Numerical modeling of the active damping of forced thermomechanical resonance vibrations of viscoelastic shells of revolution with the help of piezoelectric inclusions

We consider the problem of active damping of forced resonance vibrations of viscoelastic shells of revolution with the help of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Here, the interaction of electromechanical and thermal fields is taken into account. For modeling of vibrations, we use the Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses as well as hypotheses adequate to them and describing the distribution of temperature and electric field quantities. The shell temperature increases as a result of dissipative heating. For the active damping of vibrations, piezoelectric sensors and actuators are used. It is supposed that the electromechanical characteristics of materials depend on the temperature. The solution of this complex nonlinear problem has been obtained by the iterative method and finite element method. We have investigated the influence of temperature of dissipative heating on the efficiency of active damping of vibrations of a viscoelastic cylindrical panel with rigid restraint of its edges.     

A micromechanically motivated model for ferroelectrics combined with polygonal finite elements

Piezoelectric materials are one of the most prominent smart materials due to their strong electromechanical coupling behaviour. Ferroelectric ceramics behave like piezoelectric materials under low electrical and mechanical loads, but exhibit pronounced nonlinear response at higher loads due to microscopic domain switching. Modern smart devices consist of complex geometries that may force the ferroelectrics employed within them to experience higher fields than they were originally designed for, so that the material responds within its nonlinear region. Hence, models predicting the nonlinear effects of ferroelectrics under complex loading cases are important from the design point of view. Within standard finite element models dealing with electromechanical problems, each grain may be subdiscretized by several finite elements. This problem can be approximated or rather overcome by a polygonal finite element method, where each grain is modelled by solely one single finite element. In this contribution, a micromechanically motivated switching model for ferroelectric ceramics, as based on volume fraction concepts, is combined with polygonal finite element approach. Related representative numerical examples allow to further study and understand the nonlinear response of this material under complex loading cases. (© 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modified Landweber tterations in a multilevel setting applied to the determination of nonlinear material parameters in piezoelectricity

An efficient solution of the inverse problem of identifying nonlinear dependencies in hyperbolic systems of PDEs, here piezoelectric material parameter curves, is the aim of this work. The dominant material tensor entries in the coupled field equations which describe the electromechanical interplay are approximated by functions depending on the physical field quantities electric field or mechanical stress. In order to solve this nonlinear and ill-posed problem of parameter curve identification efficiently, modified Landweber iterations (steepest descent and minimal error) will be studied. A multilevel approach is expedient due to the discretization of the unknown parameter curves and high computational efforts solving the forward problem (transient, nonlinear FEM computations). Theoretical investigations concerning convergence and regularization properties of the methods in a multilevel scenario will be presented, along with numerical results from an example in piezoelectricity. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Micromechanically motivated finite element model for ferroelectric ceramics

Ferroelectric ceramics exhibit significant coupled electromechanical phenomena that have been widely employed in sensor and actuator applications. In regular finite element models dealing with electromechanical plane problems, each grain needs to be subdiscretized by many triangular or quadrilateral elements for required accuracy. This problem can be overcome by a polygonal finite element approach where each grain is modelled by a single finite element without compromising on the results. In this paper, a polygonal finite element approach has been employed to understand the anisotropic response of the ferroelectric ceramics in their piezoelectric region. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A finite element model for laminated piezoelectric shell structures

Thin piezoelectric laminates are used for a wide range of technical applications. A four-node piezoelectric shell element is presented to analyse such structures effectively. In case of bending dominated problems incompatible approximation functions of the electrical and mechanical fields cause incorrect results. In order to overcome this problem the finite element formulation is based on a mixed variational principle implying six independent fields: displacements, electric potential, strains, electric field, mechanical stresses and dielectric displacements. This allows for an interpolation of the strains and the electric field in thickness direction independent of the bilinear interpolation functions. A piecewise quadratic approach for the shear strains in thickness direction and the corresponding electric field is proposed for arbitrarily layered shells. Regarding coupling of electrical and mechanical fields this yields to an appropriate balance of the approximation functions. Numerical examples show more precise results in contrast to standard elements with lowest order interpolation functions. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Shape control of piezolaminated thin-walled structures using nonlinear piezoelectric actuators

In the present paper a 2D-shell finite element model is proposed to carry out static analysis of piezolaminated composite shells by incorporating nonlinear constitutive relations in order to describe the electromechanical coupling under strong electric fields. The present shell element has 5 mechanical DOFs and 3 electrical DOFs per node. The developed composite piezolaminated shell element is employed to study the static behavior and shaping of spherical antenna reflector laminated with piezo-patches under both weak and strong electric fields. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Non-linear buckling for the surface rectangular delamination of laminated piezoelectric shells

An analytical method is presented to study the non-linear buckling characteristic of rectangular local delamination near the surface of fiber-reinforced piezoelectric lamination shells under coupled mechanical and electric loads. The stacking sequence of fiber reinforced lamination shells with piezoelectric layers is considered as symmetry, but the stacking sequence of rectangular local delamination sub-shells is arbitrary. Based on the nonlinear displacement mode of delaminated sub-shells, the effects of electric fields, the geometrical, physical parameters and stacking sequences of piezoelectric laminated shells on the non-linear local buckling for rectangular delamination near the surface of piezoelectric laminated base-shells are solved.     

Static and dynamic analysis of smart cylindrical shell

Shell type components and structures are very common in many mechanical and structural systems. In smart structural applications, piezolaminated plates and shells are commonly used. In this paper a finite element formulation is presented to model the static and dynamic response of laminated composite shells containing integrated piezoelectric sensors and actuators subjected to electrical, mechanical and thermal loadings. The formulation is based on the first order shear deformation theory and Hamilton's principle. In this formulation, the mass and stiffness of the piezo-layers have been taken into account. A nine-noded degenerated shell element is implemented for the analysis. The model is validated by comparing with existing results documented in the literature. A simple negative velocity feedback control algorithm coupling the direct and converse piezoelectric effects is used to actively control the dynamic response of an integrated structure through a closed control loop. The influence of the stacking sequence and position of sensors/actuators on the response of the laminated cylindrical shell is evaluated. Numerical results show that piezoelectric sensors/actuators can be used to control the shape and vibration of laminated composite cylindrical shell.     

Advanced finite element formulations for modeling thin piezoelectric structures

This contribution is concerned with mixed finite element formulations for modeling piezoelectric beam and shell structures. Due to the electromechanical coupling, specific deformation modes are joined with electric field components. In bending dominated problems incompatible approximation functions of these fields cause incorrect results. These effects occur in standard finite element formulations, where interpolation functions of lowest order are used. A mixed variational approach is introduced to overcome these problems. The mixed formulation allows for a consistent approximation of the electromechanical coupled problem. It utilizes six independent fields and could be derived from a Hu-Washizu variational principle. Displacements, rotations and the electric potential are employed as nodal degrees of freedom. According to the Timoshenko theory (beam) and the Reissner-Mindlin theory (shell), the formulations account for constant transversal shear strains. To incorporate three dimensional constitutive relations all transversal components of the electric field and the strain field are enriched by mixed finite element interpolations. Thus the complete piezoelectric coupling is appropriately captured. The common assumption of vanishing transversal stress and dielectric displacement components is enforced in an integral sense. Some numerical examples will demonstrate the capability of the presented finite element formulation. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Asymptotic analysis for a dynamic piezoelectric shallow shell

The paper deals with the asymptotic formulation and justification of a mechanical model for a dynamic piezoelastic shallow shell in Cartesian coordinates. Starting from the three‐dimensional dynamic piezoelastic problem and by an asymptotic approach, the authors study the convergence of the displacement field and of the electric potential as the thickness of the shell goes to zero. In order to obtain a nontrivial limit problem by asymptotic analysis, we need different scalings on the mass density. The authors show that the transverse mechanical displacement field coupled with the in‐plane components solves an problem with new piezoelectric characteristics and also investigate the very popular case of cubic crystals and show that, for two‐dimensional shallow shells, the coupling piezoelectric effect disappears. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An electromechanically coupled intrinsic,mixed variational formulation for geometrically nonlinear smart composite beam

The work presented in this article is the outcome of a combined strategy of a mathematical tool for 2D cross-sectional analysis, i.e., Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) as well as the 1D exact beam analyzer, i.e., the intrinsic mixed variational formulation for modeling and analysis of Piezoelectric-laminated composite beams. This work talks about a novel approach of mixed variational formulation to analyze a two-way electromechanically coupled piezoelectric composite beam. In a classical intrinsic mixed variational approach for a passive structure, the 1D exact beam model deals only with mechanical degrees of freedom. In the present case, an extra 1D electrical degree of freedom has been incorporated. A computational code is developed based on the present theory to solve the two-way coupled electromechanical beam problem. In the present case, we have validated the static results for sensor application. Both linear and nonlinear results have been discussed. Results obtained are very promising and are helpful in building a platform where design, optimization and nonlinear analysis of composite ‘smart’ beams in a multibody framework can be done faster while maintaining acceptable accuracy.     

A Finite Element Formulation for the Nonlinear Analysis of Piezoelectric Three-Dimensional Beam Structures

A finite element formulation for a three-dimensional piezoelectric beam which includes geometrical and material nonlinearities is presented. To account for the piezoelectric effect, the coupling between the mechanical stress and the electrical displacement is considered. Based on the Timoshenko theory, an eccentric beam formulation is introduced which provides an efficient model to analyze piezoelectric structures. The geometrically nonlinear assumption allows the calculation of large deformations including buckling analysis. A quadratic approximation of the electric potential through the cross section of the beam ensures the fulfilment of the charge conservation law exactly. This assumption leads to a finite element formulation with six mechanical and five electrical degrees of freedom per node. To take into account the typical ferroelectric hysteresis phenomena, a nonlinear material model is essential. For this purpose, the phenomenological Preisach model is implemented into the beam formulation which provides an efficient determination of the remanent part of the polarization. The applicability of the introduced beam formulation is discussed with respect to available data from literature. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Characterization of a nonlinear MEMS-based piezoelectric resonator for wideband micro power generation

Micro-scale piezoelectric unimorph beams with attached proof masses are the most prevalent structures in MEMS-based energy harvesters considering micro fabrication and natural frequency limitations. In doubly clamped beams a nonlinear stiffness is observed as a result of midplane stretching effect which leads to amplitude-stiffened Duffing resonance. In this study, a nonlinear model of a doubly clamped piezoelectric micro power generator, taking into account geometric nonlinearities including stretching and large curvatures, is investigated. The governing nonlinear coupled electromechanical partial differential equations of motion are determined by exploiting Hamilton's principle. A semi-analytical approach implementing the perturbation method of multiple scales is used to solve the nonlinear coupled differential equations and analyze the primary and superharmonic resonances. Results indicate that operational bandwidth of the nonlinear harvester is enhanced considerably with respect to linear models. Moreover considerable amount of power is generated due to occurrence of superharmonic resonances. This yields to extraction of energy at subharmonics of the natural frequency which is crucially important in MEMS-based harvesters.     

A finite element modeling of piezoelectric materials with a superimposed stress

Based on the mechanism of domain switching, a three dimensional nonlinear finite element model for piezoelectric materials subjected to electromechancial loading is developed in this contribution. The finally considered model problem deals with differently oriented grains whereby uni-axial, quasi-static cyclic loading is applied. It is assumed that a crystal orientation switches if the reduction in free energy of the grain exceeds a critical energy barrier. The nonlinearity in the small electromechanical loading range is addresses via a polynomial probability function for domain switching. Hysteresis behavior is discussed taking the influence of a superimposed compression state into account. It is observed that the hysteresis loop flattens under the axial compression but elongates under the transverse compression. Irrespective of how the compression is applied, the remnant polarization and as well as the coercive electric field decrease. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Direct model reference adaptive control (MRAC) design and simulation for the vibration suppression of piezoelectric smart structures

The paper presents control system design based on a non-linear model reference adaptive control law (MRAC) used for the vibration suppression of a smart piezoelectric mechanical structure. Numerical simulation of the proposed control system is performed based on the finite element (FE) model of the structure, modally reduced in order to meet the requirements of the control system design. First the MRAC problem is defined and a direct control algorithm described in the paper is suggested as a solution to the control problem. The basic MRAC algorithm is modified by augmenting the integral term of the control law in order to provide the robustness of the control system with respect to the stability. This approach provides preserving the boundness of the system states and adaptive gains, with small trackings error over large ranges of non-ideal conditions and uncertainties. The efficiency of the suggested control for the vibration suppression is tested and shown through a numerical simulation of the funnel-shaped piezoelectric structure.     

复合材料多层板壳大挠度非线性问题的迭代解法

在王震鸣等人提出的各向异性多层扁壳的大挠度方程的基础上,提出了复合材料多层板壳大挠度非线性问题的迭代解法。分析了四边简支的复合材料多层矩形扁壳,与小挠度线性理论解析解及有限元非线性解进行了对比。结果表明,载荷较小并发生小挠度时,所得的大挠度解和小挠度解析解非常接近,载荷较大时,所得解和有限元非线性解非常接近。     

Geometrically nonlinear shell finite element based on the geometry of a planar curve

An engineering approach for constructing a curved triangular finite element of a thin shell is considered. The approach is based on the assumption that the triangle sides are planar nearly circular curves before and after deformation. A geometrically nonlinear formulation of a triangular finite element of a thin Kirchhoff–Love shell is given. The predictive capabilities of the element are tested using benchmark problems of nonlinear deformation of elastic plates and shells.     

Dynamic stability and sensitivity to geometric imperfections of strongly compressed circular cylindrical shells under dynamic axial loads

In the present paper, the dynamic stability of circular cylindrical shells is investigated; the combined effect of compressive static and periodic axial loads is considered. The Sanders–Koiter theory is applied to model the nonlinear dynamics of the system in the case of finite amplitude of vibration; Lagrange equations are used to reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The dynamic stability is investigated using direct numerical simulation and a dichotomic algorithm to find the instability boundaries as the excitation frequency is varied; the effect of geometric imperfections is investigated in detail. The accuracy of the approach is checked by means of comparisons with the literature.     

Solution of a coupled problem of thermopiezoelectricity based on a geometrically exact shell element

Based on a 7-parameter shell model, a numerical algorithm has been developed for solving a coupled problem of thermoelectroelasticity for a laminated piezoelectric shell subjected to a thermoelectromechanical loading. As unknowns, six tangential and transverse displacements of outer surfaces and the transverse displacement of shell midsurface are chosen. This choice provides a possibility of utilizing the complete 3D constitutive equations of thermopiezoelectricity. A geometrically exact 3D hybrid piezoelectric shell element is formulated by using nonconventional analytical integration. With the help of this finite element, solutions of coupled problems of thermoelectroelasticity for laminated plates and shells with segmented and distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators are obtained.