Holomorphic solutions to functional differential equations

The pantograph equation is perhaps one of the most heavily studied class of functional differential equations owing to its numerous applications in mathematical physics, biology, and problems arising in industry. This equation is characterized by a linear functional argument. Heard (1973) [10] considered a generalization of this equation that included a nonlinear functional argument. His work focussed on the asymptotic behaviour of solutions for a real variable x as x→∞. In this paper, we revisit Heard's equation, but study it in the complex plane. Using results from complex dynamics we show that any nonconstant solution that is holomorphic at the origin must have the unit circle as a natural boundary. We consider solutions that are holomorphic on the Julia set of the nonlinear argument. We show that the solutions are either constant or have a singularity at the origin. There is a special case of Heard's equation that includes only the derivative and the functional term. For this case we construct solutions to the equation and illustrate the general results using classical complex analysis.     

Cobordisms,Manifolds with Torus Action,and Functional Equations

The paper is devoted to applications of functional equations to well-known problems of compact torus actions on oriented smooth manifolds. These include the problem of Hirzebruch genera of complex cobordism classes that are determined by complex, almost complex, and stably complex structures on a fixed manifold. We consider actions with connected stabilizer subgroups. For each such action with isolated fixed points, we introduce rigidity functional equations. This is based on the localization theorem for equivariant Hirzebruch genera. We consider actions of maximal tori on homogeneous spaces of compact Lie groups and torus actions on toric and quasitoric manifolds. The arising class of equations contains both classical and new functional equations that play an important role in modern mathematical physics.     

Sur la suite de polynômes orthogonaux associée à la formeu=δ c +λ(x−c) −1 L

We show that, ifL is regular, semi-classical functional, thenu is also regular and semi-classical for every complex λ, except for a discrete set of numbers depending onL andc. We give the second order linear differential equation satisfied by each polynomial of the orthogonal sequence associated withu. The cases whereL is either a classical functional (Hermite, Laguerre, Bessel, Jacobi) or a functional associated with generalized Hermite polynomials are treated in detail.

     

On the Bicomplex Gleason–Kahane–Żelazko Theorem

We prove that a bicomplex linear functional acting on a bicomplex Banach algebra (with a hyperbolic-valued norm) in such a way that invertible elements are transformed into invertible bicomplex numbers is, in fact, a multiplicative functional and thus, an algebra homomorphism. We give two proofs of this. The first of them is based on the theory of bicomplex holomorphic functions and we present here a number of previously not published facts; the second uses its complex antecedent (classic Gleason–Kahane–?elazko theorem).     

On a Lower Bound for the Energy Functional on a Family of Hamiltonian Minimal Lagrangian Tori in ℂ<Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis><Superscript>2</Superscript>

Under study is the energy functional on the set of Lagrangian tori in the complex projective plane. We prove that the value of the energy functional for a certain family of Hamiltonian minimal Lagrangian tori in the complex projective plane is strictly larger than for the Clifford torus.     

An inner product formula on two-dimensional complex hyperbolic space

We study the Eisenstein series for a convex cocompact discrete subgroup on a two-dimensional complex hyperbolic space ℍ_ℂ². We find an inner product formula which gives the connection between Eisenstein series and automorphic Green functions on a two-dimensional complex hyperbolic space ℍ_ℂ². As an application of our inner product formula, we obtain the functional equations of Eisenstein series.     

Perturbations complexes de diffusions

We make perturbations of an elliptic operator with Lipschitz coefficients by means of a measurable complex shift and a degree zero term. We construct a complex multiplicative functional that is a conditional expectation of an exponential and show relations between stochastic and Sobolev solutions     

Hyers-Ulam stability for linear equations of higher orders

We show that, in the classes of functions with values in a real or complex Banach space, the problem of Hyers-Ulam stability of a linear functional equation of higher order (with constant coefficients) can be reduced to the problem of stability of a first order linear functional equation. As a consequence we prove that (under some weak additional assumptions) the linear equation of higher order, with constant coefficients, is stable in the case where its characteristic equation has no complex roots of module one. We also derive some results concerning solutions of the equation.     

Modulus of curve families and extremality of spiral-stretch maps

We develop a method using the modulus of curve families to study minimisation problems for the mean distortion functional in the class of finite distortion homeomorphisms. We apply our method to prove extremality of the spiral-stretch mappings defined on annuli in the complex plane. This generalises results of Gutlyanskiĭ and Martio [12] and Strebel [23].     

On an exponential-cosine functional equation

The exponential cosine functional equationf(x + y) + (2f ²(y) – f(2y))f(x – y) = 2f(x)f(y) is studied in some detail whenf is a complex valued function defined on a Banach space. We supply conditions which ensure continuity off everywhere under the hypothesis thatf is continuous at a point. We also find solutions of the functional equation which are continuous at some point.     

An energy functional for Lagrangian tori in $$\mathbb {C}P^2$$

A two-dimensional periodic Schrödingier operator is associated with every Lagrangian torus in the complex projective plane \({\mathbb C}P^2\). Using this operator, we introduce an energy functional on the set of Lagrangian tori. It turns out this energy functional coincides with the Willmore functional \(W^{-}\) introduced by Montiel and Urbano. We study the energy functional on a family of Hamiltonian-minimal Lagrangian tori and support the Montiel–Urbano conjecture that the minimum of the functional is achieved by the Clifford torus. We also study deformations of minimal Lagrangian tori and show that if a deformation preserves the conformal type of the torus, then it also preserves the area, i.e., preserves the value of the energy functional. In particular, the deformations generated by Novikov–Veselov equations preserve the area of minimal Lagrangian tori.     

Classes of network connectivity and dynamics

Many kinds of complex systems exhibit characteristic patterns of temporal correlations that emerge as the result of functional interactions within a structured network. One such complex system is the brain, composed of numerous neuronal units linked by synaptic connections. The activity of these neuronal units gives rise to dynamic states that are characterized by specific patterns of neuronal activation and co‐activation. These patterns, called functional connectivity, are possible neural correlates of perceptual and cognitive processes. Which functional connectivity patterns arise depends on the anatomical structure of the underlying network, which in turn is modified by a broad range of activity‐dependent processes. Given this intricate relationship between structure and function, the question of how patterns of anatomical connectivity constrain or determine dynamical patterns is of considerable theoretical importance. The present study develops computational tools to analyze networks in terms of their structure and dynamics. We identify different classes of network, including networks that are characterized by high complexity. These highly complex networks have distinct structural characteristics such as clustered connectivity and short wiring length similar to those of large‐scale networks of the cerebral cortex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lelong functional on almost complex manifolds

We establish plurisubharmonicity of the envelope of Lelong functional on almost complex manifolds of real dimension four, thereby we generalize the corresponding result for complex manifolds.     

Positivity and matrix semigroups

We study various aspects of how certain positivity assumptions on complex matrix semigroups affect their structure. Our main result is that every irreducible group of complex matrices with nonnegative diagonal entries is simultaneously similar to a group of weighted permutations. We also consider the corresponding question for semigroups and discuss the effect of the assumption that a fixed linear functional has nonnegative values when restricted to a given semigroup.     

Strongly Extremal Kähler Metrics

On a compact complex manifold (M, J) of the Kähler type, we consider the functional defined by the L²-norm of the scalar curvature with its domain the space of Kähler metrics of fixed total volume. We calculate its critical points, and derive a formula that relates the Kähler and Ricci forms of such metrics on surfaces. If these metrics have a nonzero constant scalar curvature, then they must be Einstein. For surfaces, if the scalar curvature is nonconstant, these critical metrics are conformally equivalent to non-Kähler Einstein metrics on an open dense subset of the manifold. We also calculate the Hessian of the lower bound of the functional at a critical extremal class, and show that, in low dimensions, these classes are weakly stable minima for the said bound. We use this result to discuss some applications concerning the two-points blow-up of CP².     

Initial-Boundary Value Problems for Linear and Soliton PDEs

We consider evolution PDEs for dispersive waves in both linear and nonlinear integrable cases and formulate the associated initial-boundary value problems in the spectral space. We propose a solution method based on eliminating the unknown boundary values by proper restrictions of the functional space and of the spectral variable complex domain. Illustrative examples include the linear Schrödinger equation on compact and semicompact n-dimensional domains and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the semiline.     

Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series constructed from quadratic characters

We construct multiple Dirichlet series in several complex variables whose coefficients involve quadratic residue symbols. The series are shown to have an analytic continuation and satisfy a certain group of functional equations. These are the first examples of an infinite collection of unstable Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series in greater than two variables having the properties predicted in [2].     

A variational model for the functional fatigue in polycrystalline shape memory alloys

Shape memory alloys show a very complex material behavior associated with a diffusionless solid/solid phase transformation between austenite and martensite. Due to the resulting (thermo-)mechanical properties – namely the effect of pseudoelasticity and pseudoplasticity – they are very promising materials for the current and future technical developments. However, the martensitic phase transformation comes along with a simultaneous plastic deformation and thus, the effect of functional fatigue. We present a variational material model that simulates this effect based on the principle of the minimum of the dissipation potential. We use a combined Voigt/Reuss bound and a coupled dissipation potential to predict the microstructural developments in the polycrystalline material. We present the governing evolution equations for the internal variables and yield functions. In addition, we show some numerical results to prove our model's ability to predict the shape memory alloys' complex inner processes. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Contour-ordered Green’s functions in stochastic field theory

We briefly review the functional formulation of the perturbation theory for various Green’s functions in quantum field theory. In particular, we discuss the contour-ordered representation of Green’s functions at a finite temperature. We show that the perturbation expansion of time-dependent Green’s functions at a finite temperature can be constructed using the standard Wick rules in the functional form without introducing complex time and evolution backward in time. We discuss the factorization problem for the corresponding functional integral. We construct the Green’s functions of the solution of stochastic differential equations in the Schwinger-Keldysh form with a functional-integral representation with explicitly intertwined physical and auxiliary fields.