Espaces de Banach stables

We define the notion of “stable Banach space” by a simple condition on the norm. We prove that ifE is a stable Banach space, then every subspace ofL ^p(E) (1≦p<∞) is stable. Our main result asserts that every infinite dimensional stable Banach space containsl ^p, for somep, 1≦p<∞. This is a generalization of a theorem due to D. Aldous: every infinite dimensional subspace ofL ¹ containsl ^p, for somep in the interval [1, 2].     

The number of infinite clusters in dynamical percolation

Summary. Dynamical percolation is a Markov process on the space of subgraphs of a given graph, that has the usual percolation measure as its stationary distribution. In previous work with O. H?ggstr?m, we found conditions for existence of infinite clusters at exceptional times. Here we show that for ℤ ^d , with p>p _c , a.s. simultaneously for all times there is a unique infinite cluster, and the density of this cluster is θ(p). For dynamical percolation on a general tree Γ, we show that for p>p _c , a.s. there are infinitely many infinite clusters at all times. At the critical value p=p _c , the number of infinite clusters may vary, and exhibits surprisingly rich behaviour. For spherically symmetric trees, we find the Hausdorff dimension of the set T ^k of times where the number of infinite clusters is k, and obtain sharp capacity criteria for a given time set to intersect T ^k . The proof of this capacity criterion is based on a new kernel truncation technique. Received: 5 May 1997 / In revised form: 24 November 1997     

The stable mapping class group and Q(ℂP∞+)

In [T2] it was shown that the classifying space of the stable mapping class groups after plus construction ℤ×BΓ⁺ _∞ has an infinite loop space structure. This result and the tools developed in [BM] to analyse transfer maps, are used here to show the following splitting theorem. Let Σ^∞(ℂP ^∞ ₊)^∧ _p ≃E ₀∨...∨E _p-2 be the “Adams-splitting” of the p-completed suspension spectrum of ℂP ^∞ ₊. Then for some infinite loop space W _p ,?(ℤ×BΓ⁺ _∞)^∧ _p ≃Ω^∞(E ₀)×...×Ω^∞(E _p-3 )×W _p ?where Ω^∞ E _i denotes the infinite loop space associated to the spectrum E _i . The homology of Ω^∞ E _i is known, and as a corollary one obtains large families of torsion classes in the homology of the stable mapping class group. This splitting also detects all the Miller-Morita-Mumford classes. Our results suggest a homotopy theoretic refinement of the Mumford conjecture. The above p-adic splitting uses a certain infinite loop map?α_∞:ℤ×BΓ⁺ _∞?Ω^∞ℂP ^∞ _-1?that induces an isomorphims in rational cohomology precisely if the Mumford conjecture is true. We suggest that α_∞ might be a homotopy equivalence. Oblatum 2-VIII-1999 & 28-III-2001?Published online: 18 June 2001     

Monotonicity of uniqueness for percolation on Cayley graphs: all infinite clusters are born simultaneously

. Consider site or bond percolation with retention parameter p on an infinite Cayley graph. In response to questions raised by Grimmett and Newman (1990) and Benjamini and Schramm (1996), we show that the property of having (almost surely) a unique infinite open cluster is increasing in p. Moreover, in the standard coupling of the percolation models for all parameters, a.s. for all p ₂>p ₁>p _c , each infinite p ₂-cluster contains an infinite p ₁-cluster; this yields an extension of Alexander's (1995) “simultaneous uniqueness” theorem. As a corollary, we obtain that the probability θ _v (p) that a given vertex v belongs to an infinite cluster is depends continuously on p throughout the supercritical phase p>p _c . All our results extend to quasi-transitive infinite graphs with a unimodular automorphism group. Received: 22 December 1997 / Revised version: 1 July 1998     

Schur multiplier characterization of a class of infinite matrices

Let B _w (ℓ ^p ) denote the space of infinite matrices A for which A(x) ∈ ℓ ^p for all x = {x _k } _k=1^∞ ∈ ℓ ^p with |x _k | ↘ 0. We characterize the upper triangular positive matrices from B _w (ℓ ^p ), 1 < p < ∞, by using a special kind of Schur multipliers and the G. Bennett factorization technique. Also some related results are stated and discussed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-Adic nonorthogonal wavelet bases

A method for constructing MRA-based p-adic wavelet systems that form Riesz bases in L ²(ℚ _p ) is developed. The method is implemented for an infinite family of MRAs.     

The game for the speed of convergence in repeated games of incomplete information

We consider an infinitely repeated two-person zero-sum game with incomplete information on one side, in which the maximizer is the (more) informed player. Such games have value v _∞ (p) for all 0≤p≤1. The informed player can guarantee that all along the game the average payoff per stage will be greater than or equal to v _∞ (p) (and will converge from above to v _∞ (p) if the minimizer plays optimally). Thus there is a conflict of interest between the two players as to the speed of convergence of the average payoffs-to the value v _∞ (p). In the context of such repeated games, we define a game for the speed of convergence, denoted SG _∞ (p), and a value for this game. We prove that the value exists for games with the highest error term, i.e., games in which v _n (p)− v _∞ (p) is of the order of magnitude of . In that case the value of SG _∞ (p) is of the order of magnitude of . We then show a class of games for which the value does not exist. Given any infinite martingale 𝔛^∞={X _k }^∞ _k=1, one defines for each n : V _n (𝔛^∞) ≔E∑ⁿ _k=1 |X _k+1 − X _k|. For our first result we prove that for a uniformly bounded, infinite martingale 𝔛^∞, V _n (𝔛^∞) can be of the order of magnitude of n ^1/2−ε, for arbitrarily small ε>0. Received January 1999/Final version April 2002     

An inner product and orthonormalization inl p -spaces and solution of infinite systems of infinite linear equations

Let the rows of an infinite square matrixM be elements ofl ^p -space (p>1) andX be an infinite column vector of unknowns andC an infinite column vector of real numbers. To our knowledge the solvability ofMX=C has nowhere been satisfactorily studied in the literature. This is also true of Riesz’classical work [2]. A reason for this is that not until recently [1] an appropriate inner product and the corresponding orthonormalization forp≠2 has been introduced. In this paper, based on [1], it is shown thatMX=C has a solution which is an element ofl ^q if and only if upon our process of orthonormalization of the rows ofM the system yields an equivalent systemAX=K where the rows ofA form an orthonormal sequence (in our sense) of elements ofl ^p andK becomes an element ofl ^q withp ⁻¹+q ⁻¹=1. A solution is then given byX=(A ^(q) (AA ^(q) )⁻¹)K whereA ^(q) is ourq-transpose ofA. This solution is the solution of the minimall ^q -norm. Otherwise, the obvious dual concept of the best approximating solution inl ^q -norm is introduced and obtained. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 46C10, Secondary 15A06     

Convergence Analysis of the Finite Section Method and Banach Algebras of Matrices

The finite section method is a classical scheme to approximate the solution of an infinite system of linear equations. Based on an axiomatic framework we present a convergence analysis of the finite section method for unstructured matrices on weighted ℓ ^p -spaces. In particular, the stability of the finite section method on ℓ ² implies its stability on weighted ℓ ^p -spaces. Our approach uses recent results from the theory of Banach algebras of matrices with off-diagonal decay. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Banach algebra theory provides a natural framework for deriving a finite section method that is applicable to large classes of unstructured non-hermitian matrices as well as to least squares problems.     

On the Representation of Compact Nilpotent Rings by Triangular Matrices

We prove that every compact nilpotent ring R of characteristic p > 0 can be embedded in a ring of upper triangular matrices over a compact commutative ring. Furthermore, we prove that every compact topologically nilpotent ring R of characteristic p > 0, is embedded in a ring of infinite triangular matrices over \mathbbF_p^w(R)\mathbb{F}_{p}^{w(R)}.     

Overcompleteness of Sequences of Reproducing Kernels in Model Spaces

We give necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for sequences of reproducing kernels (k_Θ(·, λ_n))_{n ≥ 1} to be overcomplete in a given model space K_Θ^p where Θ is an inner function in H^∞, p ∈ (1, ∞), and where (λ_n)_{n ≥ 1} is an infinite sequence of pairwise distinct points of Under certain conditions on Θ we obtain an exact characterization of overcompleteness. As a consequence we are able to describe the overcomplete exponential systems in L² (0, a).     

The calculation of photoionization angular distribution parameter β of atomic Na

The differential cross sections and angular distribution parameter of the photoionization processes 2p ⁶3_s→ 2p ⁵3skl of atomic Na have been calculated by using many-body perturbation theory. In the calculation, the resonant structure of the excitation process 2s→3p has been included. The electron correlation interaction was analyzed by using the effective diagram method. The summation of specific classes of these diagrams is to an infinite order. The results of calculations are compared with experimental data, which are in good agreement with the experiment.     

Schur multiplicators of infinite pro-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-groups with finite coclass

Let G be an infinite pro-p-group of finite coclass and let M(G) be its Schur multiplicator. For p > 2, we determine the isomorphism type of Hom(M(G), ℤ_p), where ℤ_p denotes the p-adic integers, and show that M(G) is infinite. For p = 2, we investigate the Schur multiplicators of the infinite pro-2-groups of small coclass and show that M(G) can be infinite, finite or even trivial.     

Sharp metastability threshold for two-dimensional bootstrap percolation

 In the bootstrap percolation model, sites in an L by L square are initially independently declared active with probability p. At each time step, an inactive site becomes active if at least two of its four neighbours are active. We study the behaviour as p→0 and L→∞ simultaneously of the probability I(L,p) that the entire square is eventually active. We prove that I(L,p)→1 if , and I(L,p)→0 if , where λ=π²/18. We prove the same behaviour, with the same threshold λ, for the probability J(L,p) that a site is active by time L in the process on the infinite lattice. The same results hold for the so-called modified bootstrap percolation model, but with threshold λ^′=π²/6. The existence of the thresholds λ,λ^′ settles a conjecture of Aizenman and Lebowitz [3], while the determination of their values corrects numerical predictions of Adler, Stauffer and Aharony [2]. Received: 12 May 2002 / Revised version: 12 August 2002 / Published online: 14 November 2002 Research funded in part by NSF Grant DMS-0072398 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): Primary 60K35; Secondary 82B43 Key words or phrases: Bootstrap percolation – Cellular automaton – Metastability – Finite-size scaling     

Majorants andL p norms

It is shown that ifG is an infinite compact abelian group, thenL ^p (G) has the upper majorant property only ifp is even orp=∞. The research for this paper was partially supported by National Research Council of Canada Operating Grant A-4822.     

Subspaces ofL p (G) spanned by characters: 0<p<1

LetG be an infinite compact abelian group,μ a Borel measure onG with spectrumE, and 0<p<1. We show that ifμ is not absolutely continuous with respect to Haar measure, thenL _E ^P (G), the closure inL ^p (G) of theE-trigonometric polynomials, does not have enough continuous linear functionals to separate points. Ifμ is actually singular, thenL _E ^p (G) does not have any nontrivial continuous linear functionals at all. Our methods recover the classical F. and M. Riesz theorem, and a related several variable result of Bochner; they reveal the existence of small sets of characters that spanL ^P (T), where T is the unit circle; and they show that theH ^p spaces of the “big disc algebra” have one-dimensional dual.     

Infinite paths in a Lorentz lattice gas model

We consider infinite paths in an illumination problem on the lattice ℤ², where at each vertex, there is either a two-sided mirror (with probability p≥ 0) or no mirror (with probability 1 −p). The mirrors are independently oriented NE-SW or NW-SE with equal probability. We consider beams of light which are shone from the origin and deflected by the mirrors. The beam of light is either periodic or unbounded. The novel feature of this analysis is that we concentrate on the measure on the space of paths. In particular, under the assumption that the set of unbounded paths has positive measure, we are able to establish a useful ergodic property of the measure. We use this to prove results about the number and geometry of infinite light beams. Extensions to higher dimensions are considered. Received: 14 November 1996 / Revised version: 1 September 1998     

Symmetry of the point spectrum of infinite dimensional hamiltonian operators and its applications

This paper studies the symmetry, with respect to the real axis, of the point spectrum of the upper triangular infinite dimensional Hamiltonian operator H. Note that the point spectrum of H can be described as σp(H) = σp(A) ∪σp1(-A*). Using the characteristic of the set σp1(-A*), we divide the point spectrum σp(A) of A into three disjoint parts. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained under which σp1(-A*) and one part of σp(A) are symmetric with respect to the real axis each other. Based on this result, the symmetry of σp(H) is completely given. Moreover, the above result is applied to thin plates on elastic foundation, plane elasticity problems and harmonic equations.     

N/V-limit for stochastic dynamics in continuous particle systems

We provide an N/V-limit for the infinite particle, infinite volume stochastic dynamics associated with Gibbs states in continuous particle systems on ℝ ^d ,d≥1. Starting point is an N-particle stochastic dynamic with singular interaction and reflecting boundary condition in a subset Λ⊂ℝ ^d with finite volume (Lebesgue measure) V=|Λ|<∞. The aim is to approximate the infinite particle, infinite volume stochastic dynamic by the above N-particle dynamic in Λ as N→∞ and V→∞ such that N/V→ρ, where ρ is the particle density. First we derive an improved Ruelle bound for the canonical correlation functions under an appropriate relation between N and V. Then tightness is shown by using the Lyons–Zheng decomposition. The equilibrium measures of the accumulation points are identified as infinite volume canonical Gibbs measures by an integration by parts formula and the accumulation points themselves are identified as infinite particle, infinite volume stochastic dynamics via the associated martingale problem. Assuming a property closely related to Markov uniqueness and weaker than essential self-adjointness, via Mosco convergence techniques we can identify the accumulation points as Markov processes and show uniqueness. I.e., all accumulation corresponding to one invariant canonical Gibbs measure coincide. The proofs work for general repulsive interaction potentials ϕ of Ruelle type and all temperatures, densities, and dimensions d≥1, respectively. ϕ may have a nontrivial negative part and infinite range as e.g. the Lennard–Jones potential. Additionally, our result provides as a by-product an approximation of grand canonical Gibbs measures by finite volume canonical Gibbs measures with empty boundary condition.     

Twisted traces of singular values

Let p be a prime for which the congruence group Γ₀(p)^* is of genus zero, and j _p ^* be the corresponding Hauptmodul. We investigate the twisted traces of singular values of j _p ^* and construct infinite products related to them. This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (KRF-2006-331-C00006).