铌酸盐Ba6FeNb9O30的XRD研究

在BaO -Fe2O3-Nb2O5 三元系统中 ,新发现存在铌酸盐Ba6FeNb9O30,利用四圆单晶衍射仪进行了晶胞参数测定 ,然后采用X射线粉晶衍射法获得该化合物的粉晶衍射数据 ,并进行了指标化 ,F30 =32(0.016,58)。XRD分析结果表明 ,该化合物属于填满型四方钨青铜结构 ,晶胞参数为 :a=1.25812(4)nm ,c=0.3992(4)nm ,α=β=γ=90°。     

新铌酸盐Ba_3Ni_(0.33)Nb_(4.67)O_(15)的合成与X射线衍射分析

在BaO -Ni2O3 -Nb2O5 三元系统中 ,用固相反应法合成了新铌酸盐Ba3Ni0.33Nb4.67O15。以BaCl2 和B2O3为主要助熔剂制备了Ba3Ni0.33Nb4.67O15 的单晶体。利用四圆单晶衍射仪测定晶胞参数 ,然后采用X射线粉晶衍射法进行了物相分析,对该化合物的粉晶衍射数据进行了指标化 ,并报道了其X射线衍射数据。分析结果表明 ,该化合物属于填满型四方钨青铜结构 ,空间群P4bm(100),晶胞参数为 :a=1.26092(5)nm ,c=0.40096(4)nm ,α=β=γ=90°,Z=2。     

新铌酸盐Ba3Ni0.33Nb4.67O15的合成与X射线衍射分析

在BaO-Ni2O3-Nb2O5三元系统中,用固相反应法合成了新铌酸盐Ba3Ni0.33Nb4.67O15。以BaCl2和B2O3为主要助熔剂制备了Ba3Ni0.33Nb4.67O15的单晶体。利用四圆单晶衍射仪测定晶胞参数,然后采用X射线粉晶衍射法进行了物相分析,对该化合物的粉晶衍射数据进行了指标化,并报道了其X射线衍射数据。分析结果表明,该化合物属于填满型四方钨青铜结构,空间群P4bm(100),晶胞参数为a=1.26092(5)nm,c=0.40096(4)nm,α=β=γ=90°,Z=2。     

单斜晶系多晶X射线衍射图的指标化

以对二硝基苯为实例，介绍一种与伊滕法和柯亨法不同的单斜晶系粉晶X射线衍射圈的指标化方法．此法无需通过倒易晶格进行指标化、再通过还原晶胞得到正晶胞的指标化和晶格常数，也不需要衍射峰的不缺少，只需将分组，取d测与d计重叠数量最多的一组中误差最小的d测进行计算处理；可较简便地得到结果．     

介孔材料的小角度X射线衍射实验条件研究

对有序结构的介孔材料进行小角度X射线衍射测试,结果表明:通过调整X射线衍射仪的光路系统,控制入射X射线和散射光的强度与覆盖范围,在常规实验条件下不能获得小角度衍射数据的样品,也可获得清晰的小角衍射数据.对于岛津XRD7000型衍射仪,合适的狭缝系统为:发散狭缝0.1°,防散射狭缝0.1°,接收狭缝0.15 mm.测量条件为工作电压40 kV、工作电流40 mA,连续扫描方式,步长0.02°,扫描速率0.5°/min.介孔X衍射图谱主要在1°～2°出现衍射峰,一些0.6°～0.9°的峰可能由仪器设置、样品制备不当所致.     

粉末衍射技术解析青蒿素晶体结构方法学比对研究

以粉末X射线衍射技术(PXRD)表征有机物晶体结构为目的,选取我国第1个全新药物青蒿素(Artemisinin)验证粉晶解析有机物晶体结构方法的合理性。粉晶解析结果为正交晶系,P212121空间群,a=23.98223±0.01624,b=9.42480±0.00645,c=6.34589±0.00439,α=β=γ=90°,Z=4,V=1434.693;单晶解析结果为正交晶系,P212121空间群,a=23.9564(9),b=9.3224(5),c=6.3205(3),α=β=γ=90°,P212121,Z=4,V=1411.55(17)3;两者所确定分子非氢结构键长、键角、二面角的相关系数分别为0.9921、0.9833和0.9997,晶胞参数基本吻合,分子构型相似。结果表明,粉晶X射线衍射技术可以求得较为准确的青蒿素晶胞参数及晶胞内分子构型。     

L-5-羟基色氨酸粉晶晶体结构解析

以50%甲醇溶液为提取溶剂,从加纳籽中提取L-5-羟基色氨酸(HTP),采用RP-HPLC获得纯度为99.5%样品,经80%甲醇溶液重结晶获得多晶粉末.利用X射线粉末衍射技术结合计算晶体学方法解析其粉晶晶体结构,模拟图谱与实验图谱的Rwp值为5.06%.结果表明:该晶体属单斜晶系,P2_1空间群,晶胞参数为a=13.69927 ±0.01967(A),b=5.34550 ±0.00756(A),c=7.88219±0.01129(A),a=y=90.00000°,β=86.25936±0.00359°,Z=2,V=579.973(A)~3,并在此基础上对其晶体生长特性进行了分析.     

多晶X射线衍射技术与应用

正本书系统地介绍了多晶X射线衍射技术的原理、仪器、方法和应用。全书内容循序渐进,在介绍X射线的物理基础、射线强度检测技术及其发展、晶体和晶体衍射的理论知识基础上,着重阐述了X射线衍射仪器和多晶衍射仪的原理,详细论述了如何获得正确的衍射数据、如何评估衍射实验数据的可信度以及仪     

《多晶X射线衍射技术与应用》

本书系统地介绍了多晶X射线衍射技术的原理、仪器、方法和应用。全书内容循序渐进,在介绍X射线的物理基础、射线强度检测技术及其发展、晶体和晶体衍射的理论知识基础上,着重阐述了X射线衍射仪器和多晶衍射仪的原理,详细论述了如何获得正确的衍射数据、如何评估衍射实验数据的可信度以及仪器的工作状态等实验技术问题。之后,又     

聚乙烯拉伸过程中晶态变化及形变机理

用红外光谱和X-射线衍射研究了室温拉伸的聚乙烯,结果显示单斜晶存在于室温拉伸的聚乙烯中。对Hendra等关于拉伸过程机理的“微熔融”理论及其所根据实验结果提出异议,而本文的,实验结果支持了Peterlin模型。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法快速测定苦荞茶中铜、铅、镉、钴、镍

建立了用硝酸-高氯酸消解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定苦荞茶中铜、铅、镉、钴、镍的方法.方法具有灵敏度高、检出限低、精密度好、基体干扰少、准确可靠、快捷、简便的特点.各元素方法检出限(3SD,μg/L)分别为:铜0.009、铅0.023、镉0.015、钴0.022、镍0.035;方法精密度(RSD,n=12)分别为:铜2.5%～3.0%、铅2.1%～2.3%、镉3.0%～3.8%、钴2.5%～2.6%、镍1.5%～1.9%;各元素加标回收率分别为:铜95.0%～105.0%、铅95.0%～105.0%、镉98.0%～105.0%、钴95.0%～105.0%、镍95.0%～105.0%.在线用铑作为内标95.0%～105.0%.方法经国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与标准值吻合.应用于实际样品测定,结果满意.     

Dibenzomethanopentacene-Based Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Use in Gas-Separation Membranes

Dibenzomethanopentacene (DBMP) is shown to be a useful structural component for making Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMs) with promise for making efficient membranes for gas separations. DBMP-based monomers for PIMs are readily prepared using a Diels–Alder reaction between 2,3-dimethoxyanthracene and norbornadiene as the key synthetic step. Compared to date for the archetypal PIM-1, the incorporation of DBMP simultaneously enhances both gas permeability and the ideal selectivity for one gas over another. Hence, both ideal and mixed gas permeability data for DBMP-rich co-polymers and an amidoxime modified PIM are close to the current Robeson upper bounds, which define the state-of-the-art for the trade-off between permeability and selectivity, for several important gas pairs. Furthermore, long-term studies (over ≈3 years) reveal that the reduction in gas permeabilities on ageing is less for DBMP-containing PIMs relative to that for other high performing PIMs, which is an attractive property for the fabrication of membranes for efficient gas separations.     

Normal Coordinate Analysis for Polymer Systems: Capabilities and New Opportunities

Normal coordinate analysis is an important tool in studying the structure, dynamics, and physical properties of polymer systems. In this article the capabilities of normal coordinate analysis (NCA) are explored in some detail. The use of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors from NCA is catalogued for a wide variety of purposes: for assigning or interpreting polymer spectra, for structural determination, for constructing force fields, for computing heat capacity and other thermodynamic properties, and for computing other physical properties. Examples are given for crystals, melts, and amorphous systems. Also described are methods for characterizing the normal mode vectors that are especially useful for larger systems, in which a large amount of data must be analyzed or where visualization or animation fails. Finally, a recently developed method for eliminating negative eigenvalues in systems with tens of thousands of atoms, trajectory averaging, is presented. Also described are several advances in numerical linear algebra for speeding up the diagonalization phase and for computing physical properties without requiring full diagonalization of the Hessian matrix.     

Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolones,sulfonamides and tetracyclines in sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry

A new scheme for the quantitative determination of traces of fluoroquinolones (FQs), tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides (SAs) in sewage sludge was developed. The compounds were simultaneously extracted from sewage sludge by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). A novel and effective method for PLE was developed. Solid-phase extraction was used for cleaning up the extracts. Identification and quantification of the compounds was done using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in selected reaction monitoring mode. The best recovery of FQs and TCs was obtained by using hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges, recoveries ranged 59% for norfloxacin to 82% for ofloxacin and 95% for doxycycline; for SAs strong cation-exchange cartridges were more efficient, recoveries were 96% for sulfamethoxazole and 43% for sulfadimethoxine. Limit of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/g for SAs to 160 ng/g for tetracycline. Method precision for TCs was 5.06% and 1.12%, and for SAs 0.43% and 2.01%. FQs precision ranged from 0.77% to 1.89%.     

Overview of Special Session B—Compositional and Structural Analysis of Biomass

Special Session B at the 29th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was the first invited session at this symposium devoted to analytical methods. The special topic was added in response to numerous requests for information on new and innovative methods that could be applied in the growing renewable fuels industry. Presentation topics include analytical methods for the characterization and analysis of maize traits, tools for investigating cell wall limitations to enzymatic degradation, methods for customizing enzyme cocktails for biomass, new techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates, analytical methods that enhance our understanding of pretreatment, improved methods for monitoring process intermediates, and published standard analytical methods for biomass conversion processes.     

Treatment of Anomalous Vapor Diffusion in Polymers

The mechanics of thermally-activated gaseous diffusion in polymers have long been studied for development of theoretical understanding of the interactive forces responsible for the non-linear nature of diffusion and the resultant enthalpic changes in the polymer. Methodologies and calculations have been developed in this work for treatment of experimental data for elimination of thickness-related anomalies in water vapor diffusion and for delineation of pressure effects. Linearized data for different polymer thicknesses and the attendant internal thermal effects have been generated by using calculated single molecule diffusion values. Equally linear data are obtained for different pressures by the use of a graphical method from which identical diffusion values are obtained, independent of material thickness and external pressure. True comparisons and classification of polymers as to their diffusivities are thus possible for development of barrier materials for food and drug packaging and for protective encapsulation of electronic devices. Results will be reported for three structurally different polymers. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

傅里叶变换近红外光谱法同时定量分析水溶液中乙醇、果糖和葡萄糖

利用乙醇、果糖和葡萄糖在波数为14000-7500cm^-1范围内的吸收值,在近红外谱区用偏最小二乘法（PLS）对体系进行建模,并通过内部和外部样品校验确认最佳数据预处理方法。结果表明,乙醇在0.05-0.25L/L,果糖在0.01-0.05g/mL及葡萄糖在0.005-0.009g/mL的范围内外部校验模型较好的分别是在PLS中所用的一阶偏导（平滑点数是5）、二阶偏导（平滑点数是5）和直线消除法的数据预处理方法所建立的模型,其外部校验预测结果的相对误差在2%左右。此方法具有可同时测定不同样品,简便快速及成本低等优点。     

Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods for analysis of tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin in pharmaceutical preparations

Sensitive spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are described for the determination of tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin (dosulepin) hydrochlorides. The two methods are based on the condensation of the cited drugs with the mixed anhydrides of malonic and acetic acids at 60 degrees C for 25-40 min. The coloured condensation products are suitable for the spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination at 329-333 and 431-434 nm (excitation at 389 nm), respectively. For the spectrophotometric method, Beer's law was obeyed from 0.5 to 2.5 microg ml(-1) for tramadol, dothiepin and 5-25 microg ml(-1) for acebutolol. Using the spectrofluorimetric method linearity ranged from 0.25 to 1.25 microg ml(-1) for tramadol, dothiepin and 1-5 microg ml(-1) for acebutolol. Mean percentage recoveries for the spectrophotometric method were 99.68+/-1.00, 99.95+/-1.11 and 99.72+/-1.01 for tramadol, acebutolol and dothiepin, respectively and for the spectrofluorimetric method, recoveries were 99.5+/-0.844, 100.32+/-0.969 and 99.82+/-1.15 for the three drugs, respectively. The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction has been studied. The validity of the described procedures was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the selected drugs in their pharmaceutical preparations with good recoveries. The procedures were accurate, simple and suitable for quality control application.     

Analysis of urinary biomarkers for exposure to alkyl benzenes by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A validated GC-MS method for the analysis of urinary metabolites of alkyl benzenes is reported. Metabolites for exposure to toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene were analyzed simultaneously using stable isotope substituted internal standards. The method entailed acidic deconjugation of urine samples followed by extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide as alkylating agent. The resulting pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of ortho-, meta-, para-cresol, mandelic acid (MA), hippuric acid (HA) and ortho-, meta-, para-methylhippuric acid (MHA) were then quantified by SIM. Optimized reaction conditions for the extractive alkylation step are reported. The derivatives were found to be sufficiently stable for overnight batch analysis. The LODs were below 0.1 micromol/L for the cresols and below 1 micromol/L for MA and the HAs. Within-batch precision for o-MHA was 7%, for m-MHA 5%, for p-MHA 5.2% and below 5% for the rest of the analytes.     

Evaluation of the detection of biomolecules in capillary electrophoresis by contactless conductivity measurement

The sensitivity of contactless conductivity detection to amino acids, peptides and proteins in CE was studied for BGE solutions of different pH values. The LOD and analytical characteristics were compared for acidic and basic conditions and better results were in most cases found for buffers of low pH values. Linear dynamic ranges varied between two orders of magnitude for amino acids and peptides and three orders of magnitude for larger proteins. The concentration detection limits were found to be between 1.2 and 7.5 microM for the amino acids tested and for the larger molecules they varied between 2.6 microM for leucine enkephalin and 0.2 microM for HSA when using a buffer at pH 2.1.