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1.
Computational and mathematical organization theory: Perspective and directions   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
Computational and mathematical organization theory is an interdisciplinary scientific area whose research members focus on developing and testing organizational theory using formal models. The community shares a theoretical view of organizations as collections of processes and intelligent adaptive agents that are task oriented, socially situated, technologically bound, and continuously changing. Behavior within the organization is seen to affect and be affected by the organization's, position in the external environment. The community also shares a methodological orientation toward the use of formal models for developing and testing theory. These models are both computational (e.g., simulation, emulation, expert systems, computer-assisted numerical analysis) and mathematical (e.g., formal logic, matrix algebra, network analysis, discrete and continuous equations). Much of the research in this area falls into four areas: organizational design, organizational learning, organizations and information technology, and organizational evolution and change. Historically, much of the work in this area has been focused on the issue how should organizations be designed. The work in this subarea is cumulative and tied to other subfields within organization theory more generally. The second most developed area is organizational learning. This research, however, is more tied to the work in psychology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence than to general organization theory. Currently there is increased activity in the subareas of organizations and information technology and organizational evolution and change. Advances in these areas may be made possible by combining network analysis techniques with an information processing approach to organizations. Formal approaches are particularly valuable to all of these areas given the complex adaptive nature of the organizational agents and the complex dynamic nature of the environment faced by these agents and the organizations.This paper was previously presented at the 1995 Informs meeting in Los Angeles, CA.  相似文献   

2.
Charitable giving is one of the essential tasks of a properly functioning civil society. This task is greatly complicated by the lack of organizational transparency and by the information asymmetries that often exist between organizations and donors in the market for charitable donations. The disclosure of financial, performance, donor-relations, and fundraising-related data is thus an important tool for nonprofit organizations attempting to attract greater donations while boosting accountability and public trust. There are, however, varying payoffs associated with such disclosure depending on the nature of donor preferences and the relative openness and effectiveness of competing organizations. To help understand the interplay between nonprofit organizational disclosures and individual donations, we present a novel game-theoretic model of disclosure–donation interactions that incorporates the predominant forms of both donor preferences and “value-relevant” information.  相似文献   

3.
Changes in objectives, in resources, or in the environment may necessitate the adaptation of an organization from one form to another. However, in many cases, the organizations need to continue functioning while adaptation takes place, i.e., it is not possible to stop the organizational activity in order to reorganize, and then start again. In this case, adaptation can be expressed as a morphing process in which the organization transitions from one form with its attendant task allocation to a different one through a series of incremental steps that preserve overall functionality and performance. Coordination between organization members during adaptation is critical. A computational model for this type of organizational adaptation at the operational level is presented. The model is implemented using the Colored Petri Net formulation of discrete event dynamical systems. A design methodology that utilizes this model is outlined and a simple example is used to illustrate the approach.  相似文献   

4.
5.
Designing tree-structured organizations for computational agents   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
We describe a framework for defining the space of organization designs for computational agents, use our framework for analyzing the expected performance of a class of organizations, and describe how our analyses can be applied to predict performance for a distributed information gathering task. Our analysis specifically addresses the impact of the span of control (branching factor) in tree-structured hierarchical organizations on the response time of such organizations. We show quantitatively how the overall task size and granularity influence the design of the span of control for the organization, and that within the class of organizations considered the apropriate span of control is confined to a relatively narrow range. The performance predicted by our overall model correlates with the actual performance of a distributed organization for computer network monitoring. Consequently, we argue that our framework can support aspects of organizational self-design for computational agents, and might supply insights into the design of human organizations as well.  相似文献   

6.
From a competency-based perspective of trust and an open system's view of organizations, this study explores the micro-macro linkage between interpersonal trust and organizational performance in work organizations where internal and external contexts can matter. With the help of a formal computer model for meso theorizing, this study shows that competency-based trust generally does not benefit organizational performance in a distributed decision-making setting, except under incorrect information conditions or when no formal procedure is available. The study further demonstrates that external environments, organizational structures, and internal operating conditions can all moderate such trust-performance relationships. Findings from this study suggest the need for new thinking relating to trust in organizations and the possibility to integrate psychological, economic, and sociological perspectives on trust.  相似文献   

7.
Decision-making in organizations is complex due to interdependencies among decision-makers (agents) within and across organizational hierarchies. We propose a multiscale decision-making model that captures and analyzes multiscale agent interactions in large, distributed decision-making systems. In general, multiscale systems exhibit phenomena that are coupled through various temporal, spatial and organizational scales. Our model focuses on the organizational scale and provides analytic, closed-form solutions which enable agents across all organizational scales to select a best course of action. By setting an optimal intensity level for agent interactions, an organizational designer can align the choices of self-interested agents with the overall goals of the organization. Moreover, our results demonstrate when local and aggregate information exchange is sufficient for system-wide optimal decision-making. We motivate the model and illustrate its capabilities using a manufacturing enterprise example.  相似文献   

8.
The markets in which organizations currently operate require them to use behaviour based on both exploitation strategy and exploration strategy, each of which contributes fundamental benefits for the firm’s success. Exploitation strategy attempts to obtain the maximum advantage from existing abilities, whereas exploration strategy searches for new ways for the organization to adapt. Further, since manufacturing markets are characterized by short product life, they require a high level of manufacturing flexibility, which can play a crucial role in the development of the exploitation and exploration strategies. This study analyses the relationship of manufacturing flexibility to exploitation and exploration strategies, taking into account an issue of maximum international scope: the implementation of ISO standards. In many international markets, ISO implementation is crucial in enabling organizations to be competitive. However, no consensus has been reached concerning the real benefits that these systems provide to the organizations that implement them. The main goal of our study is to analyse whether there are significant differences in the relationship of manufacturing flexibility to exploitation and exploration strategies in ISO 9001:2000 certified organizations and non-certified organizations. Our results show that most of the relationships analysed are only significant in ISO certified organizations. As an added value, the study analyses the relationship of exploitation and exploration strategies to organizational learning orientation and finds this relationship to be significant in all cases.  相似文献   

9.
This paper considers the problem of determining the optimal design of public organizations in terms of maximizing their reliability against institutional failures. To capture both the individual and the system-level aspects of organizational decisionmaking, first we present an analytical model that characterizes the optimal decision behavior of a single decision maker (unit, agent, in general: DM) in the context of a binary decision task. In this sense, reliability of a DM against the two possible error types: implementation of the wrong policy (error of comission, Type I error) and failure to act when it is necessary (error of omission, Type II error) are interpreted as the result of a particular decision strategy. Individual expertise is represented in the form of a Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve that, in turn, depicts the necessary trade-off between the two errors when selecting an appropriate decision strategy. Component decisions are then combined along the lines of organizational structure which is described using a graph formalism. We show that the task of finding the best organizational design involves a joint optimization over structure and strategy, and implement the normative model in the context of a detailed example. Our numerical results suggest that when DMs coordinate their decision rules, there is little difference in the performance of various organizational structures.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under ONR contract #N0014-93-I-0793.  相似文献   

10.
In this paper weexamine the adaptability of the Japanese style leanorganization system and the traditional American style mass organizationsystem under changing environments. From an organizational designperspective, key structural aspects of the two organizations are modeled ina problem solving context using computational methods. Organizational-levelperformance in terms of decision making accuracy and severity of errors ismeasured as an indicator of organizational adaptability under conditionswhere the task environment shifts between predictable to unpredictable orvise versa. Our study shows that both organizations have their respectiveadvantages under different task environments and that they adapt toenvironmental shifts in different forms. Specifically, when the timepressure is high the lean organization system's performance isvirtually identical to the mass organization system, even though the leanorganization systemÆs members are more proactive. When the timepressure is low, the mass organization system shows a much fasteradaptability when the environment shifts to a predictable one but it is alsomore vulnerable when the environment shifts to an unpredictable one. Incontrast, the lean organization systemÆs response to the changingenvironment is characterized by its slower adaptability. When theenvironment shifts to an unpredictable one, the lean organization systemshows a gradual improvement till reaching a high level. When the environmentshifts to a predictable one, however, the lean organization system shows agradual decrease of performance. Our study further shows that the leanorganization system, with its strong team decision making emphasis, can bemore successful in avoiding severe errors when compared with the massorganization system, even under a predictable task environment.  相似文献   

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