Non-autonomous stochastic evolution equations and applications to stochastic partial differential equations

In this paper we study the following non-autonomous stochastic evolution equation on a Banach space E: $({\rm SE})\quad \left\{\begin{array}{ll} {\rm d}U(t) = (A(t)U(t) +F(t,U(t)))\,{\rm d}t + B(t,U(t))\,{\rm d}W_H(t), \quad t\in [0,T], \\ U(0) = u_0.\end{array}\right.$ Here, ${(A(t))_{t\in [0,T]}}In this paper we study the following non-autonomous stochastic evolution equation on a Banach space E:

(SE)    {ll dU(t) = (A(t)U(t) +F(t,U(t))) dt + B(t,U(t)) dWH(t),     t ? [0,T], U(0) = u0.({\rm SE})\quad \left\{\begin{array}{ll} {\rm d}U(t) = (A(t)U(t) +F(t,U(t)))\,{\rm d}t + B(t,U(t))\,{\rm d}W_H(t), \quad t\in [0,T], \\ U(0) = u_0.\end{array}\right.      3. Boundary value problems for complete quasi-parabolic differential equations of odd order with variable domains of operators      F. E. Lomovtsev 《Differential Equations》2008,44(6):866-871 We prove the well-posed solvability in the strong sense of the boundary value Problems $$\begin{gathered} ( - 1)\frac{{_m d^{2m + 1} u}}{{dt^{2m + 1} }} + \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{m - 1} {\frac{{d^{k + 1} }}{{dt^{k + 1} }}} A_{2k + 1} (t)\frac{{d^k u}}{{dt^k }} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {\frac{{d^k }}{{dt^k }}} A_{2k} (t)\frac{{d^k u}}{{dt^k }} + \lambda _m A_0 (t)u = f, \hfill \\ t \in ]0,t[,\lambda _m \geqslant 1, \hfill \\ {{d^i u} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{d^i u} {dt^i }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt^i }}|_{t = 0} = {{d^j u} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{d^j u} {dt^j }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt^j }}|_{t = T} = 0,i = 0,...,m,j = 0,...,m - 1,m = 0,1,..., \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where the unbounded operators A s (t), s > 0, in a Hilbert space H have domains D(A s (t)) depending on t, are subordinate to the powers A 1?(s?1)/2m (t) of some self-adjoint operators A(t) ≥ 0 in H, are [(s+1)/2] times differentiable with respect to t, and satisfy some inequalities. In the space H, the maximally accretive operators A 0(t) and the symmetric operators A s (t), s > 0, are approximated by smooth maximally dissipative operators B(t) in such a way that $$\begin{gathered} \mathop {lim}\limits_{\varepsilon \to 0} Re(A_0 (t)B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t)(B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t))^ * u,u)_H = Re(A_0 (t)u,u)_H \geqslant c(A(t)u,u)_H \hfill \\ \forall u \in D(A_0 (t)),c > 0, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ , where the smoothing operators are defined by $$B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t) = (I - \varepsilon B(t))^{ - 1} ,(B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t)) * = (I - \varepsilon B^ * (t))^{ - 1} ,\varepsilon > 0.$$ .       4. On the mean lattice point discrepancy of a convex disc      W. G. Nowak 《Archiv der Mathematik》2002,78(3):241-248 For a convex planar domain D \cal {D} , with smooth boundary of finite nonzero curvature, we consider the number of lattice points in the linearly dilated domain t D t \cal {D} . In particular the lattice point discrepancy PD(t) P_{\cal {D}}(t) (number of lattice points minus area), is investigated in mean-square over short intervals. We establish an asymptotic formula for¶¶ òT - LT + L(PD(t))2dt \int\limits_{T - \Lambda}^{T + \Lambda}(P_{\cal {D}}(t))^2\textrm{d}t ,¶¶ for any L = L(T) \Lambda = \Lambda(T) growing faster than logT.      5. Asymptotically autonomous parabolic evolution equations      Roland Schnaubelt 《Journal of Evolution Equations》2001,1(1):19-37 We study the long-term behaviour of the parabolic evolution equation $\[u'(t)=A(t)u(t)+f(t), t>s,\quad u(s)=x. \]$\[u'(t)=A(t)u(t)+f(t), t>s,\quad u(s)=x. \] If A(t) A(t) converges to a sectorial operator A with s(A)?i \Bbb R = ? \sigma(A)\cap i \Bbb R =\emptyset as t?￥ t\to\infty , then the evolution family solving the homogeneous problem has exponential dichotomy. If also f(t)? f￥ f(t)\to f_\infty , then the solution u converges to the 'stationary solution at infinity', i.e., limt?￥u(t) = -A\sp-1f￥=:u￥,        limt?￥u￠(t)=0,        limt?￥A(t)u(t)=Au￥. \lim_{t\to\infty}u(t)= -A\sp{-1}f_\infty=:u_\infty, \qquad \lim_{t\to\infty}u'(t)=0, \qquad \lim_{t\to\infty}A(t)u(t)=Au_\infty. .      6. A note on growth sequences of alternating groups      A. Erfanian 《Archiv der Mathematik》2002,78(4):257-262 The aim of this paper is to give a lower bound for h(2, An), where h(2, An) is the maximum number such that Anh(2, An) A_n^{h(2, A_n)} can be generated by 2 elements, where An is the alternating group on n symbols, and n \geqq 5 n \geqq 5 . Kantor and Lubotzky (1990) gave a lower bound¶ \fracn!8 \frac{n!}{8} for sufficiently large n by the probability of generating the symmetric group. I have improved the above lower bound to \fracn!5 \frac{n!}{5} for large n, using a different method.      7. Amenable representations and dynamics of the unit sphere in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space      V.G. Pestov 《Geometric And Functional Analysis》2000,10(5):1171-1201 We establish a close link between the amenability property of a unitary representation p \pi of a group G (in the sense of Bekka) and the concentration property (in the sense of V. Milman) of the corresponding dynamical system (\Bbb Sp, G) ({\Bbb S}_{\pi}, G) , where \Bbb SH {\Bbb S}_{\cal H} is the unit sphere the Hilbert space of representation. We prove that p \pi is amenable if and only if either p \pi contains a finite-dimensional subrepresentation or the maximal uniform compactification of (\Bbb Sp ({\Bbb S}_{\pi} has a G-fixed point. Equivalently, the latter means that the G-space (\Bbb Sp, G) ({\Bbb S}_{\pi}, G) has the concentration property: every finite cover of the sphere \Bbb Sp {\Bbb S}_{\pi} contains a set A such that for every e > 0 \epsilon > 0 the e \epsilon -neighbourhoods of the translations of A by finitely many elements of G always intersect. As a corollary, amenability of p \pi is equivalent to the existence of a G-invariant mean on the uniformly continuous bounded functions on \Bbb Sp {\Bbb S}_{\pi} . As another corollary, a locally compact group G is amenable if and only if for every strongly continuous unitary representation of G in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space H {\cal H} the system (\Bbb SH, G) ({\Bbb S}_{\cal H}, G) has the property of concentration.      8. Monotone iterative method for abstract impulsive integro-differential equations with nonlocal conditions in Banach spaces      Pengyu Chen  Yongxiang Li 《Applications of Mathematics》2014,59(1):99-120 In this paper we use a monotone iterative technique in the presence of the lower and upper solutions to discuss the existence of mild solutions for a class of semilinear impulsive integro-differential evolution equations of Volterra type with nonlocal conditions in a Banach space E $$\left\{ \begin{gathered} u'(t) + Au(t) = f(t,u(t),Gu(t)) t \in J,t \ne t_k , \hfill \\ \Delta _{\left. u \right|_{t = t_k } } = u\left( {t_k^ + } \right) - u\left( {t_k^ - } \right) = I_k \left( {u\left( {t_k } \right)} \right), k = 1,2, \ldots ,m, \hfill \\ u(0) = g(u) + x_0 , \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.$$ where A: D(A) ? E → E is a closed linear operator and ?A generates a strongly continuous semigroup T(t) (t ? 0) on E, f ∈ C(J × E × E, E), J = [0, a], 0 < t 1 < t 2 < ... < t m < a, I k ∈ C(E, E), k = 1, 2, ..., m, and g constitutes a nonlocal condition. Under suitable monotonicity conditions and noncompactness measure conditions, we obtain the existence of the extremal mild solutions between the lower and upper solutions assuming that ?A generates a compact semigroup, a strongly continuous semigroup or an equicontinuous semigroup. The results improve and extend some relevant results in ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. Some concrete applications to partial differential equations are considered.      9. On a semigroup generated by a convex combination of two Feller generators      Adam Bobrowski 《Journal of Evolution Equations》2007,7(3):555-565 Let be a locally compact Hausdorff space. Let A and B be two generators of Feller semigroups in with related Feller processes {X A (t), t ≥ 0} and {X B (t), t ≥ 0} and let α and β be two non-negative continuous functions on with α + β = 1. Assume that the closure C of C 0 = αA + βB with generates a Feller semigroup {T C (t), t ≥ 0} in . It is natural to think of a related Feller process {X C (t), t ≥ 0} as that evolving according to the following heuristic rules. Conditional on being at a point , with probability α(p) the process behaves like {X A (t), t ≥ 0} and with probability β(p) it behaves like {X B (t), t ≥ 0}. We provide an approximation of {T C (t), t ≥ 0} via a sequence of semigroups acting in that supports this interpretation. This work is motivated by the recent model of stochastic gene expression due to Lipniacki et al. [17].      10. Well-Posedness of Fractional Differential Equations on Vector-Valued Function Spaces      Shangquan Bu 《Integral Equations and Operator Theory》2011,71(2):259-274 We study the well-posedness of the fractional differential equations with infinite delay (P 2): Da u(t)=Au(t)+òt-￥a(t-s)Au(s)ds + f(t), (0 ￡ t ￡ 2p){D^\alpha u(t)=Au(t)+\int^{t}_{-\infty}a(t-s)Au(s)ds + f(t), (0\leq t \leq2\pi)}, where A is a closed operator in a Banach space ${X, \alpha > 0, a\in {L}^1(\mathbb{R}_+)}${X, \alpha > 0, a\in {L}^1(\mathbb{R}_+)} and f is an X-valued function. Under suitable assumptions on the parameter α and the Laplace transform of a, we completely characterize the well-posedness of (P 2) on Lebesgue-Bochner spaces Lp(\mathbbT, X){L^p(\mathbb{T}, X)} and periodic Besov spaces B p,qs(\mathbbT, X){{B} _{p,q}^s(\mathbb{T}, X)} .      11. On the singularities of residual intertwining operators      W. Müller 《Geometric And Functional Analysis》2000,10(5):1118-1170 Let G be a reductive algebraic group defined over \Bbb Q {\Bbb Q} . Let P, P' be parabolic subgroups of G, defined over \Bbb Q {\Bbb Q} , and let _boxclose_boxclose, a_P') t \in W({\frak a}_{P}, {\frak a}_{P'}) . In this paper we study the intertwining operator MP￠|P(t,l), l ? \frak a*P,\Bbb C M_{P' \vert P}(t,\lambda),\,\lambda \in {\frak a}^*_{P,{\Bbb C}} , acting in corresponding spaces of automorphic forms. One of the main results states that each matrix coefficient of MP￠|P(t,l) M_{P' \vert P}(t,\lambda) is a meromorphic function of order ￡ n + 1 \le n + 1 , where n = dim G. Using this result, we further investigate the rank one intertwining operators, in particular, we study the distribution of their poles.      12. Some ratio inequalities for iterated stochastic integrals      Litan Yan 《Mathematische Nachrichten》2003,259(1):84-98 Let X = (Xt, ?t) be a continuous local martingale with quadratic variation 〈X〉 and X0 = 0. Define iterated stochastic integrals In(X) = (In(t, X), ?t), n ≥ 0, inductively by $$ I_{n} (t, X) = \int ^{t} _{0} I_{n-1} (s, X)dX_{s} $$ with I0(t, X) = 1 and I1(t, X) = Xt. Let (??xt(X)) be the local time of a continuous local martingale X at x ∈ ?. Denote ??*t(X) = supx∈? ??xt(X) and X* = supt≥0 |Xt|. In this paper, we shall establish various ratio inequalities for In(X). In particular, we show that the inequalities $$ c_{n,p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le \; \left\Vert {\mathop \sup \limits _{t \ge 0}} \; {\left\vert I_{n} (t, X) \right\vert \over {(1+ \langle X \rangle _{t} ) ^{n/2}}} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le C_{n, p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} $$ hold for 0 < p < ∞ with some positive constants cn,p and Cn,p depending only on n and p, where G(t) = log(1+ log(1+ t)). Furthermore, we also show that for some γ ≥ 0 the inequality $$ E \left[ U ^{p}_{n} \exp \left( \gamma {U ^{1/n} _{n} \over {V}} \right) \right] \le C_{n, p, \gamma} E [V ^{n, p}] \quad (0 < p < \infty ) $$ holds with some positive constant Cn,p,γ depending only on n, p and γ, where Un is one of 〈In(X)〉1/2∞ and I*n(X), and V one of the three random variables X*, 〈X〉1/2∞ and ??*∞(X). (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)      13. An Extension of Hall's Theorem      Iosef Pinelis 《Annals of Combinatorics》2002,6(1):103-106 Let (Ai) i ? I (A_i) _{i \in I} and (Bi) i ? I (B_i) _ {i \in I} be two (possibly infinite) families of finite sets. Let cl(P) denote the closure of the set P : = { (Ai, Bi ): i ? I } P := \{ ({A_i}, {B_i} ): i \in I \} of the pairs with respect to the componentwise union and intersection operations. Then there exists an injective map èi ? I Ai ? èi ? I Bi {\displaystyle \bigcup _ {i \in I}} A_i \rightarrow {\displaystyle \bigcup _ {i \in I }} B_i such that f (Ai) í Bi f (A_i) \subseteq B_i for every i if, and only if, card (A) ￡ (A) \leq card (B) for every pair (A, B) ? cl (P) (A, B) \in cl (P) .      14. Boundedness and convergence of martingales in rearrangement-invariant function spaces      M. Kikuchi 《Archiv der Mathematik》2000,75(4):312-320 Let (W, F, P)(\Omega, \cal F, P) be a complete nonatomic probability space. We shall give a characterization of rearrangement-invariant spaces X over W\Omega with the property that every martingale f = (fn)n \geqq 0f = (f_n)_{n \geqq 0} bounded in X converges with respect to the norm topology of X. Using the results, we shall consider the summability of martingales by Toeplitz matrices.      15. Maps Between Uniform Algebras Preserving Norms of Rational Functions      Rumi Shindo 《Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics》2011,8(1):81-95 Let A, B be uniform algebras. Suppose that A 0, B 0 are subgroups of A −1, B −1 that contain exp A, exp B respectively. Let α be a non-zero complex number. Suppose that m, n are non-zero integers and d is the greatest common divisor of m and n. If T : A 0 → B 0 is a surjection with ||T(f)mT(g)n - a||￥ = ||fmgn - a||￥{\|T(f)^{m}T(g)^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty} = \|f^{m}g^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty}} for all f,g ? A0{f,g \in A_0}, then there exists a real-algebra isomorphism [(T)\tilde] : A ? B{\tilde{T} : A \rightarrow B} such that [(T)\tilde](f)d = (T(f)/T(1))d{\tilde{T}(f)^d = (T(f)/T(1))^d} for every f ? A0{f \in A_0}. This result leads to the following assertion: Suppose that S A , S B are subsets of A, B that contain A −1, B −1 respectively. If m, n > 0 and a surjection T : S A → S B satisfies ||T(f)mT(g)n - a||￥ = ||fmgn - a||￥{\|T(f)^{m}T(g)^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty} = \|f^{m}g^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty}} for all f, g ? SA{f, g \in S_A}, then there exists a real-algebra isomorphism [(T)\tilde] : A ? B{\tilde{T} : A \rightarrow B} such that [(T)\tilde](f)d = (T(f)/T(1))d{\tilde{T}(f)^d = (T(f)/T(1))^d} for every f ? SA{f \in S_A}. Note that in these results and elsewhere in this paper we do not assume that T(exp A) = exp B.      16. A general oscillation theorem for self-adjoint differential systems with applications to Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and quadratic functionals      G. Baur  W. Kratz 《Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo》1989,38(3):329-370 For given 2n×2n matricesS 13,S 24 with rank(S 13,S 24)=2n we consider the eigenvalue problem:u′=A(x)u+B(x)v,v′=C 1(x;λ)u-A T(x)v with       17. Strong monotonicity of operator functions      Mitsuru Uchiyama 《Integral Equations and Operator Theory》2000,37(1):95-105 LetA, B be bounded selfadjoint operators on a Hilbert space. We will give a formula to get the maximum subspace such that is invariant forA andB, and . We will use this to show strong monotonicity or strong convexity of operator functions. We will see that when 0≤A≤B, andB−A is of finite rank,A t ≤B t for somet>1 if and only if the null space ofB−A is invariant forA.      18. An Extension of the Admissibility-Type Conditions for the Exponential Dichotomy of C 0-Semigroups      Ciprian Preda  Petre Preda 《Integral Equations and Operator Theory》2009,63(2):249-261 In the present paper we obtain a sufficient condition for the exponential dichotomy of a strongly continuous, one-parameter semigroup , in terms of the admissibility of the pair . It is already known the equivalence between the -admissibility condition and and the hyperbolicity of a C 0-semigroup , when we assume a priori that the kernel of the dichotomic projector (denoted here by X 2) is T(t)-invariant and is an invertible operator. We succeed to prove in this paper that the admissibility of the pair still implies the existence of an exponential dichotomy for a C 0-semigroup even in the general case where the kernel of the dichotomic projector, X 2, is not assumed to be T(t)-invariant.       19. Inequalities of Hlawka type for matrices      S. Wada 《Archiv der Mathematik》2001,77(5):415-422 A generalized Hlawka's inequality says that for any n (\geqq 2) (\geqq 2) complex numbers¶ x1, x2, ..., xn,¶¶ ?i=1n|xi - ?j=1nxj| \leqq ?i=1n|xi| + (n - 2)|?j=1nxj|. \sum_{i=1}^n\Bigg|x_i - \sum_{j=1}^{n}x_j\Bigg| \leqq \sum_{i=1}^{n}|x_i| + (n - 2)\Bigg|\sum_{j=1}^{n}x_j\Bigg|. ¶¶ We generalize this inequality to the trace norm and the trace of an n x n matrix A as¶¶ ||A - Tr A ||1 \leqq ||A||1 + (n - 2)| Tr A|. ||A - {\rm Tr} A ||_1\ \leqq ||A||_1 + (n - 2)| {\rm Tr} A|. ¶¶ We consider also the related inequalities for p-norms (1 \leqq p \leqq ￥) (1 \leqq p \leqq \infty) on matrices.      20. On the Asymptotic Behavior of Perturbed Strongly Continuous Semigroups      Simon Brendle 《Mathematische Nachrichten》2001,226(1):35-47 For a strongly continuous semigroup (T(t))t≥0 with generator A on a Banach space X and an A–bounded perturbation B we characterize norm continuity and compactness of the terms in the Dyson–Phillips series of the perturbed semigroup (S(t))t≥0 .This allows us to characterize uniform exponential stability of (S(t))t≥0 by spectral conditions on (T(t))t≥0 and A + B. The results are applied to a delay differential equation.

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Boundary value problems for complete quasi-parabolic differential equations of odd order with variable domains of operators

We prove the well-posed solvability in the strong sense of the boundary value Problems

$$\begin{gathered} ( - 1)\frac{{_m d^{2m + 1} u}}{{dt^{2m + 1} }} + \sum\limits_{k = 0}^{m - 1} {\frac{{d^{k + 1} }}{{dt^{k + 1} }}} A_{2k + 1} (t)\frac{{d^k u}}{{dt^k }} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^m {\frac{{d^k }}{{dt^k }}} A_{2k} (t)\frac{{d^k u}}{{dt^k }} + \lambda _m A_0 (t)u = f, \hfill \\ t \in ]0,t[,\lambda _m \geqslant 1, \hfill \\ {{d^i u} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{d^i u} {dt^i }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt^i }}|_{t = 0} = {{d^j u} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{d^j u} {dt^j }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt^j }}|_{t = T} = 0,i = 0,...,m,j = 0,...,m - 1,m = 0,1,..., \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$

where the unbounded operators A _s (t), s > 0, in a Hilbert space H have domains D(A _s (t)) depending on t, are subordinate to the powers A ^1?(s?1)/2m (t) of some self-adjoint operators A(t) ≥ 0 in H, are [(s+1)/2] times differentiable with respect to t, and satisfy some inequalities. In the space H, the maximally accretive operators A ₀(t) and the symmetric operators A _s (t), s > 0, are approximated by smooth maximally dissipative operators B(t) in such a way that

$$\begin{gathered} \mathop {lim}\limits_{\varepsilon \to 0} Re(A_0 (t)B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t)(B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t))^ * u,u)_H = Re(A_0 (t)u,u)_H \geqslant c(A(t)u,u)_H \hfill \\ \forall u \in D(A_0 (t)),c > 0, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$

, where the smoothing operators are defined by

$$B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t) = (I - \varepsilon B(t))^{ - 1} ,(B_\varepsilon ^{ - 1} (t)) * = (I - \varepsilon B^ * (t))^{ - 1} ,\varepsilon > 0.$$

.

     

On the mean lattice point discrepancy of a convex disc

For a convex planar domain D \cal {D} , with smooth boundary of finite nonzero curvature, we consider the number of lattice points in the linearly dilated domain t D t \cal {D} . In particular the lattice point discrepancy P_D(t) P_{\cal {D}}(t) (number of lattice points minus area), is investigated in mean-square over short intervals. We establish an asymptotic formula for¶¶ ò_{T - L}^{T + L}(P_D(t))²dt \int\limits_{T - \Lambda}^{T + \Lambda}(P_{\cal {D}}(t))^2\textrm{d}t ,¶¶ for any L = L(T) \Lambda = \Lambda(T) growing faster than logT.     

Asymptotically autonomous parabolic evolution equations

We study the long-term behaviour of the parabolic evolution equation $\[u'(t)=A(t)u(t)+f(t), t>s,\quad u(s)=x. \]$\[u'(t)=A(t)u(t)+f(t), t>s,\quad u(s)=x. \] If A(t) A(t) converges to a sectorial operator A with s(A)?i \Bbb R = ? \sigma(A)\cap i \Bbb R =\emptyset as t?￥ t\to\infty , then the evolution family solving the homogeneous problem has exponential dichotomy. If also f(t)? f_￥ f(t)\to f_\infty , then the solution u converges to the 'stationary solution at infinity', i.e., lim_t?￥u(t) = -A\sp-1f_￥=:u_￥,        lim_t?￥u￠(t)=0,        lim_t?￥A(t)u(t)=Au_￥. \lim_{t\to\infty}u(t)= -A\sp{-1}f_\infty=:u_\infty, \qquad \lim_{t\to\infty}u'(t)=0, \qquad \lim_{t\to\infty}A(t)u(t)=Au_\infty. .     

A note on growth sequences of alternating groups

The aim of this paper is to give a lower bound for h(2, A_n), where h(2, A_n) is the maximum number such that A_n^{h(2, A_n)} A_n^{h(2, A_n)} can be generated by 2 elements, where A_n is the alternating group on n symbols, and n \geqq 5 n \geqq 5 . Kantor and Lubotzky (1990) gave a lower bound¶ \fracn!8 \frac{n!}{8} for sufficiently large n by the probability of generating the symmetric group. I have improved the above lower bound to \fracn!5 \frac{n!}{5} for large n, using a different method.     

Amenable representations and dynamics of the unit sphere in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space

We establish a close link between the amenability property of a unitary representation p \pi of a group G (in the sense of Bekka) and the concentration property (in the sense of V. Milman) of the corresponding dynamical system (\Bbb S_p, G) ({\Bbb S}_{\pi}, G) , where \Bbb S_H {\Bbb S}_{\cal H} is the unit sphere the Hilbert space of representation. We prove that p \pi is amenable if and only if either p \pi contains a finite-dimensional subrepresentation or the maximal uniform compactification of (\Bbb S_p ({\Bbb S}_{\pi} has a G-fixed point. Equivalently, the latter means that the G-space (\Bbb S_p, G) ({\Bbb S}_{\pi}, G) has the concentration property: every finite cover of the sphere \Bbb S_p {\Bbb S}_{\pi} contains a set A such that for every e > 0 \epsilon > 0 the e \epsilon -neighbourhoods of the translations of A by finitely many elements of G always intersect. As a corollary, amenability of p \pi is equivalent to the existence of a G-invariant mean on the uniformly continuous bounded functions on \Bbb S_p {\Bbb S}_{\pi} . As another corollary, a locally compact group G is amenable if and only if for every strongly continuous unitary representation of G in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space H {\cal H} the system (\Bbb S_H, G) ({\Bbb S}_{\cal H}, G) has the property of concentration.     

Monotone iterative method for abstract impulsive integro-differential equations with nonlocal conditions in Banach spaces

In this paper we use a monotone iterative technique in the presence of the lower and upper solutions to discuss the existence of mild solutions for a class of semilinear impulsive integro-differential evolution equations of Volterra type with nonlocal conditions in a Banach space E $$\left\{ \begin{gathered} u'(t) + Au(t) = f(t,u(t),Gu(t)) t \in J,t \ne t_k , \hfill \\ \Delta _{\left. u \right|_{t = t_k } } = u\left( {t_k^ + } \right) - u\left( {t_k^ - } \right) = I_k \left( {u\left( {t_k } \right)} \right), k = 1,2, \ldots ,m, \hfill \\ u(0) = g(u) + x_0 , \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.$$ where A: D(A) ? E → E is a closed linear operator and ?A generates a strongly continuous semigroup T(t) (t ? 0) on E, f ∈ C(J × E × E, E), J = [0, a], 0 < t ₁ < t ₂ < ... < t _m < a, I _k ∈ C(E, E), k = 1, 2, ..., m, and g constitutes a nonlocal condition. Under suitable monotonicity conditions and noncompactness measure conditions, we obtain the existence of the extremal mild solutions between the lower and upper solutions assuming that ?A generates a compact semigroup, a strongly continuous semigroup or an equicontinuous semigroup. The results improve and extend some relevant results in ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. Some concrete applications to partial differential equations are considered.     

On a semigroup generated by a convex combination of two Feller generators

Let be a locally compact Hausdorff space. Let A and B be two generators of Feller semigroups in with related Feller processes {X _A (t), t ≥ 0} and {X _B (t), t ≥ 0} and let α and β be two non-negative continuous functions on with α + β = 1. Assume that the closure C of C ₀ = αA + βB with generates a Feller semigroup {T _C (t), t ≥ 0} in . It is natural to think of a related Feller process {X _C (t), t ≥ 0} as that evolving according to the following heuristic rules. Conditional on being at a point , with probability α(p) the process behaves like {X _A (t), t ≥ 0} and with probability β(p) it behaves like {X _B (t), t ≥ 0}. We provide an approximation of {T _C (t), t ≥ 0} via a sequence of semigroups acting in that supports this interpretation. This work is motivated by the recent model of stochastic gene expression due to Lipniacki et al. [17].     

Well-Posedness of Fractional Differential Equations on Vector-Valued Function Spaces

We study the well-posedness of the fractional differential equations with infinite delay (P ₂): D^a u(t)=Au(t)+ò^t_-￥a(t-s)Au(s)ds + f(t), (0 ￡ t ￡ 2p){D^\alpha u(t)=Au(t)+\int^{t}_{-\infty}a(t-s)Au(s)ds + f(t), (0\leq t \leq2\pi)}, where A is a closed operator in a Banach space ${X, \alpha > 0, a\in {L}^1(\mathbb{R}_+)}${X, \alpha > 0, a\in {L}^1(\mathbb{R}_+)} and f is an X-valued function. Under suitable assumptions on the parameter α and the Laplace transform of a, we completely characterize the well-posedness of (P ₂) on Lebesgue-Bochner spaces L^p(\mathbbT, X){L^p(\mathbb{T}, X)} and periodic Besov spaces B _p,q^s(\mathbbT, X){{B} _{p,q}^s(\mathbb{T}, X)} .     

On the singularities of residual intertwining operators

Let G be a reductive algebraic group defined over \Bbb Q {\Bbb Q} . Let P, P' be parabolic subgroups of G, defined over \Bbb Q {\Bbb Q} , and let _boxclose_boxclose, a_P') t \in W({\frak a}_{P}, {\frak a}_{P'}) . In this paper we study the intertwining operator M_P￠|P(t,l), l ? \frak a^*_{P,\Bbb C} M_{P' \vert P}(t,\lambda),\,\lambda \in {\frak a}^*_{P,{\Bbb C}} , acting in corresponding spaces of automorphic forms. One of the main results states that each matrix coefficient of M_P￠|P(t,l) M_{P' \vert P}(t,\lambda) is a meromorphic function of order ￡ n + 1 \le n + 1 , where n = dim G. Using this result, we further investigate the rank one intertwining operators, in particular, we study the distribution of their poles.     

Some ratio inequalities for iterated stochastic integrals

Let X = (X_t, ?_t) be a continuous local martingale with quadratic variation 〈X〉 and X₀ = 0. Define iterated stochastic integrals I_n(X) = (I_n(t, X), ?_t), n ≥ 0, inductively by $$ I_{n} (t, X) = \int ^{t} _{0} I_{n-1} (s, X)dX_{s} $$ with I₀(t, X) = 1 and I₁(t, X) = X_t. Let (??^x_t(X)) be the local time of a continuous local martingale X at x ∈ ?. Denote ??*t(X) = sup_x∈? ??^x_t(X) and X* = sup_t≥0 |X_t|. In this paper, we shall establish various ratio inequalities for I_n(X). In particular, we show that the inequalities $$ c_{n,p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le \; \left\Vert {\mathop \sup \limits _{t \ge 0}} \; {\left\vert I_{n} (t, X) \right\vert \over {(1+ \langle X \rangle _{t} ) ^{n/2}}} \right\Vert _{p} \; \le C_{n, p} \, \left\Vert (G ( \langle X \rangle _{\infty} )) ^{n/2} \right\Vert _{p} $$ hold for 0 < p < ∞ with some positive constants c_n,p and C_n,p depending only on n and p, where G(t) = log(1+ log(1+ t)). Furthermore, we also show that for some γ ≥ 0 the inequality $$ E \left[ U ^{p}_{n} \exp \left( \gamma {U ^{1/n} _{n} \over {V}} \right) \right] \le C_{n, p, \gamma} E [V ^{n, p}] \quad (0 < p < \infty ) $$ holds with some positive constant C_n,p,γ depending only on n, p and γ, where U_n is one of 〈I_n(X)〉^1/2_∞ and I*_n(X), and V one of the three random variables X*, 〈X〉^1/2_∞ and ??*_∞(X). (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

An Extension of Hall's Theorem

Let (A_i) _{i ? I} (A_i) _{i \in I} and (B_i) _{i ? I} (B_i) _ {i \in I} be two (possibly infinite) families of finite sets. Let cl(P) denote the closure of the set P : = { (A_i, B_i ): i ? I } P := \{ ({A_i}, {B_i} ): i \in I \} of the pairs with respect to the componentwise union and intersection operations. Then there exists an injective map è_{i ? I} A_i ? è_{i ? I} B_i {\displaystyle \bigcup _ {i \in I}} A_i \rightarrow {\displaystyle \bigcup _ {i \in I }} B_i such that f (A_i) í B_i f (A_i) \subseteq B_i for every i if, and only if, card (A) ￡ (A) \leq card (B) for every pair (A, B) ? cl (P) (A, B) \in cl (P) .     

Boundedness and convergence of martingales in rearrangement-invariant function spaces

Let (W, F, P)(\Omega, \cal F, P) be a complete nonatomic probability space. We shall give a characterization of rearrangement-invariant spaces X over W\Omega with the property that every martingale f = (f_n)_{n \geqq 0}f = (f_n)_{n \geqq 0} bounded in X converges with respect to the norm topology of X. Using the results, we shall consider the summability of martingales by Toeplitz matrices.     

Maps Between Uniform Algebras Preserving Norms of Rational Functions

Let A, B be uniform algebras. Suppose that A ₀, B ₀ are subgroups of A ⁻¹, B ⁻¹ that contain exp A, exp B respectively. Let α be a non-zero complex number. Suppose that m, n are non-zero integers and d is the greatest common divisor of m and n. If T : A ₀ → B ₀ is a surjection with ||T(f)^mT(g)ⁿ - a||_￥ = ||f^mgⁿ - a||_￥{\|T(f)^{m}T(g)^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty} = \|f^{m}g^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty}} for all f,g ? A₀{f,g \in A_0}, then there exists a real-algebra isomorphism [(T)\tilde] : A ? B{\tilde{T} : A \rightarrow B} such that [(T)\tilde](f)^d = (T(f)/T(1))^d{\tilde{T}(f)^d = (T(f)/T(1))^d} for every f ? A₀{f \in A_0}. This result leads to the following assertion: Suppose that S _A , S _B are subsets of A, B that contain A ⁻¹, B ⁻¹ respectively. If m, n > 0 and a surjection T : S _A → S _B satisfies ||T(f)^mT(g)ⁿ - a||_￥ = ||f^mgⁿ - a||_￥{\|T(f)^{m}T(g)^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty} = \|f^{m}g^{n} - \alpha\|_{\infty}} for all f, g ? S_A{f, g \in S_A}, then there exists a real-algebra isomorphism [(T)\tilde] : A ? B{\tilde{T} : A \rightarrow B} such that [(T)\tilde](f)^d = (T(f)/T(1))^d{\tilde{T}(f)^d = (T(f)/T(1))^d} for every f ? S_A{f \in S_A}. Note that in these results and elsewhere in this paper we do not assume that T(exp A) = exp B.     

A general oscillation theorem for self-adjoint differential systems with applications to Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and quadratic functionals

For given 2n×2n matricesS ₁₃,S ₂₄ with rank(S ₁₃,S ₂₄)=2n we consider the eigenvalue problem:u′=A(x)u+B(x)v,v′=C ₁(x;λ)u-A ^T(x)v with

Strong monotonicity of operator functions

LetA, B be bounded selfadjoint operators on a Hilbert space. We will give a formula to get the maximum subspace such that is invariant forA andB, and . We will use this to show strong monotonicity or strong convexity of operator functions. We will see that when 0≤A≤B, andB−A is of finite rank,A ^t ≤B ^t for somet>1 if and only if the null space ofB−A is invariant forA.     

An Extension of the Admissibility-Type Conditions for the Exponential Dichotomy of C 0-Semigroups

In the present paper we obtain a sufficient condition for the exponential dichotomy of a strongly continuous, one-parameter semigroup , in terms of the admissibility of the pair . It is already known the equivalence between the -admissibility condition and and the hyperbolicity of a C ₀-semigroup , when we assume a priori that the kernel of the dichotomic projector (denoted here by X ₂) is T(t)-invariant and is an invertible operator. We succeed to prove in this paper that the admissibility of the pair still implies the existence of an exponential dichotomy for a C ₀-semigroup even in the general case where the kernel of the dichotomic projector, X ₂, is not assumed to be T(t)-invariant.      

Inequalities of Hlawka type for matrices

A generalized Hlawka's inequality says that for any n (\geqq 2) (\geqq 2) complex numbers¶ x₁, x₂, ..., x_n,¶¶ ?_i=1ⁿ|x_i - ?_j=1ⁿx_j| \leqq ?_i=1ⁿ|x_i| + (n - 2)|?_j=1ⁿx_j|. \sum_{i=1}^n\Bigg|x_i - \sum_{j=1}^{n}x_j\Bigg| \leqq \sum_{i=1}^{n}|x_i| + (n - 2)\Bigg|\sum_{j=1}^{n}x_j\Bigg|. ¶¶ We generalize this inequality to the trace norm and the trace of an n x n matrix A as¶¶ ||A - Tr A ||₁ \leqq ||A||₁ + (n - 2)| Tr A|. ||A - {\rm Tr} A ||_1\ \leqq ||A||_1 + (n - 2)| {\rm Tr} A|. ¶¶ We consider also the related inequalities for p-norms (1 \leqq p \leqq ￥) (1 \leqq p \leqq \infty) on matrices.     

On the Asymptotic Behavior of Perturbed Strongly Continuous Semigroups

For a strongly continuous semigroup (T(t))_t≥0 with generator A on a Banach space X and an A–bounded perturbation B we characterize norm continuity and compactness of the terms in the Dyson–Phillips series of the perturbed semigroup (S(t))_t≥0 .This allows us to characterize uniform exponential stability of (S(t))_t≥0 by spectral conditions on (T(t))_t≥0 and A + B. The results are applied to a delay differential equation.