例谈“以退求进”法解题策略

著名数学家华罗庚说过:善于退,足够的退,退到最原始而不失去重要的地方,是学好数学的一个诀窍.这里所谓的退,当然不是逃跑,而是养精蓄锐,蓄势待发,是在为进寻求途径,即以退为进.它的实质是借助转化的数学思想,把复杂的问题简单化,运动的问题静止化,高维问题低维化,变量问题常量化,抽象问题具体化,代数问     

空集的自述

我姓空,我的名字叫空集,我是不含任何元素的集合,可谓腹中空空,一无所有,不过你们别小觑我啊,我的本事大着呢!不信,我说出来,别吓你一跳哟!1.特殊的我我是集合大家庭中的一员,不含任何元素的     

真假四边形市长风波

在一个名叫几何的王国里,有一座繁荣的小城—凸多边形城,这里住着各种各样的多边形.城中有一个四边形家族,成员非常多,如不规则的四边形一家,平行四边形一家,梯形一家等等.其中平行四边形一家地位特殊,因为这个凸多边形城市的市长便是那大名鼎鼎、无人不晓的平行四边形.平行四边形处事公平,执政已有多年,在它的带领下,凸多边形城市才发展成为一片欣欣向荣的景象.平日里,平行四边形市长最喜     

聚焦高考平面向量题

一、近几年平面向量考题的特点特点一:考小题,重在基础.有关平面向量的小题,其考查的重点在于基础知识:其中,平面向量数量积、加减运算是考查的重点,有关向量共线,向量垂直,向量的模,坐标运算等内容的试题都突出了对平面向量基础知识的考查.特点二:考大题,与其他知识结合.有关平面向量的大题,经常与三角、圆锥曲线、函数等结合,与三角函数相结合的试题难度不大,属中档题,与圆锥曲线、函数相结合的试题,属中等偏难,主要考查学生对基本知识,基本方法,基本技能的理解,掌握和应用情况.     

有得有失 有加有减

正林泽宇说,他的爸爸妈妈经常吵架,他很羡(xiàn)慕(mù)其他同学有温暖和谐的家庭,其实,很多家庭都有不如意的事情,就拿我家来说,我爸爸是做生意的,他经常在全国各地飞来飞去,很少有时间陪我,为此我经常闷闷不乐。昨天早上,爸爸匆匆忙忙地整理好行李就去机场了,谁知过了半天,他又回来了,原来,由于雾太大,航班取消了。     

依靠自己站起来

以前,在西方的一个国家里,有一个经理,他把所有积蓄全部投资在了一个项目上,但由于世界大战的爆发,他破产了.他认为是他把家人害得没有了一切,于是就离开家人,成了一名流浪汉.他心情非常沮丧,对往事难以释怀,不肯为以后的日子打算,甚至想要自杀.一天,他偶然看到了一本名为《自信心》的书,这本书的内容讲的是人在生活、工作上崩溃了以后,如何重新恢复信心的事.他看后心里又有了一丝希望,想找到作者,请作者帮他再度站起来.     

例说数学思维的困境及其摆脱

思维受挫就是在解题时,按一般的思路介入后,或者浅尝辄止,或者眼花缭乱,或者误入歧途,一错再错,或者前途渺茫,无法推进,就算使尽了浑身解数,左冲右突,终觉“山重水复疑无路”.笔者以为,要修复受挫的思维,只要仔细读题审题,寻找蛛丝马迹,类比联想相关知识点,分析可能的思想方法,探索恰当的思维路径,就会“峰回路转,柳暗花明”.下面举例说明,供同学们参考.     

《高效课堂理论与实践》学术研讨会邀请函

来吧,请到这里来,这里有知音,这里有琴台;来吧,请到这里来,这里有黄鹤,这里有辛亥。来会会你的数学知音,来寻找你的心中至爱;来听听黄鹤的古老传说,来弘扬首义的精神气概。来推动教育改革的新潮,来领略高效课堂的风采;来观摩精英们的科研成果,来见证获奖者的青春光彩;     

换个想法,奇迹也许就会出现

有一个美国人,他的妻子是医生,在非洲做援助工作,他准备去看她.妻子在信中告诉他,那里除了一些当地土著人,就是荒芜的土地,没有交流,没有娱乐,该有的这里都没有,一起来的人大部分都受不了而中途落跑了,让他做好充分的准备.他不相信.但到了后才发现,当地的生活环境比想象的还要糟糕.他和妻子生活在荒漠中的小屋里,不会当地土著语言,离开翻译,寸步难行.而翻译也只是在有病人时,才陪着病人出现.这里无人对话,没有事做.走出小屋,就是光秃秃的土地.晚上到     

走出学案导学的误区,打造和谐高效的课堂

近年来,由于学案的方便好用,兼有教案的作用,被许多教师采用.笔者所在的学校适应“减负增效”的新形式,大力推进学案导学,打造高效课堂.但是,在实施学案导学的过程中,由于部分教师对“学案导学”理解不到位,在实施过程中,没有发挥学案应有的效能,走入了一些误区.笔者以一个案例为例,结合自己在实施学案导学过程中的一些体会,谈谈如何走出学案导学的误区,打造和谐高效的课堂.     

有资格限制的指派问题的求解方法

在实际的指派工作中，常会遇到某个人有没有资格去承担某项工作的问题，因此，本建立了有资格限制的指派问题的数学模型。在此数学模型中，将效益矩阵转化为判定矩阵，由此给出了判定此种指派问题是否有解的方法；在有解的情况下，进一步将效益矩阵转化为求解矩阵，从而将有资格限制的指派问题化为传统的指派问题来求解。最后给出了一个数值例子来说明这样的处理方法是有效的。     

Estimation of the number of components of finite mixtures of multivariate distributions

An estimator of the number of components of a finite mixture ofk-dimensional distributions is given on the basis of a one-dimensional independent random sample obtained by a transformation of ak-dimensional independent random sample. A consistency of the estimator is shown. Some simulation results are given in a case of finite mixtures of two-dimensional normal distributions.     

Galois Structure of K-Groups of Rings of Integers

N/Kbe a Galois extension of number fields with finite Galois group G.We describe a new approach for constructing invariants of the G-module structure of the K groups of the ring of integers of N in the Grothendieck group of finitely generated projective Z[G]modules. In various cases we can relate these classes, and their function field counterparts, to the root number class of Fröhlich and Cassou-Noguès.     

碾压混凝土坝施工层面变形分析模型

针对碾压混凝土坝施工层面对大坝变形产生显著影响的问题,深入研究了施工层面的变化性质及规律,提出了层面不同阶段变形的模拟方法,建立了施工层面有厚度和无厚度分析模型,提出的模型能反映层面的弹性变形、衰减蠕变、不可逆变形以及加速蠕变等变形状态．实例分析表明:所提出的碾压混凝土坝施工层面有厚度和无厚度分析模型能较客观地模拟大坝的结构变化形态,尤其是施工层面有厚度分析模型较完整地模拟了层面的渐变规律,其计算结果与原位监测成果吻合较好．同时,提出的方法和建立的分析模型可推广应用于常规混凝土坝,特别是坝基内断层和夹层等变形规律的分析．     

白骨化尸体死亡时间的推断

本文分析了15具白骨化尸体标本的股骨汞(Hg),铅(Pb),镉(Cd)元素含量数据,在三年的时间内采集了3次,一共收集到45个数据。首先将这组数据看着纵向数据,利用线性随机效应混合模型、Cox随机混合效应模型进行分析,结果显示,如果对每个白骨化尸体标本建立线性模型,可以精确预测出死亡时间,而且不需要采集铅元素含量数据。混合效应模型的预测效果也很好,最大误差不会超过1个月。其次我们对数据不作任何假设,利用机器学习中随机森林方法分析数据,并利用5折交叉验证方法来判断结果的可靠性,训练集和测试集的NMSE分别为0.1205944,0.5604286,因此可以用训练出的模型来预测死亡时间。     

Convergence of densities of some functionals of Gaussian processes

The aim of this paper is to establish the uniform convergence of the densities of a sequence of random variables, which are functionals of an underlying Gaussian process, to a normal density. Precise estimates for the uniform distance are derived by using the techniques of Malliavin calculus, combined with Stein?s method for normal approximation. We need to assume some non-degeneracy conditions. First, the study is focused on random variables in a fixed Wiener chaos, and later, the results are extended to the uniform convergence of the derivatives of the densities and to the case of random vectors in some fixed chaos, which are uniformly non-degenerate in the sense of Malliavin calculus. Explicit upper bounds for the uniform norm are obtained for random variables in the second Wiener chaos, and an application to the convergence of densities of the least square estimator for the drift parameter in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes is discussed.     

Variational analysis of functions of the roots of polynomials

The Gauss-Lucas Theorem on the roots of polynomials nicely simplifies the computation of the subderivative and regular subdifferential of the abscissa mapping on polynomials (the maximum of the real parts of the roots). This paper extends this approach to more general functions of the roots. By combining the Gauss-Lucas methodology with an analysis of the splitting behavior of the roots, we obtain characterizations of the subderivative and regular subdifferential for these functions as well. In particular, we completely characterize the subderivative and regular subdifferential of the radius mapping (the maximum of the moduli of the roots). The abscissa and radius mappings are important for the study of continuous and discrete time linear dynamical systems. Dedicated to R. Tyrrell Rockafellar on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Terry is one of those rare individuals who combine a broad vision, deep insight, and the outstanding writing and lecturing skills crucial for engaging others in his subject. With these qualities he has won universal respect as a founding father of our discipline. We, and the broader mathematical community, owe Terry a great deal. But most of all we are personally thankful to Terry for his friendship and guidance. Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DMS-0203175. Research supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DMS-0412049.     

Asymptotics of families of solutions of nonlinear difference equations

One method to determine the asymptotics of particular solutions of a difference equation is by solving an associated asymptotic functional equation. Here we study the behaviour of the solutions in an asymptotic neighbourhood of such individual solutions. We identify several types of attraction and repulsion, which range from almost orthogonality to almost parallelness. Necessary and sufficient conditions for these types of behaviour are given.     

On Sums of Coefficients of Products of Polynomials

We study the nilpotency of the sums of all coefficients of some sorts of products of polynomials over reversible, IFP, and NI rings, and introduce an SCN ring as a generalization. We characterize SCN rings in relation with related ring properties, and also provide several useful properties and ring extensions of SCN rings.