Modeling the drainage and groundwater table above the collecting pipe through 2D groundwater models

In order to understand the effects of the landfill operation on groundwater flow behavior, 2D horizontal groundwater simulation model was carried out. The model saved the memory of computer and time consumption comparing with 3D groundwater flow model. However, the most difficulty is the assignment of collecting pipe boundary in the study site. Therefore, 2D vertical model was applied to calculate the change of groundwater table above the collecting pipe. This paper paid attention to examine the validation of the assignment of the collecting pipe boundary by applying the results of 2D vertical model. 2D horizontal model was coupled with the recharge model to solve the partial differential equation of groundwater flow. Finite difference method and iterative successive over relaxation were applied. The drainage volume of leachate collection was summed up in the whole landfill site and compared with the average volume of treated waste water. The study demonstrated that the results of 2D vertical model validated and can be applied to 2D horizontal groundwater flow simulation.     

三维海洋水动力计算σ坐标转换存在的问题及改进方法

三维水动力模型在准确模拟海洋物理特性中起着重要的作用,传统的σ坐标转换由于当时计算机能力所限,舍去了复杂的高阶项,在实际复杂地形（或水深变化）环境下,会带来一定的误差或计算失真等问题.由此,为了适应高精度计算结果的需求,对原有σ坐标三维水动力模型进行了重新修正.在改进后的模型中,综合考虑了经σ坐标变换引入的与流速、水位、地形相关的复杂高阶项,选用特定的插值函数,利用有限元和差分相结合的方法,进行求解σ坐标下的完整三维浅水模式方程.相比原模型,改进的模型对底坡、水深、潮汐振幅等变化适用范围更为广泛,能更好地模拟出复杂水深变化下的垂向流动分布特征,计算结果具有更高的精确度;改进的模型针对一些极端水位条件（潮汐振幅与水深比大于0.15）,其计算误差同样可保持在一个较低的范围内;同时,改进的模型只需更短的时间就可运行至稳定状态.     

Effects of asymmetric knowledge spillovers on the stability of horizontal and vertical R&D cooperation

In order to investigate the role of asymmetric spillovers in the stability of R&D cooperation, this paper distinguishes two different types of cooperative partners, and uses a game theory approach to reveal the relationship between asymmetric spillovers and R&D investment in the horizontally and vertically related R&D cooperation. In the horizontal R&D cooperation, higher incoming spillovers and lower outgoing spillovers induce firms to invest on R&D efforts as agreed. However, it is the contradiction between horizontal firms’ attitudes towards asymmetric spillovers that leads to the inherent instability of the cooperation. In the vertical R&D cooperation, our results question the usually held opinion about the effects of asymmetric spillovers on the decision of R&D investment. The incoming spillovers are less important in the innovation process for vertically related R&D cooperation. A firm tends to under-invest on the arranged level of R&D efforts when its incoming spillovers increase. Our results also show that efficient mechanisms to restrain firms’ non-cooperative behavior are essential to improve the stability of horizontal and vertical R&D cooperation.     

Steady Groundwater Flow with Steep Gradients: An Analytic Approach to the 2D–Problem with a Vertical Pressure Boundary Condition and Steady Recharge/Drainage

Steady groundwater flow with steep gradients in a vertical plane due to superficial recharge/drainage, inner sources/sinks and a one‐sided pressure boundary condition can be described by a 2D Poisson equation with a nonlinear free surface boundary condition. By means of conformal mapping techniques Schmitz and Edenhofer [1] derived the exact explicit solution of this problem in a horizontally infinite aquifer. Their results are extended to problems with a one‐sided vertical pressure boundary condition, modelling f. ex. the boundary between an aquifer and an adjacent free water body. According to ist simple parametrization, this approach can be applied on one hand to model various real world phenomena like river–aquifer–systems. It may on the other hand serve as a tool for investigating the exactness of numerical solutions and the range of validity of simplifying assumptions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Vertical separation as a defense against strong suppliers

We provide a simple model to investigate decisions about vertical separation. The key feature of this model is that more than one input is required for the final product of the downstream monopolist. We show that as the bargaining powers of independent complementary input suppliers grow larger, the downstream monopolist tends to separate from its input units. The results are related to a visible difference between the vertical structures of Japanese and US auto assemblers.     

Vertical impedance of a tapered pile in inhomogeneous saturated soil described by fractional viscoelastic model

Vertical impedance of a tapered pile embedded in the saturated viscoelastic half-space is theoretically investigated with the consideration of construction disturbances in radial direction. The constitutive behaviour of the soil is described by a fractional viscoelastic model. The tapered pile is divided to a series of stepping cylindrical segments to characterize its variable cross-section. An improved complex stiffness transfer model of the saturated soil is developed to determine the vertical reactions of the radially inhomogeneous soil on pile segments. The vertical impedance of the tapered pile is obtained by solving the differential equations for axial vibration of pile segments based on the Rayleigh-Love rod theory and recursive formulas. The validity and accuracy of the analytical solutions are demonstrated through the comparison examples for the cases of both soil compaction and soil softening. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the influences of tapered angle, fluid permeability and fractional order of soil constitutive model on vertical impedance of the tapered pile. The results indicate that the soil medium with high permeability, such as sandy and gravelly saturated foundation, has noticeable influence on the vertical impedance of tapered pile. In addition, it is suggested that the constitutive model of the soil should accurately describe the stress-strain experimental data to ensure the accuracy of the vertical impedance, especially for those tapered piles under excitations with high frequency.     

Generalized Lorenz models and their routes to chaos. II. Energy-conserving horizontal mode truncations

All attempts to generalize the three-dimensional Lorenz model by selecting higher-order Fourier modes can be divided into three categories, namely: vertical, horizontal and vertical–horizontal mode truncations. The previous study showed that the first method allowed only construction of a nine-dimensional system when the selected modes were energy-conserving. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that a five-dimensional model is the lowest-order generalized Lorenz model that can be constructed by the second method and that its route to chaos is the same as that observed in the original Lorenz model. It is shown that the onset of chaos in both systems is determined by a number of modes that describe the vertical temperature difference in a convection roll. In addition, a simple rule that allows selecting modes that conserve energy for each method is derived.     

Sloshing characteristics in half-full horizontal elliptical tanks with vertical baffles

The effects of surface-piercing or bottom-mounted vertical baffles on two-dimensional liquid sloshing characteristics in a half-full non-deformable horizontal cylindrical container of elliptical cross section is investigated. The problem solution is achieved by employing the linear potential theory in conjunction with the successive conformal transformation technique, leading to matrix eigenvalue problems on simple (rectangular and semi-infinite strip) regions. Plots of the resonant eigen-frequencies as a function of the baffle extension at selected container aspect ratios are presented and discussed for the three lowest antisymmetric and symmetric transverse oscillation modes. Also, the effects of vertical baffles on the hydrodynamic pressure mode shapes and sloshing flows are examined through appropriate 2D images. The surface-piercing vertical baffle is demonstrated to be an effective tool in reducing the antisymmetric sloshing frequencies, especially for lower aspect ratio tanks and higher modes. On the other hand, the bottom-mounted baffle is shown to have a great influence on the higher antisymmetric slosh modes only when its tip approaches the liquid free surface. Limiting cases are considered and good agreements with available analytic and numerical solutions as well as experimental data are obtained.     

Simulation of complex regimes of Rayleigh-Benard convection

2D and 3D turbulent convectional flows of viscous and incompressible fluids heated from below in a rectangular parallelepiped are numerically simulated. The horizontal boundaries are stress-free in 3D simulation and stress-free or rigid in 2D simulation. It is shown that although there is a quantitative discrepancy between the results of the 3D simulation and the experimental data, the 3D simulation shows correct power laws for the temperature and vertical velocity pulsations versus supercriticality greater than 150. In the 2D simulation, a similar correspondence is observed at relatively low supercriticality (approximately up to 250). At high supercriticality, in 2D convection there exists a large-scale structure that determines the flow properties.     

Delay-dependent stability for 2D systems with time-varying delay subject to state saturation in the Roesser model

This paper addresses the problem of delay-dependent stability of 2D systems with time-varying delay subject to state saturation in the Roesser model. By introducing diagonally dominant matrices, new delay-dependent conditions are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) where the lower and upper delay bounds along horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, are known. numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the proposed results.     

A 3D hydrodynamic numerical model of the Río de la Plata and Montevideo’s coastal zone

The 3D hydrodynamic numerical model MOHID was applied in the Río de la Plata and Montevideo coastal zone in order to represent the main dynamics and to study its complex circulation pattern. The hydrodynamic model was calibrated and validated considering the following main forces: fresh water flow, astronomical and meteorological tides in the oceanic boundary, and wind acting on the water surface. A series of water levels measured at six coastal stations and vertical profiles of current velocity measured at four different locations in the estuarine zone of the Río de la Plata were used for calibrating and validating the hydrodynamic model. The calibration process was carried out in two steps. First the astronomical waves propagation was calibrated comparing harmonic constants of observed and computed sea surface elevation data. Next, both the astronomical and meteorological wave propagation was calibrated. Direct comparison of scatter plot and root-mean square errors of model results and field data were used when evaluating the calibration quality. The calibrated model shows good agreement with the measured water surface level in the entire domain with mean error values being minor than 20% of the measured data and correlation factors higher than 0.74. Also, the intensity and velocity direction observed in the currents data are well represented by the model in both bottom and surface levels with errors similar to 30% of the currents data components. Using the 3D calibrated model the bottom and surface residual circulation for a four month period of time was analyzed.     

Directional variation of geomagnetic cut-off rigidity around Hyderabad,India

The geomagnetic cut-off rigidities for cosmic ray particles arriving at the top of the atmosphere over Hyderabad, India (geographic latitude 17.6°N. and longitude 78.5° E.), as a function of zenith and azimuthal angles and the vertical cut-off rigidities for a few neighbouring locations, have been made using the sixth degree simulation of the geomagnetic field by the C.D.C. 3600 Computer.     

分层流体中的二维代数孤立波及其垂向结构

研究具有自由面的,上部为浅层的大深度分层流体中代数孤立波,考察其垂向结构所对应的本征值问题,给出了二维Benjamin-Ono方程的一个解析解,并根据色散关系作了物理解释．作为数值例子,研究了具有Holmboe型密度分布的密跃层结构的特殊情形,并用射线理论探讨了这种内波的传播机制．     

缺货情形下轴辐式库存的纵横向协作调拨

电子商务发展要求缩短供需端距离,便于提高供应链柔性运作水平,以更好的响应市场需求,这使得仓配环节的纵横向库存协作调拨面临严峻挑战。为此,本文针对零售行业的轴辐式二级库存系统,考虑可用库存及调拨能力限制,以缺货情形下的额外履约成本及销量损失最小化为优化目标,构建纵向及横向综合库存调拨模型,优化每日库存调拨方案。在此基础上,利用改进的三层编码形式的遗传算法对模型进行求解,并通过算例验证了模型及算法的有效性。     

Solving 2D and 3D Poisson equations and biharmonic equations by the Haar wavelet method

In this paper, we present a computational method for solving 2D and 3D Poisson equations and biharmonic equations which based on the use of Haar wavelets. The highest derivative appearing in the differential equation is expanded into the Haar series, this approximation is integrated while the boundary conditions are incorporated by using integration constants. In 2D the first transform the spectral coefficients into the nodal variable values and then use Kronecker products to construct the approximations for derivatives over a tensor product grid of the horizontal and vertical blocks. Finally, solutions to four test problems are investigated.     

A new scaling invariant regularity criterion for the 3D MHD equations in terms of horizontal gradient of horizontal components

We prove a new scaling invariant regularity criterion for the 3D MHD equations via horizontal gradient of horizontal components of weak solutions. This result improves a recent work by Ni et al. (2012), in the sense that the assumption on the horizontal gradient of the vertical components is removed. As a byproduct, a scaling invariant regularity criterion involving vertical components of vorticity and current density is also obtained.     

放/吸热流体在两个充满多孔材料的竖直平行板之间作不稳定的自然对流

在一个由两块无限竖直平行板组成的管道中,充满着多孔的介质材料,使用Darcy模型(Brinkman模型的推广)的动量方程,连同能量方程,计算不可压缩、粘性、放/吸热流体在该管道中的不稳定自然对流,即Couette流动.流动是由于边界平板有不对称的加热,以及作加速运动所引起.选用合理的无量纲参数,对控制方程进行简化,通过Laplace变换进行解析求解,得到闭式的速度和温度分布曲线解,随后导出表面摩擦力和传热率.发现在竖直管道中的不同剖面,流体的流动及温度分布曲线随着时间而增加,且在运动平板附近更高.特别是,流体的速度和温度随着平板间距的增加而增加,但是,表面摩擦力和热传导率随着平板间距的增加而减小.     

中厚度复合材料夹芯层板变分渐近精细模型

为准确预测对中厚度复合材料夹芯层板分层开裂至关重要的沿厚向应力/应变分布,利用板固有小参数将原三维板分析严格拆分为沿厚向的一维分析和二维板非线性分析,并将原三维能量渐近扩展为系列二维近似能量泛函;通过对近似能量泛函中主导变分项(含翘曲项)的渐近修正,得到与原三维模型尽可能接近的近似能量,从而构建无需任何场变量假设的精细模型,并转换为工程常用的Reissner模型形式．通过4层复合材料夹芯板柱形弯曲算例表明:基于所构建模型重构的三维场精度较一阶剪切变形理论和经典层合理论更好,与精确解基本一致;由于所构建的变分渐近模型为等效单层板模型,在保证足够精度的前提下,相比三维有限元计算可减少2~3阶计算量,在精确性和有效性间取得较好的折衷．     

Comparison of the finite difference and Galerkin methods as applied to the solution of the hydrodynamic equations

The three-dimensional nonlinear hydrodynamic equations which describe wind induced flow in a homogeneous sea are transformed from Cartesian coordinates into sigma coordinates. The solution of these equations in the horizontal is accomplished using a standard finite difference grid and established finite difference methods.The accuracy and computational efficiency, in terms of both computer time and main memory requirements, of using either the Galerkin method or a finite difference grid through the vertical is considered. Calculations, using the same number of functions in the Galerkin method as grid bases through the vertical shows that the Galerkin method has superior accuracy over the grid box method. Hence, for a given accuracy a smaller number of functions than grid boxes may be used, with associated saving in computational resources.For the case in which the vertical variation of eddy viscosity is fixed, an eigenvalue problem can be solved to yield a set of eigenfunctions. Using these eigenfunctions as a basis set with the Galerkin approach, a Galerkin-eigenfunction method is developed. Calculations show that the Galerkin-eigenfunction technique is accurate and in a linear model is clearly computationally more economic than the use of grid boxes through the vertical.     

网络传媒业供应链质量控制策略与组织模式选择

网络传媒供应链由内容制作商提供有价值的信息产品(如娱乐、资讯等)并通过网站提供给消费者.产品质量控制对网络传媒供应链至关重要.首先利用博弈论的方法分析内容制作商和网站分别独立决策时的策略,纳什均衡揭示双方的"搭便车"动机使供应链整体利润无法达到最优.然后利用最优化的方法分析他们在垂直整合模式下的策略,发现协调决策可以提高整体利润.最后考虑垂直整合模式的新增成本,分析需求质量弹性、利润分配均匀性和质量控制成本等因素对供应链是否采取垂直整合模式的影响.帮助理解网络媒体产业的质量控制策略和供应链组织模式.