光复散射对消光法粒径测量的影响:复散射模型与数值模拟

复散射效应在光散射颗粒测量中不仅重要．且尚未得到很好解决。采用蒙特卡罗方法,对不同的光波长,颗粒浓度以及收接器条件下的光复散射进行了数值模拟．数值算法程序经与四通量模型进行对比验证,数值结果与单散射条件的郎伯-比尔模型进行比较．进而讨论了复散射效应对消光法颗粒粒径测量影响。表明复散射对消光法颗粒测量的影响不仅取决于颗粒系自身的浓度．而且接收器的几何尺寸和接收位置起着非常重要的作用,减小颗粒介质层厚度和减小光接收器接收面积．增大接收距离以及减小接收角都能减小复散射效应对消光法粒径测量的影响。     

RGB三波段消光法测量细微颗粒粒度分布研究

提出了采用彩色相机RGB信号实现三波段消光法测量微米级颗粒粒度分布的方法。当一束平行白光入射到弥散细微颗粒时,测量不同波长的透射光强信号,用多波长消光法理论反演可以测得被测弥散细微颗粒粒度。当用彩色相机拍摄透射光,得到的图像实际是RGB三个波段的透射光信号,该信号与相机的RGB响应曲线、光源光谱特性、被测颗粒粒径及颗粒浓度有关。对RGB三波段信号用消光法理论进行分析和反演计算,可以得到细微颗粒的粒度分布。通过数值模拟与实验验证,表明用彩色相机RGB三波段消光法可以测量亚微米到3 mm大小的颗粒粒度分布。将该方法与图像法颗粒粒度测量相结合,可以将彩色相机测量颗粒粒度的范围拓展到从亚微米到数百微米。     

颗粒系的可见消光光谱分析及最佳波长的选择

在光全散射法颗粒粒径测量中,被测颗粒系的消光光谱包含有颗粒粒径、折射率等信息。对常用的单峰及双峰R-R分布的可见消光光谱进行模拟,分析了可见消光光谱随粒径和相对折射率变化的规律。选取二阶微分可见消光光谱不连续点对应的波长作为测量波长,并将可见光边界波长同时作为测量波长,在非独立模式下,采用遗传优化算法反演粒径分布。仿真计算与实验验证结果表明,通过消光光谱分析,可以预先确定被测颗粒系的分布状况,缩小优化算法中反演参数的搜索范围。结合最佳波长选择方法,使测量的精度和可靠性明显提高。对测量光谱加入1%随机噪声时,单峰及多峰分布粒径反演均能得到满意的结果。     

基于二阶滤波器的消光起伏谱颗粒测量结果

消光起伏频谱法是一种新的测量两相流系统中颗粒粒径分布和浓度的方法,装置简单,操作方便,适合实时、在线测量。采用二阶低通滤波器对起伏的透射率信号分析,得到消光起伏频谱实验数据,并利用改进的Chahine循环方法计算得到颗粒的粒径分布和浓度信息。重点讨论高浓度情况,包括对特征函数频率响应的修正和对其阶高修正两个方面,得到修正参量并运用到反演算法中从而得到正确的测量结果。测量结果表明,通过高浓度修正,消光起伏频谱法可以在很大的颗粒浓度动态范围得到合理的测量结果,其可测颗粒最大体积分数视颗粒的大小而定。     

一种扩大动态光散射颗粒法可测溶液浓度的改进方法

针对传统动态光散射颗粒测量法测量溶液浓度范围较小的问题，通过模型和实验研究了传统DLS系统双孔结构中测量区大小对测量结果的影响，发现可通过改变测量区大小控制散射体体积，从而扩大测量溶液浓度的范围。并基于传统DLS系统双孔结构光路，通过使用可调狭缝，并增加透镜，扩大了DLS测量溶液浓度范围，实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

一种描述散射体系中散射颗粒消光能力的新方法

提出了一种新的衡量散射体系中散射颗粒消光能力、散射能力和吸收能力的方法并与传统方法进行了比较。在此基础上 ,讨论了散射颗粒折射率和颗粒大小对其散射能力的影响。运用此方法可以为各种散射体系 ,尤其是强散射体系选择恰当的散射颗粒 ,其结果优于用传统方法所得的结果     

消光起伏光谱的时间相关处理

消光起伏光谱法(TFS)是一种新的颗粒测量方法,可同时测量两相流中颗粒的粒径分布和体积浓度。由于在测量原理和结构上非常简单,这种方法可用来实现在线、实时测量。然而在实际测量中,消光起伏光谱法对颗粒粒径分布的分辨率还比较低且对高浓度颗粒系的测量须考虑颗粒相互作用效应。本文提出一种新的数据处理方法-消光起伏相关光谱法(TFCS),通过对消光起伏信号在不同相关时间参数下进行相关计算来得到消光起伏光谱以提高消光起伏法对颗粒粒径分布的分辨率。     

可见-红外波段光全散射法颗粒粒径测量范围的研究

在光全散射法颗粒粒径测量中,采用独立模式算法在可见-红外波段对粒径测量范围进行了深入的研究。通过对多种R-R分布函数反演结果进行分析,比较,以确定光全散射法颗粒粒径测量范围。同时在消光系数计算中,采用修正的消光系数代替原始的消光系数,以便得到更准确的粒径测量范围。仿真计算结果表明,在可见-红外光谱区,相对折射率m=1.235时的粒径测量范围为0.05～18 μm。在此区域内测量粒径分布,反演结果与真值基本吻合。随着颗粒相对折射率、波长范围的变化,粒径测量范围也随之发生改变。采用限制最小二乘算法能够最大限度地克服随机噪声对测量结果的影响,使测量的精度和可靠性明显提高。对测量的消光值加入±1%随机噪声时,颗粒粒径分布的反演均能得到满意的结果。     

基于前向近红外散射光谱测量雾和雨天大气消光的应用研究

在可见和近红外区,由于大气的吸收作用忽略不计,大气消光由散射决定,主要贡献来自于雾滴、雨滴、其他形式降水和小粒子。基于前向近红外散射光谱的前向散射式能见度仪(FVM)采用近红外的LED光源照射到约100 mL的空气体积上,并测量前向30°～36°范围内的粒子的散射光强。由于该前向角范围内,雾滴和霾粒子的散射相函数不受粒子尺寸分布的影响,经过波长校正后,散射强度与大气消光系数成正比,该散射消光比通过对比标准人工观测值获得。然而,在把雾和霾的散射消光比应用到雨天测量时,会产生难以接受的误差。要得到雨天消光的准确测量,就需要找到适合雨滴的散射消光比。基于Mie散射理论计算了不同尺寸分布下的雾滴和雨滴的散射相函数,并对雾天和雨天下FVM的测量值与人工实际观测值进行了对比分析,发现FVM在雨天的消光要比人工观测值高出约20%～60%。根据测量结果,可以定出FVM在雨天测量的校准系数,因此,基于前向近红外散射光谱的FVM不仅能够测量雾天的大气消光,还能对雨天的消光进行较准确的估算     

跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径的同步测量方法

基于多波长消光法和图像法颗粒测量原理,提出了跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径同步测量方法,建立了亚微米-十微米尺度颗粒粒径消光光谱反演算法及十微米以上尺度颗粒粒径图像处理算法;采用分光棱镜,搭建了消光光谱与背光图像同步测量装置,利用500 nm～76.9μm粒径范围内的10种标准颗粒配成跨微米尺度混合颗粒样品并开展实验研究。结果表明:利用所提方法开展跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径同步测量时,亚微米-十微米尺度颗粒消光光谱与十微米以上尺度颗粒背光图像的相互影响可忽略,可同步测量得到跨微米尺度混合颗粒粒径;利用消光法和图像法分别开展亚微米-十微米、十微米以上尺度颗粒粒径测量,与标准颗粒粒径相比,相对误差均小于8%,且测量重复性较好,这为跨微米尺度混合颗粒提供了一种有效的粒径测量手段。     

金属粒子阵列共振的偏振特性

当金属纳米粒子形成规则分布且阵列周期与单粒子的共振波长近似匹配时, 会形成一种特殊的阵列共振, 这种共振比单粒子的局域表面等离子体共振具有更窄的共振线宽和更高的共振强度. 基于修正的长波近似方法, 讨论了矩形阵列的消光截面与阵列因子和单粒子的极化率之间的关系; 并详细研究了在不同偏振的入射光照射下, 阵列因子随着电偶极子方向的改变而产生的变化, 以及这一效应对阵列共振和消光截面所产生的影响. 结果表明, 大型的方阵是偏振无关的; 在矩形阵列中, 沿着阵列两个轴向的相邻粒子之间的耦合形成了阵列因子的两个极值, 并且分别对应了散射截面的最小值.     

New Receiving Mode of Extinction for Determining Particle Size and Density without Convex Lens

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New Receiving Mode of Extinction for Determining Particle Size and Density without Convex Lens

In this article a new receiving mode for scattering light by particle is theoretically discussed. Using this receiving mode the convex lens can be omitted during determining the extinction of particle. Therefore the extinction coefficient of sphere particles is redefined by extrapolating the conventional one. In terms of the calculation results of light scattering the definition of near-field extinction coefficient of a swarm particle is depicted. Through the error analysis it is proved that the error coming from the new definition of extinction coefficient is acceptable for engineering application. In addition, a technique for determining the particle size and density is presented in this article and the advantage using this receiving mode is described.     

Anomalous diffraction approximation method for retrieval of spherical and spheroidal particle size distributions in total light scattering

Using total light scattering technique to measure the particle size distribution has advantages of simplicity in measurement principle and convenience in the optical arrangement. However, the calculation of extinction efficiency based on Mie theory for a spherical particle is expensive in both time and resources. Thus, a simple but accurate approximation formula for the exact extinction efficiency may be very desirable. The accuracy and limitations of using the anomalous diffraction approximation (ADA) method for calculating the extinction efficiency of a spherical particle are investigated. Meanwhile, the monomodal and bimodal particle size distributions of spherical particles are retrieved using the genetic algorithm in the dependent model. Furthermore, the spheroidal model in the retrieval of non-spherical particle size distribution is also discussed, which verifies the non-sphericity has a significant effect on the retrieval of particle size distribution compared with the assumed homogeneous isotropic sphere. Both numerical computer simulations and experimental results illustrate that the ADA can be successfully applied to retrieve the particle size distributions for spherical and spheroidal particles with high stability even in the presence of random noise. The method has advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and suitability for in-line particle size measurement.     

Influence of complex component and particle polydispersity on radiative properties of soot aggregate in atmosphere

The effects of morphological structure, water coating, dust mixing and primary particle size distribution on the radiative properties of soot fractal aggregates in atmosphere are investigated using T-matrix method. These fractal aggregates are numerically generated using a combination of the particle-cluster and cluster-cluster aggregation algorithms with fractal parameters representing soot aggregate in atmosphere. The radiative properties of compact aggregate notably deviate from that of the branched one, and the effect of morphology changes on the radiative properties in wet air cannot be neglected. However it is reasonable to use realization-averaged radiative properties to represent that of the aggregates with certain morphology. In wet air, the scattering, absorption and extinction cross-section and symmetry parameter of soot aggregates coated with water notably increase with water shell thickness. The mixing structures of dust have little effect on radiative properties of aggregates, but the volume fraction of dust has an obvious effect on extinction, scattering and absorption cross-section of aggregates when the size parameters are above the Rayleigh limit. Although the primary particle size distribution of soot aggregate has mild effect on the scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter, the deviations of the extinction, scattering, absorption cross-section among the three size distributions are significant in this study. The size distribution has a significant effect on forward scattering of phase function, while the effect can be neglected as the size parameter approaches to the Rayleigh limit.     

半壳结构金纳米膜的局域表面等离子体共振效应

采用纳米模版印刷术和化学自组装技术制备了半壳结构的金粒子膜.利用场发射扫描电子显微镜和光谱仪等测试手段对样品的结构和光学性质进行了分析.研究发现，该结构的金膜所具有独特的局域表面等离子体共振效应取决于样品的粒子大小、间距等微观结构，且其峰值吸收波长对其周围环境介质的介电常数变化十分敏感.实验结果表明，粒子排列均匀的亚单层膜结构是控制光学性质稳定的关键. 关键词： 局域表面等离子体共振 半壳结构 纳米模版印刷术     

可见光波段卷云散射特性的研究

卷云一般分布在对流层上部到平流层下部,主要由各种形状的冰晶粒子组成。卷云散射特性的研究利用了前期建立的单个冰晶粒子散射性质数据库,并且假定卷云中粒子谱分布符合Г分布,计算得出可见光波段卷云平均散射性质：消光效率因子、吸收效率因子、单次散射反照率、非对称因子与有效尺度以及波长的变化关系。其次对计算得出的变化曲线进行分析得...     

A new explanation of the extinction paradox

This work presents a new explanation for the extinction paradox and shows that the canonical explanations are incorrect. This paradox refers to the large size limit of a particle's extinction cross section. It is called a paradox because the geometrical optics approximation, which should be valid in this limit, predicts a cross section that is half of the true value. The new explanation is achieved by formulating the scattered wave in terms of an integral over the particle's surface where the seemingly unrelated Ewald-Oseen theorem appears in the formulation. By expressing the cross section in terms of this surface integral, the Ewald-Oseen theorem is analytically connected to the cross section. Several illustrations are used to reveal the significance of this connection: The paradox is seen to be a consequence of the requirement that the incident wave be canceled within the particle by secondary radiation from its own internal field. Following this, the canonical explanations are examined to reveal serious problems. In the process, the same asymptotic extinction behavior is shown to occur for small highly refractive dielectric particles, and thus is not just a large particle size or small wavelength effect as is often stated. The traditional explanations cannot account for this behavior while the new one actually predicts it. All in all, this work constitutes a fundamental reworking of 60 years of accepted understanding for the cause of the asymptotic behavior of the extinction cross section.