基于(Q,R)补货的双渠道供应链库存模型研究

制造商在引入网络直销渠道后,需有效协调与零售商之间的物流冲突.以销售单一产品,只有一个制造商和零售商,且制造商的补货策略为(Q,R)策略,零售商的补货策略为一对一策略的双渠道供应链系统作为研究对象,在综合考虑消费者渠道偏好和由于销售渠道缺货所引起的消费者转移的前提下,结合Markov过程理论建立供应链系统库存模型,针对制造商和零售商的库存决策进行分析.分析表明,制造商存在R~*及Q~*,零售商存在库存水平S~*使供应链系统的收益最大.MATLAB仿真表明了该结论的有效性.     

基于供应链协同的生鲜农产品订货策略研究

针对生鲜农产品易变质易损耗的特点,提出了一种基于CPFR的供应链协同运作模式,实现信息共享,协同计划、预测与补货,协同集中决策机制.然后以多家供应商、一家批发商和多家零售商构成的生鲜农产品供应链系统为例,分析了库存损耗随时间和库存量变化,允许缺货,且由批发商协同集中订货的订货策略.     

需求受价格影响的三层供应链协调模型

针对由一个制造商、一个批发商和一个零售商构成的三层供应链系统,在随机市场需求且需求受商品零售价格影响的情况下,研究了零售商如何定价和确定订货量.在此基础上给出了一个能使供应链系统达到完美协调的收益分享合约策略,最后给出了数值例子.     

销售努力与质保服务联合决策的供应链模型

以单一制造商和单一零售商组成的两级供应链为对象考虑随机需求下产品需求同时受到销售努力和质保期长度影响,研究由零售商提高销售努力因素及制造商提供质保服务情形下的供应链模型并提出了共同分摊销售努力和质保成本及收益共享契约下的供应链协调策略.其次,研究发现通过相应的供应链参数设计,基于销售努力及质保成本共担同时收益共享的契约能实现供应链的协调.最后,给出了数值算例对模型进行仿真计算与分析.     

考虑担保和补贴的再制造供应链定价及协调策略

回收再制造作为一种节约、环保的生产组织方式已经被众多制造企业所接受.本文研究担保和补贴下的再制造供应链定价及协调策略问题,在制造商为再制造品担保情景下,对比分析了政府对再制造品成本补贴和对再制造品销售补贴这两种补贴机制.研究发现,在两种补贴机制下,新产品和再制造品的销售价格、供应链的利润都没有发生改变,通过确定最佳的担保期限可以使供应链成员收益达到最大,制造商可以通过调整再制造品的批发价格使制造商和零售商都能分享政府补贴带来的收益.此外,设计了收益共享契约,实现了供应链的协调.     

基于提前期压缩的两阶段供应链的契约协调

研究了基于提前期压缩的信息对称和信息不对称两种情况下的供应链协调问题,重点解决了在信息不对称时采用线性转移支付策略解决供应链的不协调问题.当压缩提前期时,制造商的成本增加,成本的增加值信息对销售商有对称和不对称两种情况.在信息对称时采用收益共享契约可以实现供应链的协调;在信息不对称,采用收益共享契约时,为了激励制造商,销售商不得不对制造商生产成本的不确定性付出成本,导致利润下降,而制造商由于拥有私有信息而使得利润增加,所以整个供应链并没有达到集中决策时的水平,只得到了帕累托改善的次优结果.创新点在于采用线性转移支付策略实现了供应链的协调,达到了帕累托最优,解决了收益共享契约不能实现供应链协调的问题.最后通过算例进行了说明.     

基于多Agent的Supply-Hub库存策略建模与仿真研究

Supply-Hub是一种能较好地解决装配式供应链协同运作问题的供应链运作模式,其库存参数设置对于平衡上游供应商与下游制造商之间的利益,吸弓l供应商加入Supply-Hub非常关键.建立了由两个供应不同零部件的供应商向制造商补货时的供应商多周期成本模型,采用多Agent仿真方法,研究了三种情形下(s,S)库存策略参数的变动对供应商及制造商的影响,以期为Supply-Hub运营商合理确定库存策略参数提供一定参考.     

基于多Agent的Supply-Hub库存策略建模与仿真研究北大核心

Supply-Hub是一种能较好地解决装配式供应链协同运作问题的供应链运作模式,其库存参数设置对于平衡上游供应商与下游制造商之间的利益,吸弓l供应商加入Supply-Hub非常关键.建立了由两个供应不同零部件的供应商向制造商补货时的供应商多周期成本模型,采用多Agent仿真方法,研究了三种情形下(s,S)库存策略参数的变动对供应商及制造商的影响,以期为Supply-Hub运营商合理确定库存策略参数提供一定参考.     

退货成本不同承担方式下供应链最优服务水平的确定

讨论了销售剩余成本分担情况下,供应链最优周期服务水平和订货策略的优化问题;对多周期补货策略提出了"变周期向前改进"的动态优化法.分析表明:销售剩余的处理方式和剩余成本的分配因子,对于最优服务水平有重要的影响;基于成本分担的多周期补货策略在销售季节的大部分时期维持了较高而稳定的服务水平和订货量.     

基于产品生命周期的闭环供应链定价和协调策略研究

研究产品生命周期条件下一个制造商、一个零售商组成的闭环供应链的定价和协调策略:制造商第一周期只生产新品,从第二周期开始生产再制造品,并负责回收。建立了两周期、多周期和无限周期下的分散决策模型和多周期下的集中决策模型,得到最优定价和生产策略。结果表明:两周期中,制造商和零售商应根据不同的成本节约额制定不同的批发价、零售价和生产量。多周期中,当成本节约额比较小时,除第一和最后一个周期外,制造商和零售商应采取相同的定价和生产策略;当成本节约额比较大时,除第一和最后两个周期外,制造商和零售商应采取相同的定价和生产策略。无限周期中,除第一周期以外,制造商和零售商都应该采取相同的定价和生产策略。在有限周期情况下,制造商和零售商应通过在前期制定比较低的批发价和零售价,以提高生产量和销售量,使得后期的回收量增大,达到降低成本的目的。通过引入收益共享契约制定合适的批发价和销售收入及再制造收益共享比率可以协调整个闭环供应链。算例验证了上述结论。     

Production control and replenishment strategy with multiple suppliers

This paper considers the joint supplier selection, replenishment and manufacturing control problem in a dynamic stochastic context. This problem is characterized by conflicting interests between suppliers, the manufacturer, and clients, which raise the need for coordination and information sharing. This paper contributes to the discourse mainly by developing and resolving an integrated mathematical model leading to information sharing strategies for supplier selection, replenishments and production activities. This is an optimal control problem with state constraints and hybrid dynamics. A dynamic stochastic model is thus proposed, and the optimality conditions obtained are then solved numerically. It is shown that the problem considered leads to a modified state-dependent multi-level (s, S) policy for the supplier selection and replenishment strategy and a base-stock policy for the production activities. The fact that these control policies are coupled confirms the necessity of considering the interactions present in the system in an integrated model. The obtained results show clearly that it is always profitable to consider multiple suppliers to make replenishment and production decisions. Moreover, it is shown that the availability rates of the supply chain actors and the replenishment lead time are important parameters to consider when choosing the best supplier.     

Joint Economic Ordering Policies of Multiple Wholesalers and a Single Manufacturer with Price-dependent Demand Functions

The economic ordering policies for multiple regional wholesalers and the production lot-sizing policy for a single manufacturer have been studied in a joint analysis under the assumption that the yearly demands of each region are functions of their respective retail proces. We obtained optimum EOQs for both linear and constant price elasticity demand functions. Although normally the wholesalers would order in quantities equal to their EOQs, they are encouraged to purchase in different quantities by the producer providing compensation to offset the wholesalers' increased costs. The production lot-size is determined to minimize the overall production cost.     

Coordinating supply chain inventories through common replenishment epochs

This paper proposes a model to study and analyze the benefit of coordinating supply chain inventories through the use of common replenishment epochs or time periods. A one-vendor, multi-buyer supply chain for a single product is analyzed. Under the proposed strategy, the vendor specifies common replenishment periods and requires all buyers to replenish only at those time periods. The vendor offers a price discount to entice the buyers to accept this strategy. The optimal replenishment period and the price discount to be offered by the vendor are determined as a solution to a Stackelberg game. After developing a method to solve the game, a numerical study is conducted to evaluate the benefit of the proposed coordinated strategy.     

Analysis of supply contracts with quantity flexibility

This paper explores a class of supply contracts under which a buyer receives discounts for committing to purchases in advance. The further in advance the commitment is made, the larger the discount. As time rolls forward, the buyer can increase the order quantities for future periods of the rolling horizon based on updated demand forecast information and inventory status. However, the buyer pays a higher per-unit cost for the incremental units. Such contracts are used by automobile and contract manufacturers, and are quite common in fuel oil and natural gas delivery markets. We develop a finite-horizon dynamic programming model to characterize the structure of the optimal replenishment strategy for the buyer. We present heuristic approaches to calculate the order volume in each period of the rolling horizon. Finally, we numerically evaluate the heuristic approaches and draw some managerial insights based on the findings.     

Myopic control of stochastic inventories with intermittent updates: continuous <Emphasis Type="Italic">versus</Emphasis> periodic replenishment

A manufacturer who is responsible for supplying a retailer with a single product is considered. The retailer sells the product in response to stochastic demand and provides the manufacturer with periodic updates about his inventories. Replenishing the retailer's inventory under two myopic base-stock policies is addressed. These policies, referred to as vendor managed inventory, represent a relatively new approach to allocating responsibility in the replenishment process. Specifically, the manufacturer, who is responsible for the retailer's inventories, can replenish them either continuously at any point in time or periodically, at one point in time for each period. The myopic replenishment policies that are considered are of a base-stock type. It is shown that the selected policies become optimal as the number of review periods tends to infinity. Furthermore, the two replenishment alternatives are compared in terms of both base-stock levels and expected costs, including those for inventory holding/shortage and transportation costs. Although continuous rather than periodic replenishment is evidently more expensive in terms of transportation costs, it is shown that even when the transportation cost constitutes more than 55% of the total average cost, it may still be preferable to replenish continuously rather than periodically.     

收益共享的寄售契约下供应商生产成本谎报行为分析

在收益共享寄售契约下的两级供应链中,供应商向零售商报告其生产成本;零售商根据供应商报告的生产成本,决定零售商的收益分配比例;供应商决定零售价格和生产数量,并且保持产品的所有权.由于信息不对称,供应商可能谎报其生产成本.作者应用博弈论分析了供应商谎报行为对供应链及其成员决策及绩效的影响.利用解析的方法得出一些理论结果:零售价格在信息对称时小于生产成本信息不对称时;订货数量在信息对称时大于生产成本信息不对称时;零售商的利润分配比例在信息对称时大于生产成本信息不对称时.供应商的谎报行为使其自身利润增加,使零售商和供应链的利润减少.     

Impact of replenishment rules with endogenous lead times on supply chain performance

This text summarizes the PhD thesis of Robert Boute, obtained at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium) under supervision of Marc Lambrecht. This doctoral dissertation in the field of Supply Chain Management demonstrates that significant cost reductions can be obtained for both the retailer and the manufacturer when they align their replenishment policy. Such a collaboration strategy goes far beyond “information sharing”. In this summary, we present the research model, the general outline of the thesis and the methodology used. The PhD thesis, written in English, is available from the author upon request.      

Managing manufacturing risks by using capacity options

In this study, we investigate the strategy of increasing production capacity temporarily through contingent contractual agreements with short-cycle manufacturers to manage the risks associated with demand volatility. We view all these agreements as capacity options. More specifically, we consider a manufacturing company that produces a replenishment product that is sold at a retailer. The demand for the product switches randomly between a high level and a low level. The production system has enough capacity to meet the demand in the long run. However, when the demand is high, it does not have enough capacity to meet the instantaneous demand and thus has to produce to stock in advance. Alternatively, a contractual agreement with a short-cycle manufacturer can be made. This option gives the right to receive additional production capacity when needed. There is a fixed cost to purchase this option for a period of time and, if the option is exercised, there is an additional per unit exercise price which corresponds to the cost of the goods produced at the short-cycle manufacturer. We formulate the problem as a stochastic optimal control problem and analyse it analytically. By comparing the costs between two cases where the contract with the short-cycle manufacturer is used or not, the value of this option is evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of demand variability on this contract is investigated.     

An integrated production and inventory model to dampen upstream demand variability in the supply chain

We consider a two-echelon supply chain: a single retailer holds a finished goods inventory to meet an i.i.d. customer demand, and a single manufacturer produces the retailer’s replenishment orders on a make-to-order basis. In this setting the retailer’s order decision has a direct impact on the manufacturer’s production. It is a well known phenomenon that inventory control policies at the retailer level often propagate customer demand variability towards the manufacturer, sometimes even in an amplified form (known as the bullwhip effect). The manufacturer, however, prefers to smooth production, and thus he prefers a smooth order pattern from the retailer. At first sight a decrease in order variability comes at the cost of an increased variance of the retailer’s inventory levels, inflating the retailer’s safety stock requirements. However, integrating the impact of the retailer’s order decision on the manufacturer’s production leads to new insights. A smooth order pattern generates shorter and less variable (production/replenishment) lead times, introducing a compensating effect on the retailer’s safety stock. We show that by including the impact of the order decision on lead times, the order pattern can be smoothed to a considerable extent without increasing stock levels. This leads to a situation where both parties are better off.     

Integrated markdown pricing and aggregate production planning in a two echelon supply chain: A hybrid fuzzy multiple objective approach

Given high variability of demands for short life cycle products, a retailer has to decide about the products’ prices and order quantities from a manufacturer. In the meantime, the manufacturer has to determine an aggregate production plan involving for example, production, inventory and work force levels in a multi period, multi product environment. Due to imprecise and fuzzy nature of products’ parameters such as unit production and replenishment costs, a hybrid fuzzy multi-objective programming model including both quantative and qualitative constraints and objectives is proposed to determine the optimalprice markdown policy and aggregate production planning in a two echelon supply chain. The model aims to maximize the total profit of manufacturer, the total profit of retailer and improving service aspects of retailing simultaneously. After applying appropriate strategies to defuzzify the original model, the equivalent multi-objective crisp model is then solved by a fuzzy goal programming method. An illustrative example is also provided to show the applicability and usefulness of the proposed model and solution method.