三、不等式

知识要点］本章内容包括不等式的性质,不等式的解法,不等式的证明,含有绝对值的不等式及不等式的应用．不等式的性质是解不等式与证明不等式的依据,是全章知识的基础,解不等式与证明不等式是全章的重点．解含参数的不等式,需对参数分类讨论;含绝对值的不等式,需去...     

高二年级期末复习自测题

“不等式”一章主要研究不等式的性质、均值不等式、不等式的证明以及解不等式等知识，学习时应加深对不等式知识之间内在联系的理解，灵活运用不等式的性质、均值不等式等知识证明不等式、解不等式、求函数的最值．不等式是研究数学问题的重要工具，是培养推理证明能力的重要内容，     

解不等式

1　本单元重、难点分析1)重点 :不等式的解的概念与解不等式的意义与方法是本单元的重点 .解不等式 ,就是将原来不简单的不等式 ,转换为与它同解的最简不等式 .这里所说的转换就是同解变形 .但中学里提到的不等式同解定理 ,对于解分式不等式和超越不等式就显得无能为力 .于是在不等式的解法中 ,常用“等价变形”的思想解决问题 .变形的途径常为 :含绝对值符号的不等式转换为去掉绝对值符号的不等式 ;分式不等式转换为整式不等式 ;无理不等式转换为有理不等式 ;高次不等式转换为低次不等式 ;超越不等式转换为整式不等式 .如何实施等价变形也…     

例谈新课标高考数学考点：不等式选讲

不等式选讲是对以前所学不等式内容的深化,通过不等式的证明、不等式的几何意义、不等式的背景,从不等式的数学本质上加以剖析,从而提高逻辑思维能力、分析和解决问题的能力．主要内容包括绝对值不等式、平均值不等式、柯西不等式及证明不等式的基本方法．主要考查绝对值不等式的解法、不等式证明及其应用。     

不等式的解法

1 本单元重点、难点分析 本单元的重点是各种类型不等式的解法，解不等式的关键是要善于根据有关性质或定理把原来形式比较复杂的不等式（组）等价变形为与之同解的相对简单一些的不等式（组），正确地进行同解变形是关键，同解变形的思路一般为：超越不等式变形为代数不等式，无理不等式变形为有理不等式，分式不等式变形为整式不等式，高次不等式变形为低次不等式（组）．     

不等式的解法，含绝对值的不等式

1 本单元重、难点分析。解不等式是不等式这一章的重点，也是多年来高考的热点，解不等式的过程实质上是不等式的同解变形过程，把原来比较复杂的不等式（组）转化为与之同解的不等式（组），以达到化简求解的目的．正确地进行同解变形是解不等式（组）的关键，而不等式的性质和各类函数的性质是进行同解变形的主要依据．同解变形的途径通常为：高次不等式转化为低次不等式；分式不等式、超越不等式转化为整式不等式；无理不等式转化为有理不等式；含绝对值符号的不等式转化为不含绝对值符号的不等式．     

不等式的性质与证明

1本单元重点、难点、热点分析 重点：实数大小的比较，不等式的基本性质，重要不等式，不等式的证明方法．不等式的性质是证明不等式、化归不等式问题、解决不等式实际问题的重要依据．     

解不等式

重点：不等式的解与解不等式的概念，不等式（组）的同解变形，一元一次不等式（组）、一元二次不等式（组）的解法，简单的高次不等式、分式不等式、含绝对值的不等式的主要类型和求解方法．     

“换元法”在中学数学中的应用(续完)

三、不等式和在解方程时一样,解不等式时应用换元法可以把诸如:分式不等式、无理不等式、指数和对数不等式、三角不等式和反三角不等式及高次不等式等等化为一次、二次不等式或不等式组来解。在证明某些不等式时,应用换元法可将证明过程简化,同时通过换元以后容易看出不等     

不等式(组)的解法和证明

Ⅰ不等式的两类基本问题一不等式的解法不等式的解法可分为两大类型题。 (1)代数不等式(组)的解法(包括一元一次不等式(组)、一元二次不等式(组),分式不等式、无理不等式与不等式组、含有绝对值符号的不等式等内容);(Ⅱ)初等超越函数不等式(组)的解法(这里主要是指含有指数函数、对数函数、三角函数的不等式)。下面根据两大类型题的内容顺序以例题形式分述如下。 (1)代数不等式(组)的解法     

Half Space and Quarter Space Dirichlet Problems for the Partial Differential Equation

A customary, heuristic, method, by which the Poisson integral formula for the Dirichlet problem, for the half space, for Laplace's equation is obtained, involves Green's function, and Kelvin's method of images. Although this heuristic method leads one to guess the correct result, this Poisson formula still has to be verified directly, independently of the method by which it was arrived at, in order to be absolutely certain that a solution of the Dirichlet problem for the half space, for Laplace's equation, has been actually obtained. A similar heuristic method, as seems to be generally known, could be followed in solving the Dirichlet problem, for the half space, for the equation where is a real constant. However, in Part 1, a different, labor-saving, method is used to study Dirichlet problems for the equation. This method is essentially based on what Hadamard called the method of descent. Indeed, it is shown that he who has solved the half space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation has already solved the half space Dirichlet problem for the equation In Part 2, the solution formula for the quarter space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation is obtained from the Poisson integral formula for the half space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation. A representation theorem for harmonic functions in the quarter space is deduced. The method of descent is used, in Part 3, to obtain the solution formula for the quarter space Dirichlet problem for the equation by means of the solution formula for the quarter space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation. So that, indeed, it is also shown that he who has solved the quarter space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation has already solved the quarter space Dirichlet problem for the " equation" For the sake of completeness and clarity, and for the convenience of the reader, the appendix, at the end of Part 3, contains a detailed proof that the Poisson integral formula solves the half space Dirichlet problem for Laplace's equation. The Bibliography for Parts 1,2, 3 is to be found at the end of Part 1.     

On bounds for the mode and median of the generalized hyperbolic and related distributions

Except for certain parameter values, a closed form formula for the mode of the generalized hyperbolic (GH) distribution is not available. In this paper, we exploit results from the literature on modified Bessel functions and their ratios to obtain simple but tight two-sided inequalities for the mode of the GH distribution for general parameter values. As a special case, we deduce tight two-sided inequalities for the mode of the variance-gamma (VG) distribution, and through a similar approach we also obtain tight two-sided inequalities for the mode of the McKay Type I distribution. The analogous problem for the median is more challenging, but we conjecture some monotonicity results for the median of the VG and McKay Type I distributions, from we which we conjecture some tight two-sided inequalities for their medians. Numerical experiments support these conjectures and also lead us to a conjectured tight lower bound for the median of the GH distribution.     

Various motivations for managerial (mis)reporting – an experimental study

In the experiment we model all possible consequences from misreporting for both the shareholder and for the manager, since we are interested in patterns in reporting behaviour resulting from different motivations for potential misrepresentation. This allows for examining the stability of the (mis)reporting behaviour in different treatments. Agents are primarily driven by the consequences for themselves rather than by the consequences for the principal, while deciding on misreporting. Participants are willing to sacrifice a small gain for themselves in order to prevent a greater loss for the principal. If agents misreport, they do it in order to generate positive rather than negative consequences for themselves. Reports in favour of the principal, but fruitless or even costly for the agent are very rare. The experiment indicates also that pro-social agents report more truthfully than pro-self agents.     

An approximation of stochastic hyperbolic equations: case with Wiener process

In the present paper, the two‐step difference scheme for the Cauchy problem for the stochastic hyperbolic equation is presented. The convergence estimate for the solution of the difference scheme is established. In applications, the convergence estimates for the solution of difference schemes for the numerical solution of four problems for hyperbolic equations are obtained. The theoretical statements for the solution of this difference scheme are supported by the results of the numerical experiment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Convergence in competition models with small diffusion coefficients

It is well known that for reaction-diffusion 2-species Lotka-Volterra competition models with spatially independent reaction terms, global stability of an equilibrium for the reaction system implies global stability for the reaction-diffusion system. This is not in general true for spatially inhomogeneous models. We show here that for an important range of such models, for small enough diffusion coefficients, global convergence to an equilibrium holds for the reaction-diffusion system, if for each point in space the reaction system has a globally attracting hyperbolic equilibrium. This work is planned as an initial step towards understanding the connection between the asymptotics of reaction-diffusion systems with small diffusion coefficients and that of the corresponding reaction systems.     

Asymptotic for the cumulative distribution function of the degrees and homomorphism densities for random graphs sampled from a graphon

We give asymptotics for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for degrees of large dense random graphs sampled from a graphon. The proof is based on precise asymptotics for binomial random variables. This result is a first step for giving a nonparametric test for identifying the degree function of a large random graph. Replacing the indicator function in the empirical CDF by a smoother function, we get general asymptotic results for functionals of homomorphism densities for partially labeled graphs. This general setting allows to recover recent results on asymptotics for homomorphism densities of sampled graphon.     

Superconvergence of mixed finite element semi-discretizations of two time-dependent problems

We will show that some of the superconvergence properties for the mixed finite element method for elliptic problems are preserved in the mixed semi-discretizations for a diffusion equation and for a Maxwell equation in two space dimensions. With the help of mixed elliptic projection we will present estimates global and pointwise in time. The results for the Maxwell equations form an extension of existing results. For both problems, our results imply that post-processing and a posteriori error estimation for the error in the space discretization can be performed in the same way as for the underlying elliptic problem.     

The shape of the hazard function for cancer incidence

A population-based cohort consisting of 126,141 men and 122,208 women born between 1874 and 1931 and at risk for breast or colorectal cancer after 1965 was identified by linking the Utah Population Data Base and the Utah Cancer Registry. The hazard function for cancer incidence is estimated from left truncated and right censored data based on the conditional likelihood. Four estimation procedures based on the conditional likelihood are used to estimate the age-specific hazard function from the data; these were the life-table method, a kernel method based on the Nelson Aalen estimator, a spline estimate, and a proportional hazards estimate based on splines with birth year as sole covariate.The results are consistent with an increasing hazard for both breast and colorectal cancer through age 85 or 90. After age 85 or 90, the hazard function for female breast and colorectal cancer may reach a plateua or decrease, although the hazard function for male colorectal cancer appears to continue to rise through age 105. The hazard function for both breast and colorectal cancer appears to be higher for more recent birth cohorts, with a more pronounced birth-cohort effect for breast cancer than for colorectal cancer. The age specific for colorectal cancer appears to be higher for men than for women. The shape of the hazard function for both breast and colorectal cancer appear to be consistent with a two-stage model for spontaneous carcinogenesis in which the initiation rate is constant or increasing. Inheritance of initiated cells appears to play a minor role.     

Conservation laws via the partial Lagrangian and group invariant solutions for radial and two-dimensional free jets

The conservation laws for Prandtl’s boundary layer equations for an incompressible fluid governing the flow in radial and two-dimensional jets are investigated. For both radial and two-dimensional jets the partial Lagrangian method is used to derive conservation laws for the system of two differential equations for the velocity components. The Lie point symmetries are calculated for both cases and a symmetry is associated with the conserved vector that is used to establish the conserved quantity for the jet. This associated symmetry is then used to derive the group invariant solution for the system governing the flow in the free jet.     

Trigonometric polynomial or exponential fitting approach?

The application of a trigonometric polynomial and an exponential fitting approach is compared for a three-point formula for second-order derivatives, for Simpson’s quadrature rule and for Numerov’s scheme for second-order differential equations. The expressions for the occurring parameters are constructed in both the approaches and the behaviour of these parameters with respect to the introduced frequency is studied. The errors for specific problems obtained in both the approaches as a function of the frequency are compared.