. We assume that ${\mathcal {F}}$ is well described (i.e., we can efficiently optimize a linear objective function on ${\mathcal {F}}$ ; equivalently, we have an efficient separation oracle for the convex hull of ${\mathcal {F}}$ ). For example, the sets of characteristic vectors of (i) matchings of a graph, and (ii) common bases of a pair of matroids on a common ground set satisfy this property. In this setting, the problem is already known to be intractable (even for a single matroid), for general f (given by a comparison oracle), for (i) d = 1 and binary-encoded W, and for (ii) d = n and W = I. Our main results (a few technicalities and some generality suppressed):

1. When ${\mathcal {F}}$ is well described, f is convex (or even quasi-convex), and W has a fixed number of rows and is unary encoded or with entries in a fixed set, we give an efficient deterministic algorithm for maximization.

1. When ${\mathcal {F}}$ is well described, f is a norm, and W is binary-encoded, we give an efficient deterministic constant-approximation algorithm for maximization (Note that the approximation factor depends on the norm, and hence implicitly on the number of rows of W, while the running time increases only linearly in the number of rows of W).

1. When non-negative ${\mathcal {F}}$ is well described, f is “ray concave” and non-decreasing, and non-negative W has a fixed number of rows and is unary encoded or with entries in a fixed set, we give an efficient deterministic constant-approximation algorithm for minimization.

1. When ${\mathcal {F}}$ is the set of characteristic vectors of common independent sets or bases of a pair of rational vectorial matroids on a common ground set, f is arbitrary, and W has a fixed number of rows and is unary encoded, we give an efficient randomized algorithm for optimization.

     

Compact Hankel Operators on Generalized Bergman Spaces of the Polydisc

Let ${\vartheta}$ be a measure on the polydisc ${\mathbb{D}^n}$ which is the product of n regular Borel probability measures so that ${\vartheta([r,1)^n\times\mathbb{T}^n) >0 }$ for all 0 < r < 1. The Bergman space ${A^2_{\vartheta}}$ consists of all holomorphic functions that are square integrable with respect to ${\vartheta}$ . In one dimension, it is well known that if f is continuous on the closed disc ${\overline{\mathbb{D}}}$ , then the Hankel operator H _f is compact on ${A^2_\vartheta}$ . In this paper we show that for n ≥ 2 and f a continuous function on ${{\overline{\mathbb{D}}}^n}$ , H _f is compact on ${A^2_\vartheta}$ if and only if there is a decomposition f = h + g, where h belongs to ${A^2_\vartheta}$ and ${\lim_{z\to\partial\mathbb{D}^n}g(z)=0}$ .     

On the topology of semi-algebraic functions on closed semi-algebraic sets

We consider a closed semi-algebraic set ${X \subset \mathbb{R}^n}$ and a C ² semi-algebraic function ${f : \mathbb{R}^n \rightarrow\mathbb{R}}$ such that ${f_{\vert X}}$ has a finite number of critical points. We relate the topology of X to the topology of the sets ${X \cap \{ f * \alpha \}}$ , where ${* \in \{\le,=,\ge \}}$ and ${\alpha \in \mathbb{R}}$ , and the indices of the critical points of ${f_{\vert X}}$ and ${-f_{\vert X}}$ . We also relate the topology of X to the topology of the links at infinity of the sets ${X \cap \{ f * \alpha\}}$ and the indices of these critical points. We give applications when ${X=\mathbb{R}^n}$ and when f is a generic linear function.     

Closed geodesics and holonomies for Kleinian manifolds

For a rank one Lie group G and a Zariski dense and geometrically finite subgroup \({\Gamma}\) of G, we establish the joint equidistribution of closed geodesics and their holonomy classes for the associated locally symmetric space. Our result is given in a quantitative form for geometrically finite real hyperbolic manifolds whose critical exponents are big enough. In the case when \({G={\rm PSL}_2 (\mathbb{C})}\) , our results imply the equidistribution of eigenvalues of elements of Γ in the complex plane. When \({\Gamma}\) is a lattice, the equidistribution of holonomies was proved by Sarnak and Wakayama in 1999 using the Selberg trace formula.     

The K-moment problem with densities

Given a compact basic semi-algebraic set ${\mathbf{K}} \subset {\mathbb{R}}^n$ , a rational fraction $f:{\mathbb{R}}^n\to{\mathbb{R}}$ , and a sequence of scalars y = (y _α), we investigate when $y_\alpha =\int_{\mathbf{K}} x^\alpha f\,d\mu$ holds for all $\alpha\in{\mathbb{N}}^n$ , i.e., when y is the moment sequence of some measure fdμ, supported on K. This yields a set of (convex) linear matrix inequalities (LMI). We also use semidefinite programming to develop a converging approximation scheme to evaluate the integral ∫ fdμ when the moments of μ are known and f is a given rational fraction. Numerical expreriments are also provided. We finally provide (again LMI) conditions on the moments of two measures $\nu,\mu$ with support contained in K, to have $d\nu=f d\mu$ for some rational fraction f.     

A Uniqueness Theorem for Bounded Analytic Functions on the Polydisc

Given n, N ≥ 1 we construct a set of points ${\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}\in{\mathbb D}^n}$ such that for each rational inner function f on ${{\mathbb D}^n}$ of degree less than N the Pick problem on ${{\mathbb D}^n}$ with data ${\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}}$ and ${f(\lambda_1),{\ldots},f(\lambda_{N^n})}$ has a unique solution. In particular, we construct a 1-dimensional inner variety V and show that the points ${\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}}$ may be chosen almost arbitrarily in ${V\cap{\mathbb D}^n}$ . Our results state that f is uniquely determined in the Schur class of ${{\mathbb D}^n}$ by its values on ${\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}}$ .     

A walk through energy, discrepancy, numerical integration and group invariant measures on measurable subsets of euclidean space

(A) The celebrated Gaussian quadrature formula on finite intervals tells us that the Gauss nodes are the zeros of the unique solution of an extremal problem. We announce recent results of Damelin, Grabner, Levesley, Ragozin and Sun which derive quadrature estimates on compact, homogenous manifolds embedded in Euclidean spaces, via energy functionals associated with a class of group-invariant kernels which are generalizations of zonal kernels on the spheres or radial kernels in euclidean spaces. Our results apply, in particular, to weighted Riesz kernels defined on spheres and certain projective spaces. Our energy functionals describe both uniform and perturbed uniform distribution of quadrature point sets. (B) Given $\mathcal{X}$ , some measurable subset of Euclidean space, one sometimes wants to construct, a design, a finite set of points, $\mathcal{P} \subset \mathcal{X}$ , with a small energy or discrepancy. We announce recent results of Damelin, Hickernell, Ragozin and Zeng which show that these two measures of quality are equivalent when they are defined via positive definite kernels $K:\mathcal{X}^2(=\mathcal{X}\times\mathcal{X}) \to \mathbb{R}$ . The error of approximating the integral $\int_{\mathcal{X}} f(\mathbf{\mathit{x}}) \, {\rm d} \mu(\mathbf{\mathit{x}})$ by the sample average of f over $\mathcal{P}$ has a tight upper bound in terms the energy or discrepancy of $\mathcal{P}$ . The tightness of this error bound follows by requiring f to lie in the Hilbert space with reproducing kernel K. The theory presented here provides an interpretation of the best design for numerical integration as one with minimum energy, provided that the μ defining the integration problem is the equilibrium measure or charge distribution corresponding to the energy kernel, K. (C) Let $\mathcal{X}$ be the orbit of a compact, possibly non Abelian group, $\mathcal{G}$ , acting as measurable transformations of $\mathcal{X}$ and the kernel K is invariant under the group action. We announce recent results of Damelin, Hickernell, Ragozin and Zeng which show that the equilibrium measure is the normalized measure on $\mathcal{X}$ induced by Haar measure on $\mathcal{G}$ . This allows us to calculate explicit representations of equilibrium measures. There is an extensive literature on the topics (A–C). We emphasize that this paper surveys recent work of Damelin, Grabner, Levesley, Hickernell, Ragozin, Sun and Zeng and does not mean to serve as a comprehensive survey of all recent work covered by the topics (A–C).     

Level sets of signed Takagi functions

This paper examines level sets of functions of the form $$ f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{r_n}{2^n}\phi(2^n x), $$ where $\phi(x)=\operatorname{dist}\, (x,\mathbb {Z})$ , the distance from x to the nearest integer, and r _n =±1 for each n. Such functions are referred to as signed Takagi functions. The case when r _n =1 for all n is the classical Takagi function, a well-known example of a continuous but nowhere differentiable function. For f of the above form, the maximum and minimum values of f are expressed in terms of the sequence {r _n }. It is then shown that almost all level sets of f are finite (with respect to Lebesgue measure on the range of f), but the set of ordinates y with an uncountably large level set is residual in the range of f. The concept of a local level set of the Takagi function, due to Lagarias and Maddock, is extended to arbitrary signed Takagi functions. It is shown that the average number of local level sets contained in a level set of f is the reciprocal of the height of the graph of f, and consequently, this average lies between 3/2 and 2. These results generalize recent findings by Buczolich [8], Lagarias and Maddock [14], and Allaart [3].     

The Signed Edge-Domatic Number of a Graph

For a nonempty graph G = (V, E), a signed edge-domination of G is a function ${f: E(G) \to \{1,-1\}}$ such that ${\sum_{e'\in N_{G}[e]}{f(e')} \geq 1}$ for each ${e \in E(G)}$ . The signed edge-domatic number of G is the largest integer d for which there is a set {f ₁,f ₂, . . . , f _d } of signed edge-dominations of G such that ${\sum_{i=1}^{d}{f_i(e)} \leq 1}$ for every ${e \in E(G)}$ . This paper gives an original study on this concept and determines exact values for some special classes of graphs, such as paths, cycles, stars, fans, grids, and complete graphs with even order.     

Topological {\mathcal{K}} -classification of finitely determined map germs

We consider smooth finitely C ⁰- ${\mathcal{K}}$ -determined map germs ${f : (\mathbb{R}^n, 0) \to (\mathbb{R}^p, 0)}$ and we look at the classification under C ⁰- ${\mathcal{K}}$ -equivalence. The main tool is the homotopy type of the link, which is obtained by intersecting the image of f with a small enough sphere centered at the origin. When f ^?1(0) = {0}, the link is a smooth map between spheres and f is C ⁰- ${\mathcal{K}}$ -equivalent to the cone of its link. When f ^?1(0) ≠ {0}, we consider a link diagram, which contains some extra information, but again f is C ⁰- ${\mathcal{K}}$ -equivalent to the generalized cone. As a consequence, we deduce some known results due to Nishimura (for n = p) or the first named author (for n < p). We also prove some new results of the same nature.     

Polaroid Operators with SVEP and Perturbations of Property (gw)

Let ${\mathcal{L}(X)}$ be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on X and ${\mathcal{P}S(X)}$ be the class of polaroid operators with the single-valued extension property. The property (gw) holds for ${T \in \mathcal{L}(X)}$ if the complement in the approximate point spectrum of the semi-B-essential approximate point spectrum coincides with the set of all isolated points of the spectrum which are eigenvalues of the spectrum. In this note we focus on the stability of the property (gw) under perturbations: we prove that, if ${T \in \mathcal{P}S(X)}$ and A (resp. Q) is an algebraic (resp. quasinilpotent) operator, then the property (gw) holds for f(T ^* + A ^*) (resp. f(T ^* + Q*)) for every analytic function f in σ(T + A) (resp. σ(T + Q)). Some applications are also given.     

On locally bounded above solutions of an equation of the Goła̧b–Schinzel type

We characterize solutions ${f, g : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}}$ of the functional equation f(x + g(x)y) = f(x)f(y) under the assumption that f is locally bounded above at each point ${x \in \mathbb{R}}$ . Our result refers to Go?a?b and Schinzel (Publ Math Debr 6:113–125, 1959) and Wo?od?ko (Aequationes Math 2:12–29, 1968).     

Jacobians of Sobolev homeomorphisms

Let ${\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n}}$ be a domain. We show that each homeomorphism f in the Sobolev space ${W^{1,1}_{\rm loc}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{n})}$ satisfies either J _f  ≥ 0 a.e or J _f  ≤ 0 a.e. if n = 2 or n = 3. For n > 3 we prove the same conclusion under the stronger assumption that ${f\in W^{1,s}_{\rm loc}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{n})}$ for some s > [n/2] (or in the setting of Lorentz spaces).     

The equidistribution of small points for strongly regular pairs of polynomial maps

In this paper, we prove the equidistribution of periodic points of a regular polynomial automorphism $f : \mathbb{A }^n \rightarrow \mathbb{A }^n$ defined over a number field $K$ : let $f$ be a regular polynomial automorphism defined over a number field $K$ and let $v\in M_K$ . Then there exists an $f$ -invariant probability measure $\mu _{f,v}$ on $\mathrm{Berk }\bigl ( \mathbb{P }^n_\mathbb{C _v} \bigr )$ such that the set of periodic points of $f$ is equidistributed with respect to $\mu _{f,v}$ .     

Fractional harmonic maps into manifolds in odd dimension n > 1

In this paper we consider critical points of the following nonlocal energy $$\begin{array}{ll}{\mathcal{L}}_n(u) = \int_{{I\!\!R}^n}| ({-\Delta})^{n/4} u(x)|^2 dx, \qquad(1)\end{array}$$ where ${u \in \dot{H}^{n/2}({I\!\!R}^n,{\mathcal{N}}), {\mathcal{N}} \subset {I\!\!R}^m}$ is a compact k dimensional smooth manifold without boundary and n > 1 is an odd integer. Such critical points are called n/2-harmonic maps into ${{\mathcal{N}}}$ . We prove that ${(-\Delta) ^{n/4} u\in L^p_{loc}({I\!\!R}^n)}$ for every p ≥  1 and thus ${u \in C^{0,\alpha}_{loc}({I\!\!R}^n)}$ , for every 0 < α < 1. The local Hölder continuity of n/2-harmonic maps is based on regularity results obtained in [4] for nonlocal Schrödinger systems with an antisymmetric potential and on some new 3-terms commutators estimates.     

A convexity property and a new characterization of Euler’s gamma function

Our main results are:

1. Let α ≠ 0 be a real number. The function (Γ ? exp) ^α is convex on ${\mathbf{R}}$ if and only if $$\alpha \geq \max_{0<{t}<{x_0}}\Big(-\frac{1}{t\psi(t)} - \frac{\psi'(t)}{\psi(t)^2}\Big) = 0.0258... .$$ Here, x ₀ = 1.4616... denotes the only positive zero of ${\psi = \Gamma'/\Gamma}$ .

1. Assume that a function f: (0, ∞) → (0, ∞) is bounded from above on a set of positive Lebesgue measure (or on a set of the second category with the Baire property) and satisfies $$f(x+1) = x f(x) \quad{\rm for}\quad{x > 0}\quad{\rm and}\quad{f(1) = 1}.$$

If there are a number b and a sequence of positive real numbers (a _n ) ${(n \in \mathbf{N})}$ with ${{\rm lim}_{n\to\infty} a_n =0}$ such that for every n the function ${(f \circ {\rm exp})^{a_n}}$ is Jensen convex on (b, ∞), then f is the gamma function.     

The exact packing measure of Brownian double points

Let $D\subset {\mathbb{R}}^3$ be the set of double points of a three-dimensional Brownian motion. We show that, if ξ = ξ₃(2,2) is the intersection exponent of two packets of two independent Brownian motions, then almost surely, the ?-packing measure of D is zero if $$ \int_{0^+} r^{-1-\xi} \phi(r)^{\xi} \, dr < \infty,$$ and infinity otherwise. As an important step in the proof we show up-to-constants estimates for the tail at zero of Brownian intersection local times in dimensions two and three.     

Descriptions of exceptional sets in the circles for functions from the Bergman space

Let D be a domain in $\mathbb{C}^2 $ . For w ∈ $\mathbb{C}$ , let D_w=\{z \in $\mathbb{C}$ \, \vert \, (z,w)\in D\}. If f is a holomorphic and square-integrable function in D, then the set E(D, f) of all w such that f(., w) is not square-integrable in D _w is of measure zero. We call this set the exceptional set for f. In this note we prove that for every 0 < r < 1, and every G _δ-subset E of the circle C(0,r)=\{z \in $\mathbb{C}$ \, \vert \, \vert z \vert = r \},there exists a holomorphic square-integrable function f in the unit ball B in $\mathbb{C}$ ² such that E(B, f) = E.