Problem of optimal control by the natural frequency of oscillations of an orthotropic shell of revolution and its finite-dimensional approximation

The questions of optimization in problems of oscillations in orthotropic shells of revolution of variable thickness are studied for the case when the thickness and radius of curvature of the shell generatrix are used as the controls. Restrictions are imposed on the principal oscillation eigenfrequency, thickness, internal volume and other parameters. It is shown that a solution of the problem exists and, that the problem can be approximated by a sequence of the finite-dimensional problems. Certain questions of the optimal control in the problem concerning the oscillations of plates of variable thickness with the thickness serving as the control, were studied in /1–4/.     

Free vibrations of thick layered cylindrical shells

Two approaches to the calculation of closed thick layered cylindrical shells are developed. They are based on division of the cylindrical shell across its thickness by concentric circumferential surfaces into a series of constituent cylindrical shells. Satisfying the contact conditions on the surfaces between constituent shells, it is possible to determine the frequency of free bending vibrations of the initial shell with a sufficient accuracy. In the first approach, the distribution of unknown functions across the shell thickness is sought on the basis of an analytical solution to the corresponding system of differential equations; in the second one, the distribution is assigned by polynomial approximation functions.     

Optimally reinforced shells of revolution

The design of filament-wound multilayer shells of revolution of arbitrary shape subjected to axisymmetric surface and body forces is examined. Three cases of existence of a solution of the optimal problem are established and certain particular types of solutions are presented.     

The possibility of a theoretical confirmation of the experimental values of the external critical pressure of thin-walled cylindrical shells

The problem of the buckling of elastic, isotropic, thin-walled cylindrical shells with small initial shape defects that are under the action of an external pressure is solved in a geometrically non-linear formulation. Equations that are identical to Marguerre's equations for a shallow cylindrical shell are used in formulating the problem. The solution is constructed by the Rayleigh–Ritz method with the points of the middle surface of the shell approximated by double functional sums over trigonometric and beam functions. The system of non-linear equations obtained is solved by arc-length methods. Cases of the clamped and supported shells when loading with a lateral and uniform hydrostatic pressure are considered. Its deflections from the limit points of the postbuckling branches of its loading trajectory are used as the initial imperfections. An inspection of the different forms of the initial imperfections when they have maximum values of up to 30% of the shell thickness made it possible to obtain practically the whole range of experimentally found critical pressures.     

Thermoelasticity of a regularly inhomogeneous curved layer with wavy surfaces

A curved inhomogeneous anisotropic layer of variable thickness is considered that has wavy surfaces. It is assumed that the elastic, thermo-physical characteristics of the layer material and the shape of its upper and lower surfaces are periodic in structure with a single periodicity cell (PC). The period of the structure is here comparable in magnitude with the layer thickness, which is assumed to be much less than the other linear dimensions of the body and the radius of curvature of its middle surface.On the basis of a general scheme for taking the average of processes in periodic media /1, 2/, a method is developed which enables a transition to be made from a spatial quasistatic thermoelasticity problem to a system of thermoelasticity equations for an average shell whose effective and thermophysical coefficients are determined from the solution of local problems in a PC. Results obtained for the static theory of elasticity in /3/ are used. The heat conduction problem is averaged to determine the temperature components occurring in the equation of motion.The model constructed enables thermoelastic strains, stresses and the temperature distribution to be obtained in shells and plates of composite or porous materials with a different kind of reinforcement of the periodic structure (waffle, ribbed, corrugated) in reinforced and grid-like shells and plates. In the limiting case of “smooth” surfaces and a homogeneous material, the thermoelasticity equations are obtained for shallow anisotropic shells and the heat conduction equations of anisotropic shells assuming a linear temperature distribution law over the thickness.     

Minimization of the weight of ribbed cylindrical shells made of a viscoelastic composite

The minimization of the weight of ribbed viscoelastic composite cylindrical shells under a long-term external pressure is considered. The shells are strengthened with six inner stiffening rings with identical geometric parameters and a square cross section. It is assumed that the shell material obeys the linear law of hereditary creep and the displacements across the shell wall are distributed according to the Timoshenko hypothesis. The shell must withstand an external pressure of –0.5 MPa without the loss of stability for an unlimited time. The parameters of optimization are the intensity of reinforcement and thickness of its covering and the height and width of the stiffening rings. It is found that the weight of an optimum ribbed shell is 24% lower than that of an optimum cylindrical shell without ribs.     

Haar wavelet discretization approach for frequency analysis of the functionally graded generally doubly-curved shells of revolution

This paper aims to investigate the free vibrational analysis of the generally doubly-curved shells of revolution made of functionally graded (FG) materials and constrained with different boundary conditions by means of an efficient, convenient and explicit method based on the Haar wavelet discretization approach. The FG materials of the shell consist of a combination of ceramic and metal, which four parameter power-law distribution functions have chosen for modeling of the smoothly and gradually variation of the material properties in the thickness direction. The theoretical model of the shell is formulated by employing of the first-order shear deformation theory. The rotation and displacement components of each point of the shell are expanded in the form of product of the Haar wavelet series in meridional direction as well as trigonometric series in the circumferential direction. By adding the boundary condition equations to the main system of equations, the constants appeared from the integrating of the Haar wavelet series are satisfied. In addition, with solving the characteristic equation, the vibrational results including the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes are achieved. Then, the present results have been compared with those available in the literature. The results indicate that this method has high accuracy, high reliability and also a higher convergence rate in attaining the frequencies of the FG doubly-curved shells of revolution. Also, the effects of the main parameters such as power-law exponent, geometrical parameters, material distribution profiles and different types of boundary conditions, on the vibrational behavior of the FG doubly-curved shells of revolution, are investigated. Finally, taking into account the effects of geometrical parameters and material distribution profiles, for FG doubly-curved shells of revolution with different boundary conditions such as classic, elastic restraints and their combination, a variety of new frequency studies are provided which can be considered as proof results for further researches in this field.     

Investigation of the Stress State of Pressure Vessels of Inhomogeneous Structure Made of Composite Materials

The problem on the stress-strain state of layered cylindrical shells with bottoms of intricate shape under the action of internal pressure is considered. The elastic system examined is formed by spiral-circular winding. Two variants of the shell bottom structure are investigated. In the first variant, one spiral layer is installed, which leads to great variations in the bottom thickness along the meridian. In the second one, the bottoms are formed according to the zone-winding scheme. The stress state of the shell constructions of the classes considered is determined by solving boundary-value problems for systems of ordinary differential equations. The solution results for cylindrical shells with elliptic bottoms for the two types of winding are given. It is shown that the zone winding leads to smaller deflections and stresses than the conventional ways of reinforcing shell bottoms.     

Optimal design of midsurface of shells: Differentiability proof and sensitivity computation

We suppose that a shell submitted to a given load (self-weight or wind, for instance), has to resist as well as possible towards given criteria. We aim at the following problem: Is it possible to find an optimal design of the midsurface of the shell with respect to this criteria? This problem can be worked using gradient-type algorithms. In this paper we work on the differentiability proof and numerical computation of the gradient. For a given shape of the midsurface, we consider that the shell works in linear elastic conditions. We use the Budiansky-Sanders model for elastic shells, from which we get the displacement field in the shell. The criteria to be minimized are supposed to depend on the shape directly, and also through the displacement field. In this paper, we prove that the displacement field depends on the shape in a Fréchet-differentiable manner (for an appropriate topology on the set of admissible shapes). Then we give a way to compute the gradient of a given criteria from a theoretical point of view and from a numerical point of view. This allows us to use descent-type methods of optimization. They will lead to shapes which react better and better. Notice that we know nothing about convergence of these methods, the existence and unicity of a theoretical optimal solution. But from a practical point of view, it is quite interesting to be able to modify a given shape to obtain a better one.     

热荷载作用下薄板的优化设计

板壳结构是一大类广泛使用的结构元件.在热荷载作用下,当热膨胀受到约束时,板壳结构产生内力及挠度,严重时影响结构的正常服役.由于热荷载的特殊性,简单地均匀加大板壳结构的厚度并不能有效地减少热变形和热应力,热结构设计因此特别困难.该文研究在给定材料体积的条件下,通过优化板壳结构的厚度分布来减少弹性薄板结构在热载荷下的变形.以结构的变形能为优化目标,在给定材料体积的条件下,建立了设计板壳结构厚度分布的优化问题列式,并采用变分法,推导出优化准则,给出了修改厚度的迭代公式.应用商用有限元软件的热结构分析功能,对程序进行二次开发,从而实现该优化算法.算例结果表明,采用该方法优化弹性薄板的厚度分布,可以大幅度地减小结构热变形,是一种有效的热结构设计方法.     

Shape-Aware Matching of Implicit Surfaces Based on Thin Shell Energies

A shape sensitive, variational approach for the matching of surfaces considered as thin elastic shells is investigated. The elasticity functional to be minimized takes into account two different types of nonlinear energies: a membrane energy measuring the rate of tangential distortion when deforming the reference shell into the template shell, and a bending energy measuring the bending under the deformation in terms of the change of the shape operators from the undeformed into the deformed configuration. The variational method applies to surfaces described as level sets. It is mathematically well-posed, and an existence proof of an optimal matching deformation is given. The variational model is implemented using a finite element discretization combined with a narrow band approach on an efficient hierarchical grid structure. For the optimization, a regularized nonlinear conjugate gradient scheme and a cascadic multilevel strategy are used. The features of the proposed approach are studied for synthetic test cases and a collection of geometry processing examples.     

The formulation of transient axisymmetric boundary-value problems of thermoelasticity for shells of revolution and algorithms for solving them

Algorithms for solving boundary-value problems and for computing temperature fields and thermal stresses are considered for a certain class of structures whose main element is a thin-walled shell of revolution subject to external pressure under general conditions of unsteady heat exchange with the environment. Within the framework of Meissner's computational scheme [1], a system of differential equations is obtained for the axisymmetric bending of arbitrary shells of revolution, using a linear coordinate along an arc of the meridian. For the joint and simultaneous solution of these equations, with a calculation of the temperature fields in meridional sections of the shell, the heat-conduction equation is obtained in a similar coordinate system with a curvilinear coordinate s along a generator and a coordination y along the normal to the shell surface. Algorithms, obtained using the finite-difference matrix double-sweep method [2–4], are proposed for the practical solution of boundary-value problems to compute the unsteady temperature fields and stresses.     

Optimal position of a strut on a cylindrical shell

A solution is given for the problem of the optimal design of a rigid structure consisting of a spherical shell and two cylindrical shells linked by a strut. The volume of the structure is minimized under constraints on the maximal equivalent stresses in each of the shells and on the geometric parameters of the strut. Among the regulating parameters are the thickness of the shells, the geometric parameters of the strut, and the length of the first of the cylindrical shells. The problem is solved by the method of geometric programming.Translated from Matematicheskie Metody i Fiziko-Mekhanicheski Polya, No. 29, pp. 76–80, 1989.     

Parametric Vibrations of a Three-Layer Conical Piezoshell

Based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses and adequate supplementary hypotheses for the distribution of electric field quantities, a model for parametric vibrations of composite shells of revolution made of a passive (without a piezoeffect) middle layer and two active (with a piezoeffect) surface layers under the action of harmonic mechanical and electric loads is developed. The dissipative material properties are taken into account by linear viscoelastic models. Since the vibrations on the boundary of the main domain of dynamic instability (MDDI) are harmonic, the investigation of this domain, in a first approximation, is reduced to generalized eigenvalue problems, which are solved by the finite-element method. The problem on parametric vibrations of a three-layer conical shell under harmonic mechanical loading is considered. The influence of the shell thickness, dissipation, and electric boundary conditions on the MDDI is investigated. Two limiting cases of electric boundary conditions are considered, where the electrodes are short-circuited or not. The curves presented show a considerable influence of the electric boundary conditions on the characteristics of the MDDI, namely on its width and position on the frequency axis and on the critical parameter of excitation.     

The three-dimensional stress-strain state of cross-ply reinforced shells of revolution when heated

The mechanical behaviour of cross-ply reinforced shells of revolution when they are non-axisymmetrically heated is considered in a three-dimensional formulation, and all the components of the stress-strain state are obtained in full. The method of finite elements is used for a numerical solution of the problem. The effects of anisotropy in a double-layer boroepoxide cylindrical shell under conditions of variable heating in a circumferential direction are investigated.     

Some optimal and inverse problems for orthotropic noncircular cylindrical shells

In this paper, we consider problems of optimal control involving stressed or strained states of orthotropic, noncircular cylindrical shells. It is assumed that the thickness of the shell is variable. The thickness and the radius of curvature of the directrix of the shell are assumed to be the controls. Existence of solutions for the optimal control problems considered is shown. In particular, existence of solutions for the problem of the minimal weight shell and the problem of nearest-to-equal-strength shell is shown. We present results on the approximation of the optimal control problems by a sequence of finite-dimensional problems, which may be reduced to nonlinear programming problems.     

Thermoelasticity of orthotropic shells under the action of a moving concentrated heat source

We solve the problem of thermoelasticity for thin orthotropic shells of nonnegative curvature under the action of a concentrated heat source that moves over the surface of the shell. A linear temperature distribution over the thickness of the shell and convective heat exchange from its lateral surfaces by the Newton law are established. Using Fourier and Laplace integral transformations, we obtain a solution in the analytic form. The influences of the thermomechanical properties of the material and parameters of heat exchange with the surrounding medium on the stress-strain state of the shell are investigated.     

Free vibration of four-parameter functionally graded moderately thick doubly-curved panels and shells of revolution with general boundary conditions

This paper aims to present a unified vibration analysis approach for the four-parameter functionally graded moderately thick doubly-curved shells and panels of revolution with general boundary conditions. The first-order shear deformation theory is used in this formulation. The functionally graded panels structures consists of ceramic and metal which are set to vary continuously in the thickness direction according to the general four-parameter power-law distribution, and six types of power-law distributions are considered for the ceramic volume fraction. The admissible function of the FG panels and shells of revolution is obtained by the improved Fourier series with the help of the governing equations and the boundary conditions. The solution is obtained by using the variational operation in terms of the unknown expanded coefficients. By a great many numerical examples, the rapid convergence and good reliability and accuracy of the proposed approach are validated. A variety of new results for vibration problems of the FG doubly-curved shells and panels with different elastic restraints, geometric and material parameters are presented. The effects of the elastic restraint parameters, power-law exponent, circumference angle and power-law distributions on the free vibration characteristic of the panels are also presented, which can be served as benchmark data in the research and the actual production process.