湍流边界层中固体小颗粒湍流运动的Lagrangian模型

给出了固体小颗粒在边界层中的Lagrangian运动方程,方程中包括受壁面影响的粘性阻力,Saffman升力及Magus升力等.使用频谱法,得到了颗粒响应流体的Lagrangian能谱的表达式,使用这些结果研究了各种响应特性.本文的结果清楚地表明了固体个颗粒在湍流扩散过程中,其湍流扩散是可能大于流体的.     

在两相粘性跨音速喷管流动中簿层方程的一种隐式求解方法*

本文略去沿流动方向的粘性,将任意曲线坐标系中无量纲化的N-S方程简化为薄层方程.采用隐式近似因子分解法求解气相控制方程,采用特征线法跟踪颗粒,然后获得两相跨音速湍流充分耦合的数值方法.其中,颗粒尺寸是分级的,用参考平面中的拟特征线法处理喷管的粘性亚音速进口边界条件,湍流采用代数模型.该计算方法应用于火箭喷管两相粘流计算,并预估了固体火箭发动机的推力和比冲,计算与试验结果吻合很好.文中还讨论了不同颗粒尺寸、不同颗粒质量百分数和颗粒尺寸分级等对流场的影响,分析了颗粒、二维径向分速和粘性对发动机比冲的影响.本文的方法具有节省机时的优点,尤其是对颗粒尺寸分级的计算,效果更为显着.     

大雷诺数平稳湍流对其中悬浮颗粒的带动程度统计判据

本文求出了大雷诺数平稳湍流中悬浮颗粒运动速度的平均值及速度平方的平均值,讨论了湍流脉动对颗粒的“带动程度”与湍流特征参数及颗粒参数的关系.给出了“完全带动”(即流体的速度与悬浮颗粒的速度相等)的统计判据.     

颗粒湍能输运方程的两相湍流模型和平面闭式两相射流的数值模拟

在现有的两相湍流数值模拟中,对颗粒湍流普遍采用以局部追随概念为基础的代数模型,其预报结果在很多情况下与实验不符。本文提出了以颗粒湍能输运方程为基础的κ-ε-kκ两相湍流模型,并以平面闭式两相射流为例进行了数值模拟,预报结果与实验符合良好,表明此模型明显优于k-ε-A.P.的颗粒湍流代数模型。     

确定湍流的涡输运系数的新方法

本文发展了一种从基本运动方程确定湍流的涡粘度、涡扩散率和湍流Prandtl数的理论方法,区别于唯象方法,不需要借助经验参数;应用于均匀湍流,得到与实验结果一致的湍流Prandtl数;并且能计算Boussinesq模型的误差,评估各种方法的优劣.     

湍流的耗散及弥散相互作用理论

本文推导了表征耗散与弥散相互作用的新的湍流控制方程组,其特点是:用稳定性分析得到湍流动能产生项,再根据广义熵增原理推出并列存在的分别适用于强弱涡量的两个湍流动量方程。运用该理论已成功地计算了一些典型的湍流问题:湍流边界层中的马蹄涡拟序结构、钝体尾涡区的湍流能量逆转、湍流涡团散裂弛豫及各向异性分布,文中还给出了部分算例。     

分层剪切湍流大涡模拟的一种动力学亚格子尺度模型

基于Yoshizawa涡粘性模型提出了一种适用于热分层剪切湍流大涡模拟的动力学亚格子尺度 (SGS)模型 ,包括SGS湍流应力和湍流热通量模型 ,计算验证了该模型的正确性 .进一步采用大涡模拟方法和该动力学SGS模型研究了稳定分层和不稳定分层槽道湍流的湍流特性 ,以及湍流主要变量关联量的变化规律 .同时 ,根据计算结果 ,预测了热分层槽道湍流的临界Richardson数 ,与理论分析结果基本相符 .     

铁电颗粒中的尺寸效应

利用Landau唯象理论研究了球形铁电颗粒的表面效应和尺寸效应.计算了不同尺寸下二级相变和一级相变铁电体的Curie温度和自发极化强度.给出了铁电颗粒的外推长度与尺寸的关系.理论计算结果与实验符合.     

在两相粘性跨音速喷管流动中薄层方程的一种隐式求解方法

本略去沿流动方向的粘性，将任意曲线坐标系中无量纲化的Ｎ－Ｓ方程简化为薄层方程。采用隐式近似因子分解法求解气相控制方程，采用特征线法跟踪颗粒，然后获得两相跨音速湍流充分耦合的数值方法。其中，颗粒尺寸是分级的，用参考平面中的拟特征线法处理喷管的粘性亚音速进口边界条件，湍流采用代数模型。该计算方法应用于火箭喷管两相粘流计算，并预估了固体火箭发动机的推力和比冲，计算与试验结果吻合很好。中还讨论了不同颗     

气固两相弯管湍流场中圆柱状颗粒取向和沉积特性的研究北大核心CSCD

针对在Reynolds数Re=3000~50000、Stokes数S_(tk)=0.1~10、Dean数De=1400~2800的情况下,长径比β=2~12的圆柱状颗粒流经弯管湍流场时的取向与沉积特性进行了研究.圆柱状颗粒的运动采用细长体理论结合Newton第二定律进行描述,取向分布函数由Fokker-Planck方程给出,平均湍流场通过求解Reynolds平均运动方程结合Reynolds应力方程得到,作用在颗粒上的湍流脉动速度由动力学模拟扫掠模型描述.通过求解湍流场以及颗粒的运动方程和取向分布函数方程,得到并分析了沿流向不同截面和出口处颗粒的取向分布,讨论了各因素对颗粒沉积特性的影响.研究结果表明,随着S_(tk)和颗粒长径比β的增加、De和Re的减少,颗粒的主轴更趋向于流动方向.颗粒的沉积率随着De,Re,S_(tk)和颗粒长径比的增大而增加,所得结论对于工程实际应用具有参考价值.     

表示湍流场的一种新设想

本文仿照量子场论中描述基本粒子产生湮灭的方法来描述湍流中涡旋的产生和消灭.因为当某一基本粒子存在的时候,我们可以认为它是一个不变实体,而湍流中涡旋则在时间过程中不断变化和耗散,所以在类比应用量子场论方法时首先要解决怎样的湍流涡旋可认为是同一个涡旋.根据线性化理论的特点,我们认为在时间过程中按相似性规律变化时湍流涡旋才算是同一个涡旋,而把不具有相似性的涡旋出现或消失,看成是方程(2.6)中相互作用项φ_i所引起的湮火和产生的结果.然后,我们采用和量子场论相类似的产生算符和消灭算符来描述湍流涡旋系统所处的状态.最后,我们利用原N-S方程中相互作用项来构成涡旋相互作用的“Schr?dinger”方程以描述其状态的变化.这样就得类似于量子场论的湍流涡旋相互作用理论.     

Energy dissipation bounds for hear flows for a model in large eddy simulation

This report gives an upper bound for the time average of the energy dissipation rate, including energy dissipation due to viscous dissipation and turbulent diffusion in a model for the motion of large eddies in a turbulent flow. The bound is only a function of the reference velocity U, the domain diameter L, the eddy size δ, and surprisingly, the Reynolds number.     

Turbulent particle dispersion in an electrostatic precipitator

The behaviour of charged particles in turbulent gas flow in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) is crucial information to optimise precipitator efficiency. This paper describes a strongly coupled calculation procedure for the rigorous computation of particle dynamics during ESP taking into account the statistical particle size distribution. The turbulent gas flow and the particle motion under electrostatic forces are calculated by using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package FLUENT linked to a finite volume solver for the electric field and ion charge. Particle charge is determined from both local electrical conditions and the cell residence time which the particle has experienced through its path. Particle charge density and the particle velocity are averaged in a control volume to use Lagrangian information of the particle motion in calculating the gas and electric fields. The turbulent particulate transport and the effects of particulate space charge on the electrical current flow are investigated. The calculated results for poly-dispersed particles are compared with those for mono-dispersed particles, and significant differences are demonstrated.     

Approximating the larger eddies in fluid motion V: Kinetic energy balance of scale similarity models

We first review a classical scale-similarity model used to simulate the motion of large eddies in a turbulent flow. The kinetic energy balance of this model is very unclear in theory. Experiments with it often have reported that an additional Smagorinski type subgridscale term is needed. This term is not benign; it can alter significantly the predicted long term dynamics of the large eddies. However, we also show that the principal of scale-similarity (introduced in 1980 by Bardina, Ferziger and Reynolds) can also give rise to other scale similarity models which have the correct kinetic energy balance.     

Embedding quasi laminar 1D flame profiles to model turbulent premixed combustion with a joint PDF method

A new model for turbulent premixed combustion is presented which is based on a joint velocity composition probability density function (JPDF) method. The key idea is a scale separation approach. The method combines the model by Bray, Moss and Libby [1] (BML) for premixed combustion with the flamelet approach for nonpremixed combustion. Here, a Lagrangian formulation of the BML model is considered. The progress variable used by the BML model becomes a computational particle property and its value is triggered by the arrival of the flame front at the particle's position. Similar as in the flamelet approach we assume that the smallest eddies are not small enough to disturb the reactive diffusive flame structure. To resolve the (embedded) quasi laminar flame structure, a flame residence time is introduced. With that residence time, the evolution of the particle composition, including enthalpy, can be determined from precomputed laminar 1D flames. The main challenge with this approach is to model the probability that an embedded flamefront arrives at the particle location, which is necessary to close the chemical source term. Numerical experiments of a turbulent premixed flame show good agreement with experimental data. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modeling particle deposition from fully developed turbulent flow

An unsteady state transfer of immersed particles within the interval between the arrival of eddies is solved by use of the Laplace transform schemes. The mean particle flux and the mean particle transport mechanisms are automatically considered on the average sublayer growth period by formulating the mean distributions as a stochastic process with the aid of exponentially distributed density function. The proposed relationship for the particle deposition velocity of average time domain obtained by this analysis is expressed as the form of analytical equation, with the inclusion of the effects of Brownian diffusion, turbulent eddy diffusivity, turbophoresis, and thermophoresis. The solution of this equation is in reasonable agreement with the measured deposition velocities for three distinct categories. This mathematical framework offers a simple computation tool of practical use to aerosol engineers and can further extend by including appropriate forces in the analytical formulation through the equilibrium among acceleration terms.     

Interaction of a finite-size particle with the moving lid of a cavity

The motion of a solid particle in a lid-driven cavity is investigated. If the tangential velocity of the lid is large the streamlines are dense near the moving lid and the finite size of a particle can have a profound effect on its trajectory. To assess this effect different particle-motion models are examined: inertial point particles (Maxey–Riley equation) one-way coupled to the flow and finite-size particles the flow around which is fully resolved (two-way coupling). We compare the corresponding trajectories with those obtained using the particle–surface interaction model originally introduced by Hofmann and Kuhlmann [Phys. Fluids 23, 0721106 (2011)]. The finite-size effect on the particle's trajectory is quantified and discussed. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Analytical and numerical results for first escape time in 2D

We consider the problem of a particle subject to Brownian motion in a 2D circular domain with reflecting boundaries except for an absorbing gate. An exact solution for the mean first escape time is given for a gate of any size. Also obtained is the exact probability density of the location of an exiting particle. Numerical simulations of the stochastic process with finite step size are compared with the exact solution to the Brownian motion (the limit of zero step size). The difference between the two appears to decrease with diminishing step size.     

Numerical simulation of the performance of a snow fence with airfoil snow plates by FVM

The aim of this work is to analyze the efficiency of a snow fence with airfoil snow plates to avoid the snowdrift formation, to improve visibility and to prevent blowing snow disasters on highways and railways. In order to attain this objective, it is necessary to solve particle transport equations along with the turbulent fluid flow equations since there are two phases: solid phase (snow particles) and fluid phase (air). In the first place, the turbulent flow is modelled by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for incompressible viscous flows through the finite volume method (FVM) and then, once the flow velocity field has been determined, representative particles are tracked using the Lagrangian approach. Within the particle transport models, we have used a particle transport model termed as Lagrangian particle tracking model, where particulates are tracked through the flow in a Lagrangian way. The full particulate phase is modelled by just a sample of about 15,000 individual particles. The tracking is carried out by forming a set of ordinary differential equations in time for each particle, consisting of equations for position and velocity. These equations are then integrated using a simple integration method to calculate the behaviour of the particles as they traverse the flow domain. Finally, the conclusions of this work are exposed.     

The simulation of offshore turbulent dispersion using seeded eddies

A way of representing turbulence in a two-dimensional situation is introduced appropriate to depth-independent offshore fluid mechanics. The turbulence is simulated by a collection of eddies, each of which has an analytically simple form but whose size, strength and position is governed by stochastically assigned variables. The problem addressed here is how contaminant is dispersed in such an eddy field. A number of experiments are performed whereby the eddies are seeded with marked particles that move with the fluid. The variance of these particles is monitored as time varies, and the results are compared with an assumed power law distribution. Although not a perfect fit, the results are in general accord with a power law with index between 1.5 and 2.5, which is in agreement with the observed power law of 2.34 due to Okubo, and a marked improvement on random walk models which give a variance directly proportional to time. Some further applications of this technique are discussed, namely the simulation of turbulent boundary layers and the simulation of the cascade of energy up turbulent length scales.