Formulation of commons dilemma: Dawes model reconsidered

This paper examines Dawes (1975) model on commons dilemma (CD) situation and proposes an alternative model which formulates CD. Firstly, it makes clear that Dawes model does not have the characteristics of CD. Secondly, it specifies “resource unit condition” which models of commons dilemma must satisfy. Thirdly, it presents CD model, which is obtained by setting the condition in Dawes model. And lastly, it examines some nature of the proposed model and find that in CD situation, fine is distributed proportionally to each player's property.     

Non-binding agreements and fairness in commons dilemma games

Usually, common pool games are analyzed without taking into account the cooperative features of the game, even when communication and non-binding agreements are involved. Whereas equilibria are inefficient, negotiations may induce some cooperation and may enhance efficiency. In the paper, we propose to use tools of cooperative game theory to advance the understanding of results in dilemma situations that allow for communication. By doing so, we present a short review of earlier experimental evidence given by Hackett, Schlager, and Walker 1994 (HSW) for the conditional stability of non-binding agreements established in face-to-face multilateral negotiations. For an experimental test, we reanalyze the HSW data set in a game-theoretical analysis of cooperative versions of social dilemma games. The results of cooperative game theory that are most important for the application are explained and interpreted with respect to their meaning for negotiation behavior. Then, theorems are discussed that cooperative social dilemma games are clear (alpha- and beta-values coincide) and that they are convex (it follows that the core is “large”): The main focus is on how arguments of power and fairness can be based on the structure of the game. A second item is how fairness and stability properties of a negotiated (non-binding) agreement can be judged. The use of cheap talk in evaluating experiments reveals that besides the relation of non-cooperative and cooperative solutions, say of equilibria and core, the relation of alpha-, beta- and gamma-values are of importance for the availability of attractive solutions and the stability of the such agreements. In the special case of the HSW scenario, the game shows properties favorable for stable and efficient solutions. Nevertheless, the realized agreements are less efficient than expected. The realized (and stable) agreements can be located between the equilibrium, the egalitarian solution and some fairness solutions. In order to represent the extent to which the subjects obey efficiency and fairness, we present and discuss patterns of the corresponding excess vectors.     

Properties of learning models in collective action: Rationality of backward-looking players

This article intends to clarify properties of learning models in simulation studies and to conduct a comparison of preceding learning models. Learning models are often used in many simulation studies, but there is no uniform rule of learning. We introduce three technical properties (monotonicity, condition of probability, neutrality) and three rational properties (rationality is fixed situations, rationality in first order stochastic domination, rationality with risk preference in stocahstic situations). We examine Michael Macy's model, the Erev & Roth model, and some others. We find that these models have different properties. Though learning is treated as one of the solutions of social dilemma from the results of Macy's model (Kollock, 1998), Macy's model is peculiar learning model. Learning is not always a solution of social dilemma. A comparison of learning models from a uniform point of view clarifies the properties of each model, and helps to probe conformity of a learning model and human behavior.     

阈值风险下的多企业合作治理污染的演化博弈分析

针对环境污染具有跨区域性,环境资源的公共物品属性,由单一产污企业治理污染物难以取得有效成果,辖区内多个产污企业合作治理是环境保护的必由之路。 本文从演化博弈论的研究视角探讨了多个排污企业之间的决策演化过程,建立了多主体演化博弈模型,并考虑了污染排放总量超过总量阈值时的环境恶化风险,研究阈值风险对产污企业合作治理污染策略选择的影响。 研究结果表明,较高的治理成本很大地约束了逐利企业治理污染的行为选择,造成公地悲剧的社会问题。 企业治污成本较大背景下,环境阈值风险发生概率越高,越能有效促进合作治理环境策略的演化稳定,合作治理占优于不治理。 出于对企业自身初始禀赋的保护,产污企业初始禀赋越大、排污收费率越高,越能有效促进企业治理污染物的积极性。 最后,为促进辖区内污染企业合作治理污染提出了政策建议。     

Irreducibility and emergence in complex systems and the quest for alternative insights

The scientist does not study nature because it is useful; he studies it because he delights in it, and he delights in it because it is beautiful. Henri Poincaré In this essay, we briefly survey the contemporary scientific and philosophical debates on emergence and conclude that this notion has become a dilemma. We argue that the reason for this dilemma is metaphysical. Subsequently, we investigate some fundamental philosophical methods in science, such as Cartesian reduction and objectivism, as the main sources of scientific drawbacks. Eventually, we suggest some refinements in philosophical methods for improvement of scientific insight and propose the method of transcendentionism as a metaphysical panacea to encounter the dilemma of emergence. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 17,10–18, 2011     

城市社区共享资源维护的个体异质性效应研究

城市社区共享资源经历日晒雨淋或人为频繁使用而逐渐耗损,为了"保值增值",必然出现对其维护捐赠的可持续性问题.在多人跨期均衡模型和数学赋值的随机模拟基础上,对个体偏好异质性等参数影响捐赠投入的机理进行了探讨,认为:差异程度与城市社区共享资源维护的捐赠投入正相关;且初始存量较大或耗损速率较慢时,异质性的作用更加显著.     

The role of non-Archimedean epsilon in finding the most efficient unit: With an application of professional tennis players

The determination of a single efficient decision making unit (DMU) as the most efficient unit has been attracted by decision makers in some situations. Some integrated mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) data envelopment analysis (DEA) models have been proposed to find a single efficient unit by the optimal common set of weights. In conventional DEA models, the non-Archimedean infinitesimal epsilon, which forestalls weights from being zero, is useless if one utilizes the well-known two-phase method. Nevertheless, this approach is inapplicable to integrated DEA models. Unfortunately, in some proposed integrated DEA models, the epsilon is neither considered nor determined. More importantly, based on this lack some approaches have been developed which will raise this drawback.In this paper, first of all some drawbacks of these models are discussed. Indeed, it is shown that, if the non-Archimedean epsilon is ignored, then these models can neither find the most efficient unit nor rank the extreme efficient units. Next, we formulate some new models to capture these drawbacks and hence attain assurance regions. Finally, a real data set of 53 professional tennis players is applied to illustrate the applicability of the suggested models.     

The impact of the termination rule on cooperation in a prisoner’s dilemma experiment

Cooperation in prisoner’s dilemma games can usually be sustained only if the game has an infinite horizon. We analyze to what extent the theoretically crucial distinction of finite versus infinite-horizon games is reflected in the outcomes of a prisoner’s dilemma experiment. We compare three different experimental termination rules in four treatments: a known finite end, an unknown end, and two variants with a random termination rule (with a high and with a low continuation probability, where cooperation can occur in a subgame-perfect equilibrium only with the high probability). We find that the termination rules do not significantly affect average cooperation rates. Specifically, employing a random termination rule does not cause significantly more cooperation compared to a known finite horizon, and the continuation probability does not significantly affect average cooperation rates either. However, the termination rules may influence cooperation over time and end-game behavior. Further, the (expected) length of the game significantly increases cooperation rates. The results suggest that subjects may need at least some learning opportunities (like repetitions of the supergame) before significant backward induction arguments in finitely repeated game have force.     

有偏抽样下带信息观察和删失的面板数据的统计分析

面板数据经常出现在许多研究领域, 比如纵向跟踪研究. 在很多情况下, 纵向反应变量与观察 时间和删失时间都有关系. 本文在有偏抽样下, 针对这些相关性存在的情况, 利用一个不能观察的潜在 变量, 提出了一个联合建模方法来刻画纵向反应变量与观察时间和删失时间的相关性, 获得了模型中 回归参数的估计方程以及估计的渐近性质, 并通过数值模拟验证了这些估计在小样本下也是有效的, 同时把该估计方法用于一组实际的膀胱癌数据分析中.     

An Asymptotic Analysis of a 2-D Model of Dynamically Active Compartments Coupled by Bulk Diffusion

A class of coupled cell–bulk ODE–PDE models is formulated and analyzed in a two-dimensional domain, which is relevant to studying quorum-sensing behavior on thin substrates. In this model, spatially segregated dynamically active signaling cells of a common small radius \(\epsilon \ll 1\) are coupled through a passive bulk diffusion field. For this coupled system, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to construct steady-state solutions and to formulate a spectral problem that characterizes the linear stability properties of the steady-state solutions, with the aim of predicting whether temporal oscillations can be triggered by the cell–bulk coupling. Phase diagrams in parameter space where such collective oscillations can occur, as obtained from our linear stability analysis, are illustrated for two specific choices of the intracellular kinetics. In the limit of very large bulk diffusion, it is shown that solutions to the ODE–PDE cell–bulk system can be approximated by a finite-dimensional dynamical system. This limiting system is studied both analytically, using a linear stability analysis and, globally, using numerical bifurcation software. For one illustrative example of the theory, it is shown that when the number of cells exceeds some critical number, i.e., when a quorum is attained, the passive bulk diffusion field can trigger oscillations through a Hopf bifurcation that would otherwise not occur without the coupling. Moreover, for two specific models for the intracellular dynamics, we show that there are rather wide regions in parameter space where these triggered oscillations are synchronous in nature. Unless the bulk diffusivity is asymptotically large, it is shown that a diffusion-sensing behavior is possible whereby more clustered spatial configurations of cells inside the domain lead to larger regions in parameter space where synchronous collective oscillations between the small cells can occur. Finally, the linear stability analysis for these cell–bulk models is shown to be qualitatively rather similar to the linear stability analysis of localized spot patterns for activator–inhibitor reaction–diffusion systems in the limit of long-range inhibition and short-range activation.