构造锥体模型巧解2003年高考排列组合题

题目　某城市在中心广场建造一个花圃 ,花圃分为 6个部分 (如图 1) .现要栽种 4种不同颜色的花 ,每部分栽种一种且相邻部分不能种同样颜色的图 1　原题图花 ,不同的栽种方法有种 .(以数字作答 )这是 2 0 0 3年全国高考 (理科 )试题第 (15 )题 ,本文构作锥体模型巧解之 .图 2　模型图解析　如图 2 ,将花圃的每个部分视作为棱锥的一个顶点 ,相邻部分用“棱”相连 ,由图1知 ,花圃第 1部分与其余每个部分都相邻 ,因此 ,由该点引出的棱有 5条 ,于是将其视作为五棱锥的顶点 ,而其余部分则视为棱锥底面的顶点 .　　现要在花圃 1至 6六个部分栽种 4…     

哈明距离下圈图上1-重心问题的反问题

主要讨论哈明距离下圈图上1-重心问题的反问题.1-重心问题的反问题主要研究如何尽可能少地改变网络中的参数值,使得给定的顶点到其它顶点的加权距离之和不超过一个给定的上界.通过将该问题转化为0-1背包问题,证明了在哈明距离下该问题是NP困难的,并运用动态规划的思想,在考虑改变边的长度的情况下,对圈图进行了求解.     

最大度为4的平面图的2-距离染色（英文）

2-距离染色是使得距离至多为2的顶点染不同色的一种顶点染色.1977年,Wegner猜想9种颜色可以使最大度为4的平面图有一个2-距离染色.本文证明了最大度为4的平面图用13种颜色可以使之有一个2-距离染色,而对不含三角形且最大度为4的平面图用11种颜色就可以了.     

T-型树T(1,l,m)可由其谱唯一决定

一棵树称为T-型树,如果其恰有一个最大度为3的顶点.令T(l1,l2,l3)表示唯一的一棵T-型树,使得其3-度顶点到每个1-度顶点的距离分别为l1,l2,l3.本文证明T(1,l,m)(l,m≥1)可由其相邻谱唯一决定.     

五类特殊图的三种距离矩阵的特征多项式

设G是一个具有顶点集V(G)={v_1,v_2,…,u_n}的n阶简单图.设d_(i,j)=d(v_i,v_j)表示图G中任意两个顶点v_i与v_j的距离.矩阵D(G)=[d_(i,j)]_(n×n)定义为图G的距离矩阵.定义Tr(v)=∑_(ueV(G))d(u,u)为图G中顶点u的点传递度.Diag(Tr)表示以G中顶点的点传递度为主对角线上元素的对角矩阵.则矩阵D~L(G)=Diag(Tr)一D(G)和D~Q(G)=Diag(Tr)+D(G)分别定义为图G的距离拉普拉斯矩阵和距离无符号拉普拉斯矩阵.分别得到五类特殊图的距离,距离拉普拉斯,距离无符号拉普拉斯的特征多项式的一般表达式.     

路与星、扇、轮图的积图的邻点可区别Ⅰ-全染色

图G的Ⅰ-全染色是指若干种颜色对图G的顶点和边的一个分配,使得任意两个相邻顶点的颜色不同,任意两条相邻边的颜色不同.在图G的一个Ⅰ-全染色下,G的任意一个点的色集合是指该点的颜色以及与该点相关联的全体边的颜色构成的集合.图G的一个Ⅰ-全染色称为是邻点可区别的,如果任意两个相邻点的色集合不相等.对一个图G进行邻点可区别Ⅰ-全染色所用的最少颜色的数目称为图G的邻点可区别Ⅰ-全色数.应用构造具体染色的方法给出了路与星、扇、轮图的积图的邻点可区别Ⅰ-全色数     

不含5-圈和相邻6-圈的平面图的全染色

图的正常k-全染色是用k种颜色给图的顶点和边同时进行染色,使得相邻或者相关联的元素(顶点或边)染不同的染色.使得图G存在正常k-全染色的最小正整数k,称为图G的全色数,用χ″(G)表示.证明了若图G是最大度△≥6且不含5-圈和相邻6-圈的平面图,则χ″(G)=△+1.     

最大度为7 且不含带弦5- 圈的平面图是8- 全可染的

若能用k种颜色给图的顶点和边同时进行染色使得相邻或相关联的元素(顶点或边) 染不同的色, 则称这个图是k- 全可染的. 显然, 给最大度为Δ的图进行全染色, 至少要用Δ + 1 种不同的色.本文证明最大度为7 且不含带弦5- 圈的平面图是8- 全可染的. 这一结果进一步拓广了(Δ+1)- 全可染图类.     

哈林图的弱点边染色

假设e1和e2是两条相邻边,若它们关联同一个面且在该面的边界上连续出现,则称e1和e2是面相邻的.平面图G是弱点边k-可染的是指存在映射π:V (G)∪E(G)→{1,···, k},使得任意两个相邻的顶点,任意两条面相邻的边,以及任意两个相关联的顶点和边都染不同的颜色.文中利用数学归纳法证明了:哈林图(Halin graph)是弱点边5-可染的,并给出可达到上界5的例子.     

多面体重心的两个性质

本文首先应用解析法 ,建立“点到平面的有向距离”概念 ,然后给出多面体重心的两个有趣性质 .定义 1　在空间直角坐标系内 ,设点P的坐标为 (x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) ,平面π的方程为Ax +By +Cz +D=0 .令d =Ax0 +By0 +Cz0 +DA2 +B2 +C2 (1)则d称为点P到平面π的有向距离 .多面体的重心定义如下 :定义 2　在空间直角坐标系内 ,设多面体A1A2…An 的顶点Ai 的坐标 (xi,yi,zi) (i =1,2 ,… ,n) .令　x′ =1n ∑ni=1xi,y′ =1n ∑ni=1yi,z′ =1n ∑ni=1zi (2 )则点G(x′ ,y′z′)称为顶点系的重心 .由定义 1,2 ,我们获得了下述性质 .定理 1　在空间…     

A review of TSP based approaches for flowshop scheduling

Contemporary flowshops that are variants of the classical flowshop frequently pose challenging scheduling problems. Such flowshops include no-wait, blocking, and robotic flowshops. These may sometimes be modeled as traveling salesman problems (TSP) and then solved using efficient algorithms available for the TSP. Encountered in auto, electronic, chemical, steel and even modern service industries, such problems are reviewed in this paper. We show that the TSP based approach is quite effective over a broad range. It tackles no-wait flowshops, blocking flowshops, group scheduling of parts in a flowshop using a generalized extension of the TSP, lot streaming and scheduling problems, and as recently done, scheduling of parts and robot movements in automated production cells. In this review paper, we describe several well-documented applications of no-wait and blocking scheduling models and illustrate some ways in which the increasingly used modern manufacturing systems such as robotic cells may be modeled as TSP. We also review the computational complexity of a wide variety of flowshop models. Finally, we suggest some fruitful directions for future research.     

An evolutionary approach for bandwidth multicoloring problems

In this paper we consider some generalizations of the vertex coloring problem, where distance constraints are imposed between adjacent vertices (bandwidth coloring problem) and each vertex has to be colored with more than one color (bandwidth multicoloring problem). We propose an evolutionary metaheuristic approach for the first problem, combining an effective tabu search algorithm with population management procedures. The approach can be applied to the second problem as well, after a simple transformation. Computational results on instances from the literature show that the overall algorithm is able to produce high quality solutions in a reasonable amount of time, outperforming the most effective algorithms proposed for the bandwidth coloring problem, and improving the best known solution of many instances of the bandwidth multicoloring problem.     

The time dependent traveling salesman problem: polyhedra and algorithm

The time dependent traveling salesman problem (TDTSP) is a generalization of the classical traveling salesman problem (TSP), where arc costs depend on their position in the tour with respect to the source node. While TSP instances with thousands of vertices can be solved routinely, there are very challenging TDTSP instances with less than 100 vertices. In this work, we study the polytope associated to the TDTSP formulation by Picard and Queyranne, which can be viewed as an extended formulation of the TSP. We determine the dimension of the TDTSP polytope and identify several families of facet-defining cuts. We obtain good computational results with a branch-cut-and-price algorithm using the new cuts, solving almost all instances from the TSPLIB with up to 107 vertices.     

A new proof of the 6 color theorem

In 1965 Ringel raised a 6 color problem for graphs that can be stated in at least three different forms. In particular, is it possible to color the vertices and faces of every plane graph with 6 colors so that any two adjacent or incident elements are colored differently? This 6 color problem was solved in 1984 by the present author; the proof used about 35 reducible configurations. A shorter new proof is given here using only half as many of reducible configurations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A Graph b-coloring Framework for Data Clustering

The graph b-coloring is an interesting technique that can be applied to various domains. The proper b-coloring problem is the assignment of colors (classes) to the vertices of one graph so that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, and for each color class there exists at least one dominating vertex which is adjacent (dissimilar) to all other color classes. This paper presents a new graph b-coloring framework for clustering heterogeneous objects into groups. A number of cluster validity indices are also reviewed. Such indices can be used for automatically determining the optimal partition. The proposed approach has interesting properties and gives good results on benchmark data set as well as on real medical data set.     

Polyhedral studies on the convex recoloring problem

A coloring of the vertices of a graph G is convex if, for each assigned color d, the vertices with color d induce a connected subgraph of G. We address the convex recoloring problem, defined as follows. Given a graph G and a coloring of its vertices, recolor a minimum number of vertices of G, so that the resulting coloring is convex. This problem is known to be NP-hard even when G is a path. We show an integer programming formulation for the weighted version of this problem on arbitrary graphs, and then specialize it for trees. We study the facial structure of the polytope defined as the convex hull of the integer points satisfying the restrictions of the proposed ILP formulation, present several classes of facet-defining inequalities and discuss separation algorithms.     

A Reduction of the Anticoloring Problem to Connected Graphs

An anticoloring of a graph is a coloring of some of the vertices, such that no two adjacent vertices are colored in distinct colors. The anticoloring problem seeks, roughly speaking, for such colorings with many vertices colored in each color. We show that, to solve the anticoloring problem with two colors for general graphs, it suffices to solve it for connected graphs.     

Constructing 5-chromatic unit distance graphs embedded in the Euclidean plane and two-dimensional spheres

This paper is devoted to the development of algorithms for finding unit distance graphs with chromatic number greater than 4, embedded in a two-dimensional sphere or plane. Such graphs provide a lower bound for the Hadwiger–Nelson problem on the chromatic number of the plane and its generalizations to the case of the sphere. A series of 5-chromatic unit distance graphs on 64513 vertices embedded into the plane is constructed. Unlike previously known examples, these graphs do not use the Moser spindle as the base element. The construction of 5-chromatic graphs embedded in a sphere at two values of the radius is given. Namely, the 5-chromatic unit distance graph on 372 vertices embedded into the circumsphere of an icosahedron with a unit edge length, and the 5-chromatic graph on 972 vertices embedded into the circumsphere of a great icosahedron are constructed.     

Clifford-algebraic random walks on the hypercube

The n-dimensional hypercube is a simple graph on 2ⁿ vertices labeled by binary strings, or words, of length n. Pairs of vertices are adjacent if and only if they differ in exactly one position as binary words; i.e., the Hamming distance between the words is one. A discrete-time random walk is easily defined on the hypercube by “flipping” a randomly selected digit from 0 to 1 or vice-versa at each time step. By associating the words as blades in a Clifford algebra of particular signature, combinatorial properties of the geometric product can be used to represent this random walk as a sequence within the algebra. A closed-form formula is revealed which yields probability distributions on the vertices of the hypercube at any time k ≥ 0 by a formal power series expansion of elements in the algebra. Furthermore, by inducing a walk on a larger Clifford algebra, probabilities of self-avoiding walks and expected first hitting times of specific vertices are recovered. Moreover, because the Clifford algebras used in the current work are canonically isomorphic to fermion algebras, everything appearing here can be rewritten using fermion creation/annihilation operators, making the discussion relevant to quantum mechanics and/or quantum computing.     

一类苯环的Kirchhoff指标（英文）

如果用单位电阻来代替图G中的每条边得到一个电网络,而顶点i和j之间的电阻距离（Resistance distance）定义为此网络中节点i和j之间的等效电阻的阻值.图G的Kirchhoff指标定义为G中所有点对之间的电阻距离和.本文利用循环矩阵的理论得到了一类苯环R_n的Kirchhoff指标的计算公式,而且我们证明了R_n的Kirchhoff指标渐近等于R_n的Wiener指标的一半.