水平三维肋管管外凝结换热实验与分析(I实验研究)

本文对不同饱和蒸汽温度下R11在水平Thermoexcel-C管的管外凝结换热性能进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:随着饱和蒸汽温度的提高,C管的凝结换热系数下降。C管凝结换热强化的主要机理在于孤立三维齿结构增大了表面张力减薄凝结表面液膜厚度的作用,而C管凝液淹没区小于相同肋间距的低肋管,且在淹没区内的凝结换热大于低肋管。     

HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP MEASUREMENTS FOR IN-TUBE CONDENSATION OF CFC-113 USING MICROFIN TUBES AND WIRE INSERTS

Accurate, repeatable heat transfer and pressure-drop measurements have been made for condensation of CFC-113 with downflow inside enhanced microfin tubes and tubes containing twisted-wire inserts. In the latter case measurements have also been made for CFC-113/air mixtures. The heat transfer rate was calculated from the coolant flow rate and temperature rise, the latter measured using a 10-junction thermopile with careful attention paid to adequate coolant mixing and isothermal immersion of the thermopile leads. The surface temperature was found from thermocouples embedded in the tube wall. One plain tube, nine microfin tubes (with different fin heights, helix angles, and number of fins), and four twisted-wire inserts (with different wire densities) were tested. Enhancement ratios (i.e., vapor-side heat transfer coefficient for the enhanced tube divided by that for a smooth tube at the same vapor-side temperature difference and vapor inlet velocity) between 1.6 and 5.6 for the microfin tubes and between 1.2 and 1.6 for the twisted-wire inserts were found, with values depending on vapor-side temperature difference, vapor inlet velocity, and air inlet mole fraction in the case of CFC-113/air mixtures. The microfin tubes showed moderate pressure-drop penalties of around 50% compared to the plain tube, while the twisted-wire inserts showed increasing pressure-drop penalty with increasing wire density.     

Study of vapor condensation on curvilinear fins under influence of capillary forces and gravity

The problem on film vapor condensation on curvilinear fins is solved numerically with regard to surface tension and gravity. Steam condensation on a fin of optimized and semicircular form was calculated for various inclinations of the fin relative to the direction of gravity vector and the levels of groove flooding. The calculations showed that the average heat transfer coefficient for a semicircular fin slightly decreases with changing the fin position relative to the direction of gravity vector, at that, the “zero” flow point from which the condensate flows in different directions shifts. For an optimized fin, there is no such shift, and the heat transfer coefficient does not practically change. The top of an optimized fin with a large curvature serves as a kind of "barrier" for the flow. The heat transfer coefficients on optimized fins are significantly higher than those on semicircular fins. The amount of the level of groove flooding significantly affects the condensation efficiency as a whole; however, it does not affect the process of condensation on the convex part of fins.     

细圆管内流动凝结换热的实验研究

通过实验,分析细圆管的倾斜角度和管径对管内蒸气流动凝结换热的影响。利用实测的管壁温度变化。估计凝结液沿周向的分布。探讨不同倾角和管径条件下;重力作用影响凝结换热的机制。研究表明,在小尺度下,重力的影响受蒸气剪切力和表面张力作用而削弱,现有通行的关联式不适用于细圆管内的凝结换热。     

水平管外强化凝结传热的数值解

以Nusselt理论为基础,运用三维坐标建立了肋片侧面的冷凝传热模型,对肋片侧面的冷凝传热机理进行了分析,得出了肋片侧面表面传热系数的积分表达式。利用此法对水平环肋单管表面传热系数进行计算并将结果与传统解法进行比较。     

螺旋内肋管内对流换热的三维数值模拟

针对螺旋内肋管内壁面结构复杂的特点,发展了一种新的网格划分方法,采用结构化的六面体网格,提高计算精度的同时又可节省计算量。应用Fluent软件对螺旋内肋管内的湍流流动和换热进行了三维数值模拟,数值模拟结果与Jensen等人的实验数据吻合良好。在其他参数相同的条件下对矩形、三角形、半圆形三种顶端外形轮廓的肋片性能进行了数值分析比较。     

椭圆形和圆形翅片管流动与传热的数值研究

对椭圆管椭圆翅片间的流动与传热规律进行了三维数值研究,分析了不同翅片间距、迎面风速对表面换热系数和流动阻力的影响;与具有相同结构参数(相同的基管当量直径和翅片厚度、表面积)的圆管圆翅片进行比较表明,在相同条件下,两者的表面换热系数相差不大,但椭圆管椭圆翅片间流动阻力却有明显的减小.场协同分析表明,翅片迎风侧的换热要优于背风侧;通过适当增加迎风侧翅片面积,减小背风侧翅片面积,可以在强化换热的同时,减小流动阻力.     

Investigation of Thermal Performance of Perforated Finned Heat Exchangers

In this study, the thermal performance of perforated finned heat exchangers with angle of rotation θ was experimentally investigated. Six-millimeter-diameter holes that were opened on each circular fin on a heating tube have a potential to reduce the thickness of the boundary layer that is formed on the circular fins placed on the heating tube, thus increasing heat transfer through convection in this area. The experiments were carried out at six different angular locations to determine the best angular location. In addition, a perforated finned heater was compared with an imperforate finned heater. For the finned heater at 60°, the effectiveness is 18% higher and the pressure drop is 1.16% lower than other angular positions. In this respect, it can be concluded that the best angular position is 60°. In addition, results show an increase in effectiveness with an increasing number of transfer units.     

Condensation Characteristics of Flue Gas/Steam Mixtures with Fine Lignite and Ash Particles along Horizontal Finned Tube Bundles

The condensation behavior for a gas/steam mixture with fine lignite particles and lignite ash particles is experimentally investigated as the particles flow over horizontal finned tube bundles. The effects of the gas velocity, inlet temperature of cooling water, excess air coefficient, and particle dimension are discussed. The total mass flow rate of the condensate and the condensation heat transfer coefficient for flue gas including particles are higher than those of flue gas excluding particles when Reynolds number is higher than 2,300. The area covered by ash depositions tends to grow from the leeward toward the windward side with increasing particle diameter.     

不凝气体对R123凝结换热的影响

对氟利昂 R123 在水平单管外的凝结换热性能进行了试验研究,试验管为光管和五根强化管.目的是获得不凝气体对 R123 蒸气凝结时最佳肋密度的影响.试验结果表明:光管管外 Nusselt 理论值与实验数据偏差在±5%以内.对于含 8%不凝气体的 R123 在低肋管外的凝结换热,在肋密度为 1475 翅/米时可以获得最佳的换热性能.含不凝气体的 R123凝结换热系数显著下降,其管外换热系数约为纯蒸气的 20%～25%.随着肋密度的减小,不凝气体对凝结换热的影响逐渐减弱,但其最佳肋间隙仍保持不变,均为 0.32 mm.     

套片式翅片管换热器传热与空气流动阻力性能试验研究

为了研究改变翅片材料对套片式翅片管换热器性能的影响,分别对采用铝翅片和黄铜翅片的套片式翅片管换热器(结构参数基本相同)进行传热特性与空气流动阻力特性的试验。试验得到了试件在一系列试验工况下的传热数据与管外空气流动阻力数据,通过计算得出了相应的传热准则关系式与管外空气流动阻力准则关系式,绘制了传热系数和管外空气流动阻力的有关图线。结果表明:黄铜翅片套片式换热器与铝翅片套片式换热器相比,换热性能优势明显,其原因主要是铝材比铜材软,与铜管胀接后的接触热阻大,因此换热性能更弱。     

扁平管交错蛇形短翅片强化传热的研究

针对火电空冷凝汽器采用的扁平管蛇形翅片长度较大,空气在翅片间流动对强化传热的效果受到边界层发展抑制的缺陷,根据锯齿翅片通过破坏边界层发展强化传热的思想,提出一种扁平管交错蛇形短翅片结构。实验结果表明,扁平管交错蛇形短翅片的传热性能优于原有结构,在不同雷诺数Re范围,努塞尔数Nu增加了1.4%～16%;同时空气侧流动阻力也明显增加,摩擦系数f增加了18%～45%。由综合评价指标PEC也可以得到,扁平管交错蛇形翅片有效地强化了空气侧的换热。     

水蒸气在竖直微细管外凝结传热特性研究

针对不同压力和不同流速下的饱和水蒸气在竖直微细圆管(内外径分别为0.571 mm和0.793 mm)外的凝结传热特性分别进行了实验研究,分析了蒸气压力和蒸气流速对凝结传热特性的影响。实验结果表明,凝结传热表面传热系数随着蒸气流速的增加而增加,在较高的蒸气压力下增加的更明显,且大于相同实验条件下的Nusselt理论分析解。在蒸气流速为2 m·s~(-1)时,凝结传热系数随压力的变化不大;在4 m·s~(-1)和6 m·s~(-1)时,随着蒸气压力的升高,凝结表面传热系数明显增大。     

板翅式换热器空气冷却侧传热性能的数值模拟

建立了板翅式换热器冷却空气侧锯齿翅片通道的稳态湍流数学模型,借助FLUENT软件进行了数值模拟,从各段翅片中部的切片与翅片上表面两个视觉角度给出了计算区域的流场、温度场、湍流强度、换热系数、压力等分布图形,计算结果有助于更好地理解锯齿翅片板翅式换热器的强化传热机理.     

蒸气压力和流速对低浓度酒精-水混合蒸气微细竖直管外凝结的影响

本文在不同蒸气压力和流速状态下对低浓度的酒精-水混合蒸气在微细竖直圆管外表面Marangoni凝结传热特性进行了可视化实验研究,观测到不同工况下的凝结形态。结果表明,随着过冷度的增加,凝结传热系数急剧升高,凝结传热系数在达到峰值后开始下降,下降曲率相对较缓;随着压力的增加,凝结传热系数在大的过冷度下增幅较大。蒸气流速的影响与压力的影响类似。可视化研究表明蒸气压力和流速大小对凝结速率影响较大。     

Natural frequencies of finned heat exchanger tubes

The heat transfer of heat exchanger tubes is often enhanced by rolling external fins on to the tubes. These fins contribute to both the mass and the stiffness of the tubes. Calculations of the bending natural frequencies of finned tubes with only the mass contribution considered lead to values which are up to 10% lower than experimental values. A simple correction is derived to account also for the stiffening effect of the fins. With this correction good agreement with experiments is obtained.     

椭圆管直翅换热器翅片效率的计算

椭圆管翅式换热器的翅片效率工程上通常是将其转换为圆形翅片管来计算．当量圆管的选取方法有两种,一种是使当量圆管的横截面积与椭圆管横截面积相同,另一种是使当量圆管的周长与椭圆管的周长相同。本文利用扇形法计算了长短轴比范围为１～５的椭圆管直翅换热器在不同工况下的翅片效率,并与工程上常用的等周长和等面积法的计算结果进行了比较。与扇形法计算的效率相比,等周长法的结果偏高,等面积法的结果偏低。     

水平内微肋管局部凝结换热性能实验与数值求解

以Ｒ１１为工质，蒸汽凝结压力为１４７－２６５ｋＰａ，质量流率４ｔｙ１５３ｋｇ／ｍ２ｓ，本文对二维内微肋管和三维内微肋管水平管内凝结分层流区局部换热系数进行了系统的实验。与光管比较，二维内微肋管和三维内微肋管局部凝结换热系数分别提高了１４７－７８３％和２６１－９９７％。本文首次从理论分析入手建立了二维内微肋管水平管内凝结分层流区局部换热系数分析模型并进行了数值求解。计算结果与本文实验相当吻合。     

蒸气在倾斜细小直径圆管内的流动凝结换热特性

细小管内的流动凝结换热具有许多超常换热特性,经典的Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ分析方法已不能满足需要。在以往研究的基础上,本文进一步通过实验探析换热温差和蒸气流量对不同直径的细小管内流动凝结换热的影响。研究表明,管径越小,换热温差对凝结换热系数的影响程度越低;通过流量和倾角对凝结换热数的影响,分析了重力引发的流动分层和剪切力对凝结液的排除两种因素对细管传热强化的作用机制。本文的实验结果和用于常规尺度下的通用关联式对比表明,采用细管,管内的流动凝结换热得到无可置疑的强化     

伴随有水蒸气凝结的烟气对流换热的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了冷凝式燃气热水器中烟气伴随有水蒸气凝结的受迫对流换热过程。着重介绍实验系统、测试方法和对塔板式换热器和肋片板式换热器的实验研究结果。实验表明,有水蒸气凝结时的烟气对流换热系数远大于无凝结时的换热系数,可提高数倍。在冷凝式换热器中,塔板式换热器的换热系数大于肋片板式换热器。