黄河万家寨水利枢纽水库冰情定点连续自动监测系统的设计与应用

基于空气、冰与水的物理特性差异实现对冰水情连续自动检测的原理,作者设计、研制了适应高寒地区水电大坝冰情定点连续监测的冰水情自动检测传感器与信号采集系统,通过在黄河万家寨水利枢纽水库现场对冰情近4个月的冬季连续试验,获取了水库冰层内部系统的冰水情数据,采集数据客观反映了水库库区监测点冰层生消变化的规律,为确保引黄入晋工程的安全运行,也为高寒地区河道与水电大坝的冰情预警提供了一种可行的检测方法与设备.     

R-T冰情检测传感器在黑龙江漠河河道冬季现场冰情连续自动观测中的应用

介绍"基于空气、冰与水的等效电阻值差异的冰情检测原理",以及基于这一原理设计的"R-T冰雪情自动检测传感器"及其冰雪情观测系统结构.2013.12—2014.4采用该传感器成功地在中国北方最高纬度地区黑龙江省漠河县北极村河道进行了冰雪情现场连续定点观测,并对现场获取的系统采集数据进行了分析.     

电阻电路分析方法在冰水情自动监测中的应用

电阻元件特性和包含电阻元件的电路分析是电路理论中最基本的分析内容和电路分析方法之一.根据冰水情工程检测中的客观环境条件,利用空气、冰与水的等效电阻随温度变化所具有的数值差异这一特点,将电路理论中电阻电路分析方法应用于冰水情工程检测中,提出了将检测环境分层处理的思路,应用线性电路理论中电阻分压的原理,通过对各分层介质等效电阻的检测、计算,反推出被检测介质的物理形态,进而实现对冰层内部物理状态、冰层厚度与冰下水位连续监测的目的.基于这一新的检测原理,作者研制成功新型R-T(电阻-温度梯度)冰水情自动检测传感器及其检测系统,并在南极海冰观测、黄河中上游河道冰水情定点连续监测、高寒地区河道与水电大坝冰情预警与水文信息自动测报等多个重大工程领域获得应用,为解决南极科学考察、黄河冰凌灾害预报、高寒地区河道、水电大坝、湖泊等领域冰情自动监测难题提供了一种新的检测方法与实现途径.     

基于DS18B20的冰层温度梯度-厚度传感器的设计

根据高寒地区河流结冰时,河道冰情监测点垂直柱面内空气、冰与水三种介质所表现出的不同温度特性,设计了基于DS18820温度传感器的高显示分辨率冰层温度梯度一厚度自动化检测传感器,传感器内部采用单总线结构,通过MSP430单片机的控制实现了温度梯度各监测点的数字化数据采集,使传感器具有结构简单、功耗低、抗干扰能力强等优点.将新型传感器安装在内蒙古三湖口黄河河道并进行了连续两个月的现场冰情数据采集试验,传感器获得了黄河河道监测点系统的温度梯度数据.通过对采集获得的冰层温度梯度数据的进一步分析,可以全面掌握河道冰层变化的状况,实验结果表明这一新的冰层温度梯度一厚度传感器是一种更加适应于工程应用的冰情检测设备.     

基于PS021的电容式冰层厚度检测系统的设计

根据空气、冰和水的电容特性差异,本文设计了一种新型的电容式冰层厚度检测系统.该检测系统应用了德国acam公司的电容数字转换器PS021,可以把电容式传感器采集到的电容信号转换成数字信号输出.黄河的现场实验数据分析结果表明,系统结构简单,可靠性高,可以应用于冬季河道冰层厚度及冰下水位的定点、连续自动测量.     

基于被测介质物理特性差异的冰情检测方法及其在黑龙江漠河河道的应用

基于被测介质物理特性差异的冰情检测方法是由太原理工大学冰情检测课题组于2004年提出的一种新的冰情检测方法,对方法的基本原理进行了介绍并与传统的冰情预测方法进行了比较.论文介绍了新的冰情检测方法在黑龙江漠河河道段冰雪情现场试验的情况,试验结果表明,基于被测介质物理特性差异的冰情检测方法可以实现对冰层内部物理参数(如等效电阻,温度梯度分布等)连续观测,根据2015年测得的数据首次提出"预开河特征现象",从而可以为内陆河道封冻期冰情变化实时监控、开河前冰凌灾害的实时预报提供一种可行的工程检测方法.     

寒区冰情传感器保温系统的设计

保证冰情检测系统能够在极低温野外环境下能够正常工作是水文测报应用领域的一个难题.结合"基于空气、冰与水物理特性差异的冰情检测系统"特点设计了低功耗冰情检测系统保温专用电路,介绍了低功耗加热、保温、智能温控以及对蓄电池的电路处理方法,整个系统在野外环境下,通过40W太阳能板供电电源供电,便可实现在无人值守的低温恶劣环境下长期连续自动工作.2013.12.23-2014.4.3该系统在在黑龙江漠河段河道连续进行了野外现场连续数据采集试验,系统保温效果良好,数据采集性能稳定可靠,对一般的野外冰情监测系统设备冬季保温具有参考价值.     

黄河河道冰水情定点连续自动检测及数据分析

根据黄河中上游流域冰水情监测以及预防凌汛灾害的需求,设计了一种适合黄河河道的冰水情自动测报系统.该系统由基于空气、冰与水电阻特性差异的冰层厚度传感器、DS18B20的温度梯度传感器以及智能处理仪构成.采用该系统在内蒙托克托县黄河河道进行了黄河封冻期河道冰层厚度连续监测试验,获取了大量的现场实测数据,对采样数据进行分析,提出了判别冰层厚度的平均滤波算法,实现了对冰层生消变化全过程的自动监测.     

基于Zigbee与GPRS网络数据传输技术的黄河河道断面冰水情多点自动监测系统设计与应用

基于空气、冰与水物理特性差异的冰情检测方法是一种可以实现对检测点垂直柱面冰层内部物理状态连续在线检测的新型冰情检测方法.方法由于受测试点的局限,仅仅实现了对河道断面的单点取样数据采集,无法掌握河道断面整体冰生消变化的过程,在工程应用中受到限制.结合黄河冬季冰情现场实验的需求,在原有基于空气、冰与水物理特性差异的冰情检测系统基础上,融合了Zigbee和GPRS网络数据传输技术设计了一套黄河河道断面冰水情多点自动监测试验系统.现场试验结果表明,系统实现了对河道断面多点数据的连续实时采集和传输,可以满足工程中对河道断面多点实时监测的需求.     

多成分密集随机散射粒子多层随机介质的辐射传输

本文研究有多种成分和大小分布的密集随机分布的球形散射粒子多层随机介质的辐射传输.数值地讨论了冰雪等效球形粒子的大小分布及其有效平均值.由Gauss求积法离散坐标的特征值-特征矢量法,求解两个密集散射粒子层的矢量辐射传输方程和四个耦合的边界条件,得到极化的辐射亮度温度,以及和各有关参数之间的定量函数关系.并与干雪和湿雪的遥感数据进行了比较和分析.     

Solution to the stationary problem of glacier dynamics

A stationary problem of the non-Newtonian fluid dynamics is applied to the modeling of an alpine glacier motion with Dirichlet boundary conditions corresponding to the ice increment in the upper part of the glacier and to the ice meltdown in its lower part. The existence of a weak solution in a functional class with the first-order derivatives integrable to the power q > 6/5 is established for sufficiently small given boundary data. The proof is largely based on regularizing weak solutions and using properties of monotone operators.     

Finite Element Simulation of Frost Wedging in Ice Shelves

Break-up events in ice shelves have been studied extensively during the last years. One popular assumption links disintegration events to surface melting of the ice shelf in conjunction with growing melt-water ponds, leading to hydro-fracture. As this explanation only holds during warm seasons [1], the possibility of frost wedging as forcing mechanism for autumn and winter break-up events is considered. Frost wedging can only occur if a closed ice lid seals the water inside the crack. Hence, the present study of frost wedging in a single crack uses ice lid thicknesses to evaluate the additional pressure on the crack faces. The investigation of the resulting stress intensity factor as a measure of crack criticality follows consequently. The results show that freezing water inside a crack can result in unstable crack growth of an initially stable water filled crack. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Numerical simulation of discharged waste heat and contaminants into the South Estuary of the Yangtze River

In this paper, a two-dimensional depth-averaged mathematical model based on the finite volume approach is formed, which can be used to compute the flow fields and contaminant movements driven by tidal flows in estuaries with variations in the river bed. The paper also presents a set of appropriate outflow boundary conditions for immersed outlets in water, when these outlets are important to the entire flow region. As an example, the distributions and variations of velocity, temperature, and concentration caused by discharging contaminants from seven sources, two of which are submerged, near the south estuary of the Yangtze river have been simulated over a full tidal cycle. The results of the simulation and prediction are presented, and the effects of the outflow boundary conditions are also discussed.     

Artificial neural network‐based modeling of snow properties using field data and hyperspectral imagery

This study attempts to model snow wetness and snow density of Himalayan snow cover using a combination of Hyperspectral image processing and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Initially, a total of 300 spectral signature measurements, synchronized with snow wetness and snow density, were collected in the field. The spectral reflectance of snow was then modeled as a function of snow properties using ANN. Four snow wetness and three snow density models were developed. A strong correlation was observed in near‐infrared and shortwave‐infrared region. The correlation analysis of ANN modeled snow density and snow wetness showed a strong linear relationship with field‐based data values ranging from 0.87–0.90 and 0.88–0.91, respectively. Our results indicate that an Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach, using a combination of Hyperspectral image processing and ANN, can be efficiently used to predict snow properties (wetness and density) in the Himalayan region. Recommendations for resource managers

• Snow properties, such as snow wetness and snow density are mainly investigated through field‐based survey but rugged terrains, difficult weather conditions, and logistics management issues establish remote sensing as an efficient alternative to monitor snow properties, especially in the mountain environment.
• Although Hyperspectral remote sensing is a powerful tool to conduct the quantitative analysis of the physical properties of snow, only a few studies have used hyperspectral data for the estimation of snow density and wetness in the Himalayan region. This could be because of the lack of synchronized snow properties data with field‐based spectral acquisitions.
• In combination with Hyperspectral image processing, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can be a useful tool for effective snow modeling because of its ability to capture and represent complex input‐output relationships.
• Further research into understanding the applicability of neural networks to determine snow properties is required to obtain results from large snow cover areas of the Himalayan region.

     

Simulation of ice under mechanical and thermal load

The contact physics of the wheel-rail contact of a railway vehicle under presence of water and ice at low temperatures is still not completely understood. For the investigation of the particular process in the contact zone a simulation is required, which is able to calculate the normal and tangential contact, the temperature field and the fluid-structural interaction between wheel and rail at low temperatures under presence of snow and ice. For that purpose the behaviour of ice under wheel-rail contact conditions is an important part. In this paper the thermal dynamic model of TSHIJOV [1], [3] for an adiabatic ice probe is updated by the new IAPWS equations of state for water [5] and ice phase Ih [4]. In a first approximation an ice specimen is loaded by specific wheel-rail contact pressure distributions calculated by the half-space formulation to clarify if phase transitions of ice can exist. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)