石油勘探项目分阶段投资的最优时机选择

针对一次性投资决策理论与方法在石油勘探项目分阶段投资决策中应用的局限性,运用实物期权中的序列投资决策理论与方法,假设勘探储量转让价格服从跳跃扩散过程,构建了石油勘探项目分阶段投资的最优时机选择模型,逆序求解得出各阶段最优投资时机临界值的解析表达式,在此基础上通过案例演算对比分析了一次性投资和分阶段投资的最优时机决策规则.研究结果表明:一次性投资下的最优时机临界值高于分阶段投资下的最优时机临界值,且各阶段的最优投资时机临界值随勘探进程的不断深入呈现逐渐下降的趋势.     

非对称情形下R＆D竞争项目的策略性投资

在非对称情形下,考虑具有技术不确定和未来收益不确定的竞争研究与开发(R&D)项目的不可逆策略性投资.利用期权博弈理论和随机优化方法给出了高效研发公司(主导者)的最优投资阈值和最优投资规则的解析表达式,并证明了由于两公司的竞争使投资阈值下降.其次讨论了两公司的混合投资策略,并给出每个公司执行投资期权的概率和两公司同时执行投资期权的概率.在最后给出了数值模拟算例来说明该文结论的合理性.     

非对称情形下R & D竞争项目的策略性投资

在非对称情形下,考虑具有技术不确定和未来收益不确定的竞争研究与开发(R&;D)项目的不可逆策略性投资.利用期权博弈理论和随机优化方法给出了高效研发公司(主导者) 的最优投资阈值和最优投资规则的解析表达式,并证明了由于两公司的竞争使投资阈值下降.其次讨论了两公司的混合投资策略,并给出每个公司执行投资期权的概率和两公司同时执行投资期权的概率. 在最后给出了数值模拟算例来说明该文结论的合理性.     

不确定条件下投资项目价值研究

在不确定条件下,决定了投资项目的最优规模;研究了风险需要补偿条件下的投资项目的价值;并将投资项目价值的评价模型推广到投资项目具有某一固定寿命和随机寿命的情形;同时探讨了具有指数随机寿命的投资项目的期权价值和投资的临界价格.     

拥有"暂停期权"的不对称双寡头投资博弈模型

对于许多项目而言，投资商普遍拥有在利润流为负数时暂停生产、在利润流为正数时重启生产的“暂停期权”。文献[13]提出了拥有“暂停期权”的对称性双寡头投资博弈模型，本文针对文献[13]的博弈模型中两个投资项目是同质的这一不足，假定项目的投资成本及经营成本不对称，提出了更具现实意义的拥有“暂停期权”的不对称双寡头投资博弈模型，给出了不同情况下两投资商的投资均衡策略，并用案例对此做了进一步的诠释。     

调节作用下投资策略的评价

本文用实物期权的方法评价调节作用下的投资策略 ,建立期权定价模型。模型中项目价值遵循均值返回过程 ,项目价值的路径采用数值模拟分析 ,文中运用动态规划方法推出期权定价公式 ,通过数值解法求解和分析数值结果 ,得出调节作用对投资的影响。     

基于CvaR的融入期权的投资组合模型

把期权作为一种投资对象融入到投资组合中,而不仅仅是作为风险对冲工具.用条件风险价值(CVaR)刻画组合风险,并求出最小化风险下的最优鲁棒投资组合策略.最后通过数值算例证明了模型的有效性,并得到融入期权后有效地提高了组合的收益,特别是当标的资产出现大的波动时,期权在组合中的表现更突出.     

新技术市场化投资的期权分析

本文运用实物期权方法分析了企业在技术创新过程中对新技术进行市场化投资的时机决策问题,建立实物期权模型并求出了最优投资的价格临界值。     

基于成长期权的数字保存项目的投资时机选择研究

数字保存是数字图书馆建设环节的关键技术,由于开发技术、市场环境等不确定的存在,投资决策的时机选择决定了投资的收益.借助实物期权理论,通过合理假设,构建了基于成长期权理论的数字保存项目的投资时机决策模型,并求解出了项目的最佳投资时机.     

竞争条件下公司最优投资策略纳什均衡分析

大多数实物期权文献都只是研究一个公司在没有竞争条件下的最优决策,然而实际上竞争者的行为经常影响到公司的投资机会.通过建立投资概率是临界值的函数模型,根据期权博弈理论研究了在不确定条件和不同信息结构下,一个或多个公司的最优投资策略纳什均衡解,并用MATLAB语言对案例进行了仿真分析,画图说明了参数变化对投资策略的影响.     

Investment in electric energy storage under uncertainty: a real options approach

In this paper we develop a real options approach to evaluate the profitability of investing in a battery bank. The approach determines the optimal investment timing under conditions of uncertain future revenues and investment cost. It includes time arbitrage of the spot price and profits by providing ancillary services. Current studies of battery banks are limited, because they do not consider the uncertainty and the possibility of operating in both markets at the same time. We confirm previous research in the sense that when a battery bank participates in the spot market alone, the revenues are not sufficient to cover the initial investment cost. However, under the condition that the battery bank also can receive revenues from the balancing market, both the net present value (NPV) and the real options value are positive. The real options value is higher than the NPV, confirming the value of flexible investment timing when both revenues and investment cost are uncertain.     

实物期权方法在自主创新项目投资决策中的应用

传统的投资决策方法由于蕴含着不确定性和可逆转性的假设使其不适应于高风险、高收益并存的自主创新项目投资决策.将实物期权思想融入自主创新项目投资决策方法,考虑了项目由于柔性经营的期权价值,能更准确地反映项目的价值,从而提高投资决策的科学性和合理性.从实物期权理论的基本原理出发,通过具体实例对比说明实物期权方法应用于自主创新项目投资决策的优势.     

Real Options with Random Controls and the Value of Learning

In this paper we propose a conceptual framework for continuous-time valuation of real (investment) options in the presence of costly controls with random outcomes (learning), that affect the value of the underlying asset or a relevant state-variable. These controls represent optional efforts by management to add value to the underlying real investments over which it has monopoly power, albeit with uncertain results. Special cases of such controls include pure learning (but costly) actions, as in many research and development, marketing research or natural resource exploration projects. We demonstrate a discrete-time Markov-chain solution methodology implemented in a finite-difference scheme, and we discuss numerical results. The impact of such uncertain jumps is seen to be relatively more significant in the case of non-profitable options than in the case of very profitable real (investment) options. When the potential for information revelation is significant, we are even willing to pay for an action with a negative expected outcome. With numerical simulations we capture the value of embedded exploration (pure learning) options and we demonstrate the improvement over the traditional (sequential/compound) real options approach. We show that such exploration options enhance the value of investment opportunities in the most significant manner, and justify the (mostly unexplained) observed practice of overpaying for the purchase of rights to natural resources extraction.     

基于通货膨胀和最低保障的DC养老金最优投资

主要研究了通货膨胀和最低保障下的DC养老金的最优投资问题。 首先, 应用伊藤公式得到通胀折现后真实股票价格的微分方程。 然后, 在DC养老金终端财富外部保障约束下, 引入欧式看涨期权, 考虑随机通胀环境下的退休时刻终端财富期望效用最大化问题, 应用鞅方法推导退休时刻以及退休前任意时刻DC养老金最优投资策略的显式解。 最后, 应用蒙特卡洛方法对结果进行数值分析, 分析最低保障对DC养老金最优投资策略的影响。     

Valuing interdependent multi-stage IT investments: A real options approach

In this paper, we use the market asset disclaimer assumption and develop a binomial lattice based real options model to include cash flow interdependencies between multi-stage information technology (IT) investments. Using a simple two-stage IT investment problem with interdependent cash flows, we apply the binomial lattice based real options model to obtain combined valuation of the two-stage IT investment. In addition to investment valuation, our experience with the two-stage IT investment valuation suggests that the binomial lattice based real options model provides a powerful decision aid tool for appropriate timing, delaying and abandoning of the second-stage IT investment.     

货币政策、非国有企业投资与R&D项目中的共享型复合实物期权价值预期

如何合理评估货币政策对R&D项目中的共享型复合实物期权价值的影响已成为非国有企业决策者面临的重要问题。本研究根据非国有企业决策者的认知偏差和分子动力学理论,在分析R&D项目中的实物期权特征及价值相互作用的基础上,构建了共享型复合实物期权价值预期模型,研究表明:当货币扩张程度增强时,项目价值预期增大;当货币扩张程度减弱时,项目价值预期减小。另外,货币扩张强度对期权价值的上、下限和预期值具有非线性影响;货币政策的变化范围对期权价值预期的解释程度不同;货币扩张系数与期权价值的上下限成正比,但与期权价值的预期值不完全成正比。最后通过仿真实验检验了该影响的变化机理和效果,从而为非国有企业决策者提供经验参考。     

基于实物期权定价方法的林业碳汇项目投资决策仿真研究

文章针对林业碳汇项目投资决策的复杂性、动态性和不确定性过程,利用林业—碳汇共同经营决策模型计算林业碳汇项目在投资期内的期望价值,采用实物期权定价方法对不同阶段不同策略下的林业碳汇项目价值进行评估,同时提出了多主体仿真建模方法,利用NetLogo仿真软件对林业碳汇项目投资决策过程进行动态模拟。仿真系统中涉及到的主体有林地、CO₂和投资者,投资者主要是作为观察者的身份,在不同阶段会做出不同的投资策略。模拟仿真三种不同状态下投资者的决策变化:一是传统林业投资动态模拟,不包含碳汇和期权因素动态模拟;二是引入碳汇市场后的林业投资动态模拟;三是引入碳汇市场和期权后林业投资动态模拟。NetLogo仿真分析结果表明引入碳汇市场可以提高投资者的收益并改变投资者的经营策略,同时引入期权,不仅增加了投资者的积极性而进行扩张投资,还可以更好地发挥林木碳汇功能,体现林业的生态价值及经济价值。     

Investment timing under hybrid stochastic and local volatility

We consider an investment timing problem under a real option model where the instantaneous volatility of the project value is given by a combination of a hidden stochastic process and the project value itself. The stochastic volatility part is given by a function of a fast mean-reverting process as well as a slowly varying process and the local volatility part is a power (the elasticity parameter) of the project value itself. The elasticity parameter controls directly the correlation between the project value and the volatility. Knowing that the project value represents the market price of a real asset in many applications and the value of the elasticity parameter depends on the asset, the elasticity parameter should be treated with caution for investment decision problems. Based on the hybrid structure of volatility, we investigate the simultaneous impact of the elasticity and the stochastic volatility on the real option value as well as the investment threshold.     

带有模糊约束的房地产投资随机期望值模型

基于可信性理论,提出一类新的带有模糊约束的房地产投资随机期望值模型来处理房地产经济中的不确定性信息.另一方面,通过目标函数和可信性函数的一些性质将提出的房地产投资问题转化为一个等价的线性形式,从而可以利用经典的线性规划算法进行求解.最后,给出一个房地产投资问题的实例并通过Lindo软件进行求解.     

Real options in strategic investment games between two asymmetric firms

This paper examines strategic investment games between two firms that compete for optimal entry in a project that generates uncertain revenue flows. Under asymmetry on both the sunk cost of investment and revenue flows of the two competing firms, we investigate the value of real investment options and strategic interaction of investment decisions. Compared to earlier models that only allow for asymmetry on sunk cost, our model demonstrates a richer set of strategic interactions of entry decisions. We provide a complete characterization of pre-emptive, dominant and simultaneous equilibriums by analyzing the relative value of leader’s and follower’s optimal investment thresholds. In a duopoly market with negative externalities, a firm may reduce loss of real options value by selecting appropriate pre-emptive entry. When one firm has a dominant advantage over its competitor, both the dominant firm and dominated firm enter at their respective leader’s and follower’s optimal thresholds. When the pre-emptive thresholds of both firms happen to coincide, the two firms enter simultaneously. Under positive externalities, firms do not compete to lead.