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1.
费威 《经济数学》2018,(2):13-18
针对网络食品安全问题,分别构建网络平台与食品生产经营者合作一体化与各自独立时的经济利益优化模型,比较他们食品安全的相关决策,并在网络平台与食品生产经营者各自独立模式下对两者的行为策略进行博弈分析.结果表明:相比于各自独立,在合作一体化模式下网络平台设定的食品质量安全标准更低,食品生产经营者的食品供给量更大;在各自独立模式下,平台预期利润受食品安全问题负面影响更显著;网络平台与食品生产经营者合作一体化时,质量安全标准对两者合作的预期总利润影响相对较小.在各自独立模式下,若食品生产经营者供给不安全食品的"机会收益"不高于"机会损失",供给安全食品与严格监管是食品生产经营者与网络平台的最优策略组合.  相似文献   

2.
费威 《经济数学》2017,34(2):16-26
针对废弃食品回收处理不足导致食品安全问题日益严重的现状,在回收处理商有价回收和零售商自主回收这两种情况下分别构建了废弃食品回收处理问题中零售商、回收处理商与政府部门之间的博弈模型.对均衡解的分析表明,无论回收处理商与政府部门是相互独立还是合作的,当回收处理商有价回收废弃食品时,若政府部门提供的单位补贴较高,对应的零售商回收废弃食品安全意识也较高,相应的回收服务水平却较低,废弃食品回收价格较高,而废弃食品回收量却较少;当零售商自主回收废弃食品时,零售商的回收废弃食品安全意识、回收处理商的回收服务水平与回收量均为零,对应的利润值都为零.  相似文献   

3.
为解决电商闭环供应链中回收商的资金约束问题,运用博弈论分别构建了回收商无资金约束的基准模型、资金约束回收商向制造商及电商平台融资的决策模型,分别得到电商闭环供应链的最优回收与定价决策,探讨了制造商与电商平台的融资条件及回收商的融资策略.研究表明:制造商提供融资与否取决于单位再制造获利与自身借款利率水平,只有转移价格高于一定阈值,即单位再制造获利较低时,制造商才会考虑向回收商提供融资,且单位转移价格的高低与回收商的资金状况及融资对象相关,相比于其他情形,制造商提供融资时往往会支付更高的转移价格;无论制造商是否向回收商提供融资,电商平台总能从中获益,且始终倾向于为回收商提供融资;回收商的融资策略取决于制造商与电商平台融资的利率差,利率差较小时向制造商融资,反之则向电商平台融资;若制造商与电商平台要求的利率相同,制造商融资模式下的平台佣金、回收率更高,产品的销售价格更低,产生的社会效益及经济效益更大.  相似文献   

4.
黄瑾滢  李巍 《经济数学》2019,36(3):46-51
以"一带一路"倡议为背景,考虑了出口国原始设备制造商(OEM)自行生产新产品和再制造品、OEM生产新产品并授权进口国第三方制造商(TPR)生产再制造品两种跨国再制造模式,对比分析了两种模式下,再制造品价格、数量、决策主体利润等变量值的变化.结果表明:TPR生产的再制造品数量主要基于进口国消费者对其的认可程度;出于再制造生产过程更环保的角度考虑,政府会基于产品节能程度对产品市场需求的影响系数的大小选择OEM或TPR再制造;在不同的产品节能程度对产品市场需求的影响系数和投入的节能成本系数影响下,OEM和TPR对新产品和再制造品的价格、数量、利润等变量有不同的决策偏好.  相似文献   

5.
费威 《经济数学》2013,30(2):1-6
为提高我国食品质量安全水平,对小型、分散的单个供应商和一个制造商构成的食品供应链中,制造商对原材料和最终食品进行质量检测的情况,建立了以供应商和制造商各自的质量水平为决策变量的优化模型,分析了最优质量水平的影响因素和影响效应.并依据结论提出相应建议,如提高消费者对优劣食品的识别能力,发挥制造商在供应链中的监督检验作用等.  相似文献   

6.
以制造商为主导的双渠道低碳供应链中,在制造商、零售商为公平中性、零售商具有公平关切以及制造商具有公平关切3种情形下,分别对比分析单位低碳产品碳减排量、零售商销售努力程度、公平关切程度对制造商、零售商决策及效用的影响.研究发现:在制造商主导的供应链中,无论哪一方具有公平关切,也不论公平关切程度大小,制造商大多是获利方;公平关切行为不会带来定价变动趋势的变化;单位碳减排量越大或者零售商销售努力程度越高,则制造商对零售商的批发价格越高,如果零售商具有一定的公平关切,则批发价格上涨幅度会得到一定程度的有效控制;制造商、零售商的效益相互依赖,当零售商销售努力程度上升时,制造商的效用也会增加;当零售商不愿为低碳产品的销售付出努力时,制造商具有公平关切情形下零售商的损失反而较小.  相似文献   

7.
针对由一原始设备制造商和一独立再制商所组成的闭环供应链系统,考虑到新品质量水平对独立再制商可回收量的质量约束效应,以及新品与再制品的价格及质量竞争,分别构建了原始设备制造商领导、独立再制商领导、无领导三种不同市场结构下闭环供应链决策模型,探讨了质量约束效应对闭环供应链运营的影响。研究表明:(1)三种市场结构下,新品和再制品两者在“质量水平-价格”两维度均有所差异,且市场地位的不对等有利于产品质量水平的共同提升;(2)质量约束效应的存在会对产品的价格和质量同时产生影响;(3)再制品具有质量劣势,且质量约束效应的增强,再制品质量劣势越大;(4)市场结构的变化及质量约束效应的强弱并不会影响市场总需求量,仅仅会影响成员企业的市场份额;在大多数情况下,消费者对新品需求更为活跃。但当原始设备制造商为市场领导者时,质量约束效应低于一阈值水平时,再制品销量反而高于新品销量;(5)无论从成员个体,还是从供应链整体,原始设备制造商为领导者的市场结构最有效,且新品质量约束效应并不会影响供应链总利润,仅影响成员企业在总利润中的分成;新品质量约束效应的增强更有利于原始设备制造商利润的改善,但同时会损害独立再制商利润。  相似文献   

8.
最优分配采购策略和应急采购策略被广泛应用于供应中断风险管理中,基于最优分配采购策略和应急采购策略,研究了由两个制造商与两个零售商组成的两级供应链在供应中断下的订购和生产决策问题,给出了最优订购和最优生产策略.通过数值例子就可靠性如何影响制造商的最优价格和利润进行了比较.结果表明:随着可靠性的增加,两个制造商的最优价格呈递减态势,且制造商A的递减幅度小于制造商B的递减幅度;当可靠性低于0.3时,制造商A的最优价格低于制造商B的最优价格,当可靠性高于0.3时,制造商A的最优价格高于制造商B的最优价格.随着可靠性的增加,制造商A的利润呈递减态势,制造商B的利润呈递增态势;当可靠性低于0.8时,制造商A的利润高于制造商B的利润,当可靠性低高于0.8时,制造商A利润低于制造商B的利润.  相似文献   

9.
在碳交易机制背景下考虑普通制造商和低碳制造商存在竞争的情形,分别构建集中和分散模式下的供应链决策模型并对减排率以及产品销售价格进行求解。针对分散决策造成的供应链利润损失情况,采用Shapley值法对供应链进行协调,并给出契约协调机制。最后通过算例分析了Shapley值法的有效性,并对碳交易价格和消费者价格敏感性进行灵敏度分析。研究表明:Shapley值法的引入提高了供应链成员以及供应链的总利润,实现了供应链协调;碳交易机制的实施减少了碳排放总量,但较高的碳交易价格会降低供应链利润;消费者价格敏感性的增加使得普通制造商、低碳制造商、零售商以及供应链整体利润均降低。  相似文献   

10.
回收率依赖价格的再制造EPQ模型研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究了考虑回收率依赖于回收品价格,并带有废弃处理的制造和再制造混合系统的(1,R)和(M,1)EPQ模型.在模型中,采用新产品的制造和回收产品的再制造两种方式来满足客户的需要,回收产品部分用于再制造,其余作为废弃处理;总平均成本包括与回收产品、可销售产品有关的库存持有成本,与制造和再制造有关的生产成本和固定成本,与回收品及制造所需原材料的采购成本以及废弃处理成本.模型给出最优生产策略及总平均成本的表达式.算例验证了所建模型的计算方法,并分析了新引人决策变量p(回收产品单价占制造新产品所需原料价格的比例对总平均成本的变化率的影响.  相似文献   

11.
We studied the coordination of cooperative advertisement in a manufacturer–retailer supply chain when the manufacturer offers price deductions to customers. With a price sensitive market, the expected demand with cooperative advertising and price deduction is demonstrated. When the manufacturer is a leader, we obtained the optimal national brand name investment, local advertisement and associated manufacturer’s allowance with any given price deduction. When the manufacturer offers more price deduction to customers, the retailer will increase local advertisement if the manufacturer provides the same portion of the local advertising allowance. We obtained the necessary and sufficient condition for the price deduction to ensure an increase of manufacturer’s profit, and a search procedure for determining such an optimal price deduction is provided as well. When the manufacturer and retailer are partners, we obtained the optimal national brand name investment and local advertisement. For any given price deduction, the total profit for the supply chain with cooperative scheme is always higher than that with the non-cooperative scheme. When price elasticity of demand is larger than one, the resulting closed form optimal price deduction with partnership is also obtained. To increase profits for both parties in a supply chain, we recommend that coordination in local and national cooperative advertising with a partnership relationship between manufacturer and retailer is the best solution. The bargaining results show how to share the profit gain between the manufacturer and the retailer, and determine the associated pricing and advertising policies for both parties.  相似文献   

12.
We use a game theoretical approach to study pricing and advertisement decisions in a manufacturer–retailer supply chain when price discounts are offered by both the manufacturer and retailer. When the manufacturer is the leader of the game, we obtained Stackelberg equilibrium with manufacturer’s local allowance, national brand name investment, manufacturer’s preferred price discount, retailer’s price discount, and local advertising expense. For the special case of two-stage equilibrium when the manufacturer’s price discount is exogenous, we found that the retailer is willing to increase local advertising expense if the manufacturer increases local advertising allowance and provides deeper price discount, or if the manufacturer decreases its brand name investment. When both the manufacturer and retailer have power, Nash equilibrium in a competition game is obtained. The comparison between the Nash equilibrium and Stackelberg equilibrium shows that the manufacturer always prefers Stackelberg equilibrium, but there is no definitive conclusion for the retailer. The bargaining power can be used to determine the profit sharing between the manufacturer and the retailer. Once the profit sharing is determined, we suggest a simple contract to help the manufacturer and retailer obtain their desired profit sharing.  相似文献   

13.
在电商与信息化时代, 网络代销平台在产品促销方面的优势越来越明显。与折扣促销不同, 返利促销需要消费者先全款购买, 再事后兑现。本文构建了一个制造商和一个网络代销平台组成的销售系统, 考虑产品需求为可加式随机且同时受价格和返利促销影响, 在Stackelberg博弈框架下研究了制造商的定价与库存策略以及网络代销平台的返利优化决策。研究发现, 当消费者对返利的敏感程度逐渐增强时, 网络代销平台会更倾向于向消费者提供更多的返利, 此时代销平台与制造商实现共赢; 而当消费者的返利兑现率逐渐增大时, 返利平台会降低返利促销的强度, 此时会导致制造商的利益受损。  相似文献   

14.
为分析外包制造下,政府补贴对低碳供应链竞争的影响,基于低碳产品外包制造,构建一个制造商、一个外包制造商和一个销售商组成的博弈模型。基于此模型,对比分析政府三种补贴策略对两种产品市场竞争机理的影响。研究得到:政府补贴给制造商或销售商时,单位委托制造价格要高于补贴给外包制造商时,也即,当政府采取补贴策略且不补贴给外包制造商时,外包制造商会通过增加单位委托制造价格转移政府补贴;政府补贴策略对单位普通产品批发价格和零售价格无影响,但政府补贴策略会减少普通产品销售量,增加低碳产品销售量;政府补贴虽然减少普通产品收益,但政府补贴增加低碳产品收益,且低碳产品增加收益大于普通产品减少收益,也即政府补贴增加制造商和销售商的利润;政府补贴策略减少两种产品对环境造成的影响,增加消费者剩余和社会剩余。  相似文献   

15.
A manufacturer wholesaling to a retailer a ‘newsvendor-type’ product such as a seasonal/fashion good or a perishable food item is considered here. It is known that such a manufacturer/retailer channel has difficulties in fully realizing the market's profit potential. We study a theoretical construct of such a channel and present practically useful results for a manufacturer trying to design more profitable pricing schemes. Specifically, we consider a ‘dominant’ manufacturer supplying a newsvendor-type product to a retailer. The retail market volume varies with the unit retail price according to a stochastic demand curve. We study the design and performance of ‘price-only’, ‘buyback’ and ‘manufacturer-imposed retail price’ schemes. All these schemes have been considered in earlier works. The first part of this paper studies some important but previously overlooked aspects of price-only and buyback schemes. We show that the performance of these schemes is strongly and somewhat counter-intuitively affected by the specific form of demand curve and of demand randomization. Thus, we identify hitherto neglected factors that must be carefully considered when designing pricing schemes for actual implementation. The second part of this paper demonstrates the practicality and merit of using buyback in conjunction with a manufacturer-imposed retail price—an arrangement overlooked in the literature because it is widely mistaken as illegal. Overall, the paper shows how a manufacturer can better realize the market's potential by: (i) modifying slightly the well-known buyback arrangement; and (ii) carefully modelling certain hitherto neglected aspects of the price/demand relationship—a conclusion quite contrary to what one might surmise from the current theoretical literature.  相似文献   

16.
This paper considers a multiple-supplier, single manufacturer assembly supply chain where the suppliers produce components of a short life-cycle product which is assembled by the manufacturer. In this single-period problem the suppliers determine their production quantities and the manufacturer chooses the retail price. We assume that the manufacturer faces a random price-dependent demand in either additive or multiplicative form. For each case, we analyze both simultaneous-move and leader–follower games to respectively determine the Nash and Stackelberg equilibria, and find the globally-optimal solution that maximizes the system-wide expected profit. Then, we introduce appropriate buy-back and lost-sales cost-sharing contracts to coordinate this assembly supply chain, so that when all the suppliers and the manufacturer adopt their equilibrium solutions, the system-wide expected profit is maximized.  相似文献   

17.
研究了存在强势零售商时双渠道制造商的推介策略问题。首先,以零售商弱势模型为基准,研究发现:较大的推介市场规模有助于制造商采取都推介策略,且零售商和制造商具有高度一致的推介策略偏好。其次,构建零售商强势决策模型,发现相对零售商弱势而言,制造商推介策略存在显著变化:当推介市场规模较小时,若批发价格较高,则制造商采取都推介策略;当推介市场规模较大时,若批发价格较低,则制造商仅推介官方商城。当且仅当推介市场规模和批发价格同时较小或较大时,零售商与制造商才能达成推介策略共识。此外,无论零售商弱势或强势,都推介策略下消费者剩余和社会福利优于仅推介官方商城策略。  相似文献   

18.
This study generalised the traditional quantity discount problem with return contracts, in which a manufacturer promises to refund some fraction of the retailer's wholesale price if an item is returned, as a two-stage game. In the first stage the manufacturer and retailer determine the inventory level cooperatively. In the second stage, the manufacturer bargains with the retailer for quantity discount and return schemes to maintain channel efficiency. A menu of discount–return combinations is proposed for the manufacturer to make inventory decisions. The model developed will demonstrate that the return policy can be considered as mirror images of quantity discount strategy. That is, options with more generous return privileges are coupled with higher wholesale prices, whereas the lowest wholesale price comes with very strict limits on returns and a restocking fee for any returned goods.  相似文献   

19.
Supply chain partnerships exhibit varying degrees of power distribution among the agents. This has implications for pricing and operational decisions in the channel and eventually influences the end customers. To understand how different power schemes affect the supply chain partners’ performance and consumer surplus, we study channel structures with a dominant manufacturer, a dominant retailer, and no single-agent dominance. Under random and price sensitive demand, channel dominance is interpreted in our setting as exerting power to determine the retail and wholesale prices as well as to transfer the inventory risk to the weaker party. We analyze all problems in a game-theory based framework and characterize the equilibrium retail price, wholesale price, and order/production quantity. We show that the manufacturer-dominated channel structure leads to the highest production quantity, the lowest retail price, and the largest expected surplus for an individual buyer; on the other hand, the entire channel profit and the total consumer surplus are highest when the retailer holds the channel dominance. While both the manufacturer and the retailer are better off when they become a power agent individually, channel dominance does not always guarantee higher share of channel profits, as we show under the manufacturer-dominated structure. Further insights are derived analytically and numerically from comparisons of the manufacturer/retailer dominance schemes with the no single-agent dominance structure and integrated channel. We also study extensions to investigate the effect of demand model and risk sharing, and we address industry settings with alternative schemes of holding cost, shortage penalty and salvage value.  相似文献   

20.
双渠道闭环供应链的三种回收模式的建模分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
针对生产商负责网上直销、零售商负责网下零售、且具有回收再制造功能的双渠道闭环供应链,首先分析了生产商负责产品回收和零售商负责产品回收下生产商和零售商之间的博弈行为,建立了刻画两种回收模式的两层规划模型;进而假定生产商委托第三方企业负责回收,分析了生产商、零售商和第三方回收企业之间的博弈行为,建立了对应此一主两从博弈结构的带均衡约束的两层规划模型.对所得模型进行了模型求解,得到了三种回收模式下双渠道闭环分散式供应链的最优直销价、零售价和回收再制造率决策.通过数值算例对上述三种回收模式进行了比较分析,并对刻画网上直销吸引力的相关参数进行了灵敏度分析.研究发现,生产商负责回收时的回收再制造率最高;网上直销具有激发潜在需求(正效应)和吸引零售市场需求发生转移(负效应)的双重效应等.  相似文献   

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