Spectroscopic diagnostics of barrier-discharge plasma in mixtures of cadmium diiodide vapor with gases

The spectral characteristics of the emission of atmospheric-pressure gas-discharge plasma in mixtures of cadmium diiodide vapor with gases (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and N₂) were investigated along with the time characteristics of the voltage and current. The gas-discharge plasma was produced and excited by a barrier discharge at a repetition rate of sine voltage pulses of up to 140 kHz. The discharge emission was analyzed in the spectral range 200–900 nm with a high resolution (0.05 nm). Radiation from exciplex CdI(B-X) molecules and excimer I₂* molecules was revealed, as well as the atomic lines of cadmium, iodine, and inert gases. In a mixture with xenon, radiation from exciplex molecules XeI(B-X, B-A) was also found. This radiation prevailed in the spectra at mixture temperatures up to 150°C. The further increase of the temperature leads to the prevalence of the CdI(B-X) radiation. It was found that the most intense CdI(B-X) radiation is observed in mixtures CdI₂/Xe(N₂)/Ne. Regularities in the spectral characteristics of the emission of the gas-discharge plasma are discussed.     

Spectral characteristics of a broadband exciplex spontaneous emission source upon mixtures of the cadmium dibromide vapor with gases

The spectral characteristics of radiation from atmospheric-pressure gas-discharge plasma in mixtures of cadmium dibromide vapor with gases (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and N₂), as well as the temporal characteristics of the voltage and current, have been investigated. A barrier discharge at the repetition frequency of sine voltage pulses up to 140 kHz has been used to create the gas-discharge plasma and excite the components of the working mixture. The discharge radiation has been analyzed in the spectral range 200–900 nm with a high resolution (0.05 nm). In the spectra, we have revealed radiation from exciplex molecules CdBr(B → X) and CdBr(C → X), atomic lines of cadmium and inert gases, and, in mixtures with xenon, radiation of exciplex molecules XeBr(B → X, B → A). The XeBr(B → X) radiation prevailed in the spectra at mixture temperatures up to 200°C. The further increase of the temperature resulted in the prevalence of the CdBr(B → X) radiation. The most intense CdBr(B → X) radiation was observed in mixtures of CdBr₂/Xe. When the temperature of the mixture was higher than 250°C, the discharge radiation had a silvery-white color. Regularities in the spectral characteristics of the radiation from the gas-discharge plasma are discussed. The high-frequency atmospheric-pressure barrier discharge in mixtures of cadmium dibromide with gases, excited by sine voltage pulses, can be used in multiwave and broadband excilamps, operating in the UV and visible regions.     

Optical characteristics of radiation from N<Stack><Subscript>2</Subscript><Superscript>*</Superscript></Stack> dimers in a barrier discharge

The spectral and power characteristics of radiation of the second positive system of nitrogen (C ³Π _u → B ³Π _g ) in Ar-N₂ and Ar-N₂-Cl₂ mixtures excited by barrier discharge have been studied experimentally. Addition of argon to N₂ increased the radiation power by sixfold. In the triple mixture Ar-N₂-Cl₂ = 210/0.5/0.005, minor chlorine additions increased the intensity of the C ³Π _u → _B ³Π _g transition by 26% compared to Ar-N₂ mixtures. Radiation power density of 2.7 mW/cm² has been achieved. In both binary and triple mixtures, the second positive system of nitrogen was the major contributor to radiation, while the contributions of the fourth positive system of N ₂ ^* (D ³Σ _u ⁺ → B ³Π _g ), the Vegard-Kaplan transition of N ₂ ^* (A ³Σ _u ⁺ → X ¹Σ _g ⁺ ), and the D′ → A′ band of Cl ₂ ^* were negligibly small.     

Longitudinal rf discharge in Xe/Cl<Subscript>2</Subscript> mixtures

Results are presented from the studies of the electrical and emission characteristics of the low-temperature plasma of a longitudinal rf (f₀=1.76 MHz) discharge in Xe/Cl₂ mixtures at pressures of 100–800 Pa. The discharge was ignited in a cylindrical quartz tube with an inner diameter of 1.4 cm and interelectrode distance of 3.0 cm. The discharge emission within the spectral range of 190–670 nm is studied. The dynamics of the discharge current and discharge emission at different pressures and compositions of a Xe/Cl₂ mixture are investigated. It is shown that a discharge in a Xe/Cl₂ mixture acts as a wideband excimer-halogen lamp with a cylindrical output aperture emitting in the spectral range of 220–320 nm. The broad plasma emission spectrum is formed due to the overlap of the XeCl(D, B-X; B, C-A) bands that are broadened at low working-gas pressures. The composition of the working mixture is optimized to achieve the maximum power of the wideband UV plasma emission. Longitudinal rf discharges in low-pressure Xe/Cl₂ mixtures are of interest for developing small-size wideband (Δλ=220–450 nm) cylindrical-aperture lamps, whose efficiency can, on average, exceed the efficiency of conventional hydrogen lamps by more than one order of magnitude.     

The influence of phase transitions in the Rb<Subscript>2</Subscript>CdI<Subscript>4</Subscript> ferroelastic on the exciton absorption spectrum

The parameters of the long-wavelength exciton band for Rb₂CdI₄ films are investigated in the temperature range 90–410 K. It is found that the Rb₂CdI₄ films undergo a sequence of phase transitions at temperatures T_c1=380 K (paraphase → incommensurate phase), T_c2=290 K (incommensurate phase → ferroelastic phase I), and T_c3 = 210 K (ferroelastic phase I → ferroelastic phase II). The parameters of the exciton band (such as the spectral position and the half-width) measured during heating and cooling of the Rb₂CdI₄ film differ significantly. This is especially true for the incommensurate phase. Upon heating of the incommensurate phase, the domain boundaries become frozen, whereas the cooling of this phase is accompanied by the generation of solitons and their pinning, which, in turn, results in a first-order phase transition at the temperature T_c2. It is revealed that the oscillator strength of the exciton band anomalously increases in the range of existence of commensurate phase I (T_c3<-T<-T_c2) due to ordering of the Rb₂CdI₄ crystal lattice.     

Estimating of CP-violation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis><Superscript>0</Superscript>→ψ(2<Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>)π<Superscript>0</Superscript> decay

I present estimates of CP-violating asymmetries in the non-leptonic charmonium two-body B⁰→ψ(2S)π⁰ decay and the same decays of B⁺→ψ(2S)π⁺ and B⁺→ψ(2S)K⁺ These estimates are based on QCD and improved QCD factorization approach making use of next-to-leading order (NLO) contributions. The CP-violating asymmetry for B⁰→ψ(2S)π⁰ decay is not available, according to the same calculations, it is expected if it can be measured in the future its value will be S_ψ(2S)π0(B⁰ → ψ(2S)π⁰)= 0.662 ± 0.197 and C_ψ(2S)π0(B⁰ → ψ(2S)π⁰)= 0.024 ± 0.007.     

New measurements on physics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis>-hadrons in ATLAS experiment

Recent results on B-hadron physics in ATLAS are reviewed. A new measurement of CP-violating parameters in B _s → J/ψφ decay is performed on full Run 1 statistics. Branching fraction BR(B _s → μ⁺μ^?) = (0.9 _?0.8 ^+1.1 )×10^?9 is measured, below the Standard Model (SM) prediction.     

Shape phase transitions in nuclei: Effective order parameters and trajectories

We analyze systematically the effective order parameters in nuclear shape phase transition both in experiments and in the interacting boson model. We find that energy ratios and B(E2) ratios can distinguish the first- from the second-order phase transition in theory above a certain boson number N (about 50), but in experiments, only those quantities, such as E(L ₁ ⁺)/E(0₂ ⁺) and B(E2; (L+2)₁ → L ₁)/B(E2; 2₁ → 0₁), etc., of which the monotonous transitional behavior in the second-order phase transition is broken in the first-order phase transition independent of N, are qualified as the effective order parameters. By implementing the originally proposed effective order parameters and the new ones, we find that the isotones with neutron number N _n = 62 are a trajectory of the secondorder phase transition. In addition, we predict that the transitional behavior of isomer shifts of Xe, Ba isotopes and N _n = 62 isotones is approximately monotonous due to the finiteness of nuclear system.     

Why <Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis>(3872) is not a molecule

We discuss the scenario where the X(3872) resonance is the \(c\bar c\) = χ_c1(2P) charmonium which “sits on” the D*⁰\({\bar D^0}\) threshold. We explain the shift of the mass of the X(3872) resonance with respect to the prediction of a potential model for the mass of the χ_c1(2P) charmonium by the contribution of the virtual D*\(\bar D\) + c.c. intermediate states into the self energy of the X(3872) resonance. This allows us to estimate the coupling constant of the X(3872) resonance with the D*⁰\({\bar D^0}\) channel, the branching ratio of the X(3872) → D*⁰\({\bar D^0}\) + c.c. decay, and the branching ratio of the X(3872) decay into all non-D*⁰\({\bar D^0}\) + c.c. states. We predict a significant number of unknown decays of X(3872) via two gluon: X(3872) → gluongluon → hadrons. We suggest a physically clear program of experimental researches for verification of our assumption.     

Dipole moment functions for electronic transitions from ion-pair states of the second tier of molecular iodine

The emission spectra caused by the transitions from the ion-pair states and f0 _g ⁺ and G1_g of the I₂ molecule are obtained by excitation of individual rovibronic levels of the molecule by the method of optical-optical double resonance. The emission spectra from the state F0 _u ⁺ populated due to collisions I₂(f) + I₂(X) are also measured. By modeling the experimental emission spectra, the dipole moment functions for the electronic transitions f _g ⁺ -B0 _u ⁺ , A0 _u ⁺ , and B″0 _u ⁺ ; G1_g-A0 _u ⁺ and B″0 _u ⁺ ; and F0 _u ⁺ -X0 _g ⁺ and a′0 _g ⁺ of the iodine molecule are reconstructed.     

Modified multicomponent band pass optical reflection filters at oblique incidence

Reflection and transmission characteristics of a modified long-wavelength cutoff filter using a three-component system with an angular dependence are studied. In this case, a layer of high refractive index is sandwiched between edge layers of equivalent refractive index with the base structure [G(0.5AB0.5A)]^N; then, an optimized structure of the form [(0.5AB0.5A)^N?X (0.5AB0.5A)^X (0.5AB0.5A)^N?X] is taken and its spectral properties are studied. In the case of a short-wavelength three-component cutoff filter, a layer of low refractive index is sandwiched between two edge layers of high equivalent refractive index with a base structure [G(0.5BA0.5D)]^N and its spectral characteristics are studied. Then, the structure is optimized [(0.5BA0.5B)^{N? X}(0.5BA0.5B)^X(0.5BA0.5B)^N?tX] and spectral characteristics of this structure are also studied. Spectral properties of band pass optical reflection filters of the type [G(XY)A] whose components are the proposed long-wavelength cutoff [(0.5AB0.5B)^{N? X}(0.5AB0.5A)^X(0.5BA0.5B)^N?X] and short-wavelength cutoff [(0.5BA0.5B)^N?X(0.5BA0.5B)^X(0.5BA0.5B)^N?X] filter structures are studied with angular dependences. No increase in the bandwidth with the least oscillatory components at the edges can be precisely formed by known classes of a two-component system at normal incidence. It is shown that the use of reflection and transmission filters with oblique bands yields an ideal polarizer. Angular dependences of the filter and the transmission and reflection band shapes on the parameters of a high-reflectance multilayer coating, such as the thickness, refractive indices, and the number of layers, are analyzed in detail.     

Effect of doping by boron,carbon, and nitrogen atoms on the magnetic and photocatalytic properties of anatase

The effect of doping of titanium dioxide with the anatase structure by boron, carbon, and nitrogen atoms on the magnetic and optical properties and the electronic spectrum of this compound has been investigated using the ab initio tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital (TB-LMTO) band-structure method in the local spin density approximation explicitly including Coulomb correlations (LSDA + U) in combination with the semiempirical extended Hückel theory (EHT) method. The LSDA + U calculations of the electronic structure, the imaginary part of the dielectric function, the total magnetic moments, and the magnetic moments at the impurity atoms have been carried out. The diagrams of the molecular orbitals of the clusters Ti₃ X (X = B, C, N) have been calculated and the pseudo-space images of the molecular orbitals of the clusters have been constructed. The effect of doping on the nature and origin of photocatalytic activity in the visible spectral range and the specific features of the generation of ferromagnetic interactions in doped anatase have been discussed based on the analysis of the obtained data. It has been shown that, in the sequence TiO_{2 ? y} N _y → TiO_{2 ? y} C _y → TiO_{2 ? y} B _y (y = 1/16), the photocatalytic activity can increase with the generation of electronic excitations with the participation of impurity bands. The calculated magnetic moments for boron and nitrogen atoms are equal to 1 μ_B, whereas the impurity carbon atoms are nonmagnetic.     

Effect of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Z′</Emphasis>-mediated flavor-changing neutral current on <Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis> → <Emphasis Type="Italic">ππ</Emphasis> decays

We study the effect of Z′-mediated flavor-changing neutral current on the B → ππ decays. The branching ratios of these decays can be enhanced remarkably in the nonuniversal Z′ model. Our estimated branching ratios B(B ⁰ → π ⁰ π ⁰) are enhanced significantly from their standard model (SM) value. For g′/g = 1, the branching ratios B(B ⁰ → π ⁰ π ⁰) are very close to the recently observed experimental values and for higher values of g′/g branching ratios are more. Our calculated branching ratios B(B ⁰ → π ⁺ π ^?) and B(B ⁺ → π ⁺ π ⁰) are also enhanced from the SM value as well as the recently observed experimental values. These enhancements of branching ratios from their SM value give the possibility of new physics.     

Spectroscopic diagnostics of barrier discharge plasmas in mixtures of zinc diiodide with inert gases

The spectral characteristics of the emission of gas discharge atmospheric pressure plasmas in mixtures of zinc diiodide vapor with inert gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) are investigated. The formation of a gas discharge plasma and the excitation of the components of a working mixture were performed in a high-frequency (with a repetition frequency of sinusoidal voltage pulses of 100 kHz) barrier discharge. The gas discharge emission was analyzed in the spectral range 200–900 nm with a resolution of 0.05 nm. Emission bands of ZnI(B-X) exciplex molecules and I₂* excimer molecules, lines of inert gases, and emission bands of XeI* exciplex molecules (in Xe-containing mixtures) were revealed. It is ascertained that the strongest emission of ZnI* molecules is observed in ZnI₂/He(Ne) mixtures. The regularities in the spectral characteristics of the gas discharge plasma emission are considered.     

Quark diagram analysis of bottom meson decays emitting pseudoscalar and vector mesons

This paper presents the two body weak nonleptonic decays of B mesons emitting pseudoscalar (P) and vector (V) mesons within the framework of the diagrammatic approache at flavor SU(3) symmetry level. Using the decay amplitudes, we are able to relate the branching fractions of B → PV decays induced by both b → c and b → u transitions, which are found to be well consistent with the measured data. We also make predictions for some decays, which can be tested in future experiments.     

Study of photon electroproduction on the nucleon at high and low energy by Virtual Compton Scattering

Virtual Compton Scattering (VCS) and Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) on the nucleon are two processes accessed via the photon electroproduction reaction (eN → eγN). In the first part of this paper we are interested by the DVCS on the neutron. We measured the (D(e, eγ)X-H(e, e'γ)X) unpolarized cross section and we extracted, for the first time, a non-zero contribution of (neutron-DVCS + coherent- deuteron-DVCS) at Q ² = 1.75 GeV² and x _B = 36 from Jefferson Lab experiment E08-025. VCS on the proton has been studied at Mainz Microtron MAMI at the four-momentum transfer squared Q ² = 0.5 GeV², below the pion production threshold. In the second part of this paper we present our preliminary results of the structure functions (P _LL ? (P _TT/ε)) and P _LT, and the electric and magnetic generalized polarizabilities α _E (Q ²) and β _M (Q ²) extracted from this experiment.     

Production of heavy quarks on protons within the semihard QCD approach

The inclusive production of heavy quarks in p\(\bar p\) interactions at the Tevatron and LHC energies is considered within the semihard QCD approach. The dependence of the total and differential cross sections for the production of b quarks and B mesons (and of muons originating from the subsequent semileptonic decay B → μν _μ X) on various samples of unintegrated gluon distributions is studied. The results obtained by calculating azimuthal correlations between the transverse momenta of final particles are presented. The theoretical results are compared with the latest experimental data obtained by the D0 and CDF Collaborations at the Tevatron.     

Study of η–η′ mixing in <Emphasis Type="Italic">B</Emphasis>-meson decay with the LHCb detector

The first ever observation of the decay process B⁰ → J/ψη′ is described. The branching ratios were measured for the decay processes B_(s) → J/ψη(′), and the η–η′ mixing angles were determined on this basis. The first indication of the occurrence of the decay process B_s → ψ(2S)η′ is presented. The respective analysis was performed on the basis of data accumulated with the LHCb detector in proton–proton collisions at the c.m. collision energies of 7 and 8 TeV and the integrated luminosity of 3 fb^?1.     

Resolvent Expansion and Time Decay of the Wave Functions for Two-Dimensional Magnetic Schrödinger Operators

We consider two-dimensional Schrödinger operators H(B, V) given by Eq. (1.1) below. We prove that, under certain regularity and decay assumptions on B and V, the character of the expansion for the resolvent (H(B, V) ? λ)^?1 as λ → 0 is determined by the flux of the magnetic field B through \({\mathbb{R}^2}\) . Subsequently, we derive the leading term of the asymptotic expansion of the unitary group e ^{?i t H(B, V)} as t → ∞ and show how the magnetic field improves its decay in t with respect to the decay of the unitary group e ^{?i t H(0, V)}.     

Analysis of the angular distribution of Auger electrons in a Xe atom

The angular distribution of Auger electrons, and the numerically calculated anisotropy parameters of the angular distribution α for (M₃ → N₂N₃), (M₃ → N₃N₃), (M₄ → N₁N₃), (M₄ → N₄N₅), (M₄ → N₅N₅), and (M_4,5 → O_{2, 3}O_{2, 3}) transitions in a Xe atom are given. The matrix elements are calculated by using the nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock method in LS coupling and the relativistic Hartree-Fock-Dirac method in both jj coupling (the single-configuration approximation) and intermediate coupling (the multiconfiguration approximation).