增长期权对最优资本结构的影响研究：企业生命周期的视角

资产构成和生命周期的动态关系决定了企业最优资本结构的变化趋势。本文在利息税盾和破产成本的权衡理论框架下,运用实物期权方法,理论上揭示了增长期权动态执行导致最优资本结构随企业生命周期的变化规律,扩展分析了股东-债权人代理冲突对最优资本结构的影响,并提供了基于中国沪深A股上市公司的经验证据。结果表明：随着企业由年轻走向成熟,增长期权不断执行和在位资产逐渐累积会降低企业总体的破产风险,从而企业最优财务杠杆呈现上升趋势且增长速度逐渐放缓;股东和债权人在增长期权执行决策上的代理冲突导致的投资不足会降低最优财务杠杆,但代理成本随企业生命周期推进呈递减趋势。     

考虑债务容量的企业最优投资决策模型

考虑了企业投资决策中的债务容量问题,把企业投资期权的价值分为债务投资期权的价值和权益投资期权的价值,研究不确定性环境下企业对投资时机、投资规模以及债务容量同时选择的问题。研究发现当企业产品价格的波动率在比较小的范围内波动时,企业债务期权的价值随着波动率的增加而增加,但是当波动率较大时企业债务投资期权的价值会随之下降。债务容量的增加推迟了企业的投资但会增加企业投资的规模,并且企业投资规模增加的幅度要大于企业投资时机增加的幅度。最后,产品价格不确定性程度的增加能够降低企业的最优债务容量。     

负债代理冲突下企业投融资互动行为的实物期权分析

准确分析企业投融资之间的互动关系,实现两种决策的协同,有助于提高企业决策效率和项目价值.通过把项目融资政策内生到投资决策的实物期权模型中,构建基于股东价值最大化和企业价值最大化的投融资决策互动模型,得到两种情形下的投融资决策临界点和期权价值,并借助数值分析负债代理冲突对企业投融资行为的影响.研究结果表明,负债融资既可能引发过度投资问题,也可能抑制投资.这种非效率投资将相应地提高负债融资的成本,对企业的负债融资产生抑制作用.     

基于股票换手率的市场时机与外部融资方式选择研究——来自中国A股上市公司的经验证据

市场时机资本结构理论认为企业在股票价格高估时发行股权融资,低估时选择回购股票或发行债务融资,当前资本结构是企业过去融资发行市场时机的累积结果.目前的实证研究主要基于市值账面比(M/B)指标作为市场时机代理变量,然而这一指标引起学者们很大争议,研究结论缺乏可靠性.本文根据我国资本市场实际特征选择股票换手率作为市场时机代理变量,实证检验了市场时机与外部融资方式选择的关系,以及对资本结构动态变动的综合影响.研究结论显示,换手率在企业权益融资中具有重要作用,换手率较高时企业选择发行更多的股权融资.并对资本结构变动具有显著的负向影响.这表明我国上市公司确实存在着融资选择的市场时机效应.     

企业聘用职业经理人的最优时机及其委托代理模型

认为尽管职业经理人的能力可能更强,但只有当企业规模大于临界规模时,企业才会选择聘用职业经理人.运用实物期权的方法,分析得到了企业聘用职业经理人的最优规模(时机),并基于此建立了最优分成制委托代理模型.分析结果表明,在企业考虑实物期权价值的情况下,增大了聘用职业经理人的临界规模,降低了最优分成比例,提高了代理人的努力水平.结果进一步显示,随着市场不确定性的增大,企业聘用职业经理人的临界规模增大,代理人的努力水平降低,最有分成比例增大.     

上市公司资本成本面板数据模型与实证分析

本文利用我国上市公司1997至2002年的有关财务数据,建立了我国上市公司资本成本面板数据模型,运用该模型分析了我国上市公司资本成本与财务杠杆、企业规模的关系.结果表明,财务杠杆的提升、企业规模的扩大将使资本成本下降.该结论对我国上市公司优化资本结构、提高企业价值具有一定的参考价值.     

分位数回归方法在资本结构影响因素分析中的应用

传统的OLSE回归只能得到一组系数估计值,因此无法深入分析不同财务杠杆程度下资本结构的影响因素.为此本文尝试着将分位数回归理论引入到回归模型中,通过对我国上市公司的相关数据进行分位数回归分析后发现,不同资产负债率水平下,企业股权结构、企业产生内部资源的能力对资本结构的影响效果不同:低负债率水平下,两者均与债务水平正相关;而高负债率水平下,又均与债务水平负相关.研究还发现,企业的成长性、企业规模以及财务困境成本与债务水平正相关,而盈利能力、非债务税盾则与债务水平负相关。     

基于实物期权方法的数字图书馆投资时机研究

数字图书馆的投资成本相对传统图书馆较高,且投入不可逆,对其投资成本的研究可以帮助投资者更好的规避风险,提高收益率.将实物期权方法应用到数字图书馆投资时机选择问题中,对投资成本如何影响投资机会价值和净现值进行讨论.运用微分方程数值方法,对项目投资的可行性以及投资时机选择问题进行研究,以决策投资项目是否应该被执行,应等待执行还是立即执行.     

市场接纳不确定下短周期新产品产能投资研究 ——考虑竞争的投资时机与规模决策

新产品的市场接纳具有很大不确定性,传统投资理论并不适用于新产品投资。针对新产品投资中的产能投资,研究了垄断企业和有成本差异的竞争企业制定短周期新产品的产能投资时机与规模策略。给定企业“早”和“晚”两个投资时机可供选择,定义“早”投资时,企业只知道新产品市场规模的期望和方差;“晚”投资时,企业知道新产品真实的市场规模。垄断企业进入市场之前无法进行销售信息的收集,只会选择“早”投资或者不投资,给出其选择“早”投资的条件、最优产能投资规模及最大期望利润。有成本差异企业竞争的情形可以分为四种,分别给出四种情形下的最优产能投资规模及最大期望利润,并通过比较各情形下两企业的最大期望利润给出最优的产能投资时机策略。     

不确定条件下企业的投资规模决策

在未来不确定的情况下,以最大化投资机会的价值为出发点,用随机过程和实物期权的方法求出投资最优时机和最优的投资规模的函数表达式,并用数值解分析了其变化特征.     

Investment and financing decisions in the presence of time-to-build

We study a firm’s optimal decisions on investment, default, and financing when the amount of time and the running costs for project completion are uncertain. In the presence of time-to-build, a firm makes conservative investment and financing decisions; investment is delayed, and the optimal leverage ratio is inverted U-shaped with respect to the size of the lag. Although equity holders can choose to default before the project has been completed, the default probability in the presence of time-to-build is lower than that in the absence of a lag in most cases because of the conservative investment and financing decisions. Given the lower default probability, equity holders may benefit more from debt financing in the presence of time-to-build than they would in the absence of a lag. When firms can shorten their expected time-to-build by bearing more costs, unlevered firms strive to reduce the lag more than optimally levered firms do. However, highly levered firms utilize more resources to reduce the lag than all-equity firms do because equity holders are more concerned about the possibility of default before the project’s completion.     

Debt recapitalization and value in waiting to finance a project

This paper shows that an option to recapitalize with debt accelerates the exercise of a real option to start an irreversible project investment. The debt-recapitalization add-on, while not directly affecting project cash flows, influences the timing of the project start by offering an extra gain from tax savings less debt costs. This finding demonstrates that capital structure decisions are closely linked to project investment decisions, a deviation from the standard optimal investment rule of the real option theory.     

Security design and firm dynamics under long‐term moral hazard

This paper addresses a moral hazard problem in which the agent's actions affect the future profits of the firm. The optimal contract can be implemented through the issuance of variable coupon debt and purchase of fixed‐coupon debt. Consequently, the resulting capital structure acts as a hedge for the firm, reducing underinvestment costs in bad states of nature and controlling overinvestment incentives in good ones. However, owing to asymmetric information between the firm's manager and investors, this hedge is only partial. The firm's investments vary with cash flows, disclosing the agent's asymmetric information to the principal. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple model of corporate international investment under incomplete information and taxes

This paper extends the theory of corporate international investment in Choi (J. Int. Bus. Stud. 20: 145–155, 1989) in an environment where the segmentation of international capital markets for investors or the presence of agency costs provide some independence to corporate decisions. The model shows that the real exchange risk, the competition between firms in different markets and diversification gains affect corporate international investment. By accounting for the role of information as defined in the models of Merton (J. Finance 42: 483–510, 1987), Bellalah (Int. J. Finance Econ. 6: 59–67, 2001a) and Bellalah and Wu (Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance 5(5): 479–495, 2002), the model embodies different existing explanations based on economic and behavioral variables. We show in a “two-country” firm model that real exchange risk, diversification motives and information costs are important elements in the determination of corporate international investment decisions. The dynamic portfolio model reflects the main results in several theories of foreign direct investment. Our model accounts for the role of information in explaining foreign investments. It provides simple explanations which are useful in explaining the home bias puzzle in international finance. Using the dynamical programming principle method, we provide the general solution for the proportion of firm’s total capital budget. We also use a new method to get explicit solutions in some special cases. This new method can be applied to solve other financial control problems. The simulating results are given to show our conclusion and the influence of some parameters to the optimal solution. The economic results can be seen as a generalization of the model in Solnik (J. Econ. Theory 8: 500–524, 1974).     

企业员工专用性人力资本投资的模型分析

企业对员工的人力资本投资进行适宜的激励,对于提高组织的绩效、提高企业的价值具有重要作用.将员工的人力资本投资细分为企业专用性人力资本投资与经理专用性人力资本投资,并认为因其不同功能企业则偏向于员工进行企业专用性人力资本投资,在此基础上通过建立数学模型,分析了企业与员工合作与非合作两种情况下企业与员工各自的收益及企业分配给员工的报酬比例、员工对企业及经理的投资均衡等相关问题.     

奈特不确定下带通胀的跨国直接投资问题

本文研究了一家公司在含糊下带通胀的跨国直接投资(FDI)问题.利用Ito公式推导出含糊下考虑通胀因素的消费篮子价格动力学方程.结合公司进行跨国投资决策时需要缴纳的法人税,给定了跨国直接投资的价值,并在通胀折现的跨国直接投资价值最大化标准下,分析了公司进行(不可逆)跨国直接投资的最优时间,通过解HJB方程推导出了公司由出口转向跨国直接投资时的最优GDP水平.通过进行数值模拟,定量分析了通胀因素对公司跨国直接投资策略的影响.     

Multi-resource investment strategies: Operational hedging under demand uncertainty

Consider a firm that markets multiple products, each manufactured using several resources representing various types of capital and labor, and a linear production technology. The firm faces uncertain product demand and has the option to dynamically readjust its resource investment levels, thereby changing the capacities of its linear manufacturing process. The cost to adjust a resource level either up or down is assumed to be linear. The model developed here explicitly incorporates both capacity investment decisions and production decisions, and is general enough to include reversible and irreversible investment. The product demand vectors for successive periods are assumed to be independent and identically distributed. The optimal investment strategy is determined with a multi-dimensional newsvendor model using demand distributions, a technology matrix, prices (product contribution margins), and marginal investment costs. Our analysis highlights an important conceptual distinction between deterministic and stochastic environments: the optimal investment strategy in our stochastic model typically involves some degree of capacity imbalance which can never be optimal when demand is known.     

Real options in strategic investment games between two asymmetric firms

This paper examines strategic investment games between two firms that compete for optimal entry in a project that generates uncertain revenue flows. Under asymmetry on both the sunk cost of investment and revenue flows of the two competing firms, we investigate the value of real investment options and strategic interaction of investment decisions. Compared to earlier models that only allow for asymmetry on sunk cost, our model demonstrates a richer set of strategic interactions of entry decisions. We provide a complete characterization of pre-emptive, dominant and simultaneous equilibriums by analyzing the relative value of leader’s and follower’s optimal investment thresholds. In a duopoly market with negative externalities, a firm may reduce loss of real options value by selecting appropriate pre-emptive entry. When one firm has a dominant advantage over its competitor, both the dominant firm and dominated firm enter at their respective leader’s and follower’s optimal thresholds. When the pre-emptive thresholds of both firms happen to coincide, the two firms enter simultaneously. Under positive externalities, firms do not compete to lead.     

Strategic Planning and the Investment-Financing Behaviour of Major Industrial Companies

The hypothesis that firms simultaneously determine their research and development, investment, dividend and effective-debt policies generally is substantiated in the financial literature. The determinants of research and development, dividend, investment and financing decisions of 303 firms are estimated econometrically during the 1976-1982 period. Moreover, an optimization model is estimated for a firm that seeks to minimize underachievement of desired investments, dividend and R&D and minimize the underachievement of desired effective debt. Management gains additional insights to increase the achievement of maximizing research and development expenditures at the expense of paying dividends and undertaking investments.