Effects of BPZ and BPC on Oxidative Stress of Zebrafish under Different pH Conditions

To further understand the toxic effects of bisphenol Z (BPZ) and bisphenol C (BPC) on aquatic organisms, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0.02 mg/L BPZ and BPC mixed solution in the laboratory for 28 days. The impacts of BPZ and BPC on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, expression of antioxidant genes, and estrogen receptor genes in zebrafish under different pH conditions were studied. The changes of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the zebrafish were detected by spectrophotometry. The mRNA relative expression levels of CAT, GSH, SOD, ERa, and ERb1 in the experimental group were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that SOD activity and MDA content were inhibited under different pH conditions, and the activities of GSH, GSH-Px, and POD were induced. The activities of POD and GSH induced in the neutral environment were stronger than those in an acidic and alkaline environment. The mRNA relative expression levels of SOD and GSH were consistent with the activities of SOD and GSH. The mRNA relative expression levels of CAT were induced more strongly in the neutral environment than in acidic and alkaline conditions, the mRNA relative expression levels of ERa were induced most weakly in a neutral environment, and the mRNA relative expression levels of ERb1 were inhibited the most in a neutral environment.     

SRXRF study of trace elements in hippocampus of pup rats after prenatal and postnatal exposure to low-level mercury

The damage in the pup rat brain with low-level mercury exposure, and the concentration variation of trace elements in the rat hippocampus was determined by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique (SRXRF). Meanwhile, the levels and activities of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus were also measured. The results showed that the low dose of inorganic mercury prenatal and postnatal exposure could lead to the significant increase of both copper and zinc contents and remarkable decrease of iron content in pup rat brain. Compared to the control group, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px, SOD, the contents of GSH and MDA in the pup rat hippocampus of mercury-exposed group fell down obviously.     

Neuroprotective activity of lavender oil on transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice

The air-dried aerial parts of Lavandula angustifolia Mill, a traditional Uygur herbal drug, is used as resuscitation-inducing therapy to treat neurodisfunctions, such as stroke. This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effects of lavender oil against ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in mice. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by the intraluminal occlusion method with a nylon string. The neurodysfuntion was evaluated by neurological deficit and the infarct area was showed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The histopathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl, the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) in brain tissue were measured to estimate the oxidative stress state. Neurological deficit, infarct size, histopathology changes and oxidative stress markers were evaluated after 22 h of reperfusion. In comparison with the model group, treatment with lavender oil significantly decreased neurological deficit scores, infarct size, the levels of MDA, carbonyl and ROS, and attenuated neuronal damage, upregulated SOD, CAT, GSH-Px activities and GSH/GSSG ratio. These results suggested that the neuroprotective effects of lavender oil against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury may be attributed to its antioxidant effects.     

Protective Effect of Polyphenols Extract of Adlay (<em>Coix lachryma-jobi </em>L. var<em>. ma-yuen Stapf</em>) on Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

The present study examines the effect of polyphenols extract of adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) (APE) on high cholesterol diet fed rats (HCD). APE was orally administrated by gavage at doses of 10, 40 and 200 mg total phenolics/kg body weight of rats once a day for 28 days. At the end of four weeks, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and markers of oxidative stress viz., malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the serum and liver of HCD and normal rats were assessed and compared. The results showed that administration of APE was significantly effective in decreasing the serum levels of TC, LDL-C and MDA, increasing the serum level of HDL-C and antioxidant capacity. In addition, oral gavage of APE could also increase the antioxidant capacity, CAT and GSH-Px activities in liver. These results suggested that APE exerted a high hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activities, which might be characterized by a protective effect on cardiovascular health in vivo.     

Antioxidant and immunity activities of Fufang Kushen Injection Liquid

We investigated the effects of Fufang Kushen Injection Liquid (FFKSIL) on gastric immunity and oxidant-antioxidant status during N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of the GSH-dependent enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were used to monitor the peroxidative balance. Enhanced lipid peroxidation in the gastric cancer animals was accompanied by significant decreases in the activities of GSH, GPx, GST and GR. Administration of FFKSIL significantly enhanced serum IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 levels, decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, lowered the levels of lipid peroxides and enhanced GSH levels and activities of GSH-dependent enzymes. Our results suggest that FFKSIL blocks experimental gastric carcinogenesis by protecting against carcinogen-induced oxidative damage and improving immunity activity.     

Effect of Ginkgo leaf parenteral solution on blood and cochlea antioxidant and immunity indexes in OM rats

Oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of otitis media (OM). In this study, we investigated the effect of Ginkgo leaf parenteral solution on blood and cochlea antioxidant and immunity indexs in OM rats. In OM model rats, blood and cochlea malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were significantly increased, whereas antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR)) were significantly decreased compared with normal rats. Treatment with Ginkgo leaf parenteral solution restored the altered parameters in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that Ginkgo leaf parenteral solution confers protection against oxidative injuries in OM rats by increasing activities of antioxidants and immunity, suggesting a potential drug for the prevention and therapy of OM.     

Protective effect of ischemic postconditioning against ischemia reperfusion-induced myocardium oxidative injury in IR rats

Brief episodes of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) employed during reperfusion after a prolonged ischemic insult may attenuate the total ischemia-reperfusion injury. This phenomenon has been termed ischemic postconditioning. In the present study, we studied the possible effect of ischemic postconditioning on an ischemic reperfusion (IR)-induced myocardium oxidative injury in rat model. Results showed that ischemic postconditioning could improve arrhythmia cordis, reduce myocardium infarction and serum creatin kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities in IR rats. In addition, ischemic postconditioning could still decrease myocardium malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increased myocardium Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. It can be concluded that ischemic postconditioning possesses strong protective effects against ischemia reperfusion-induced myocardium oxidative injury in IR rats.     

高分子抗氧化剂研究进展

过量自由基可造成人体的多种损伤,加速人的衰老.抗氧化剂可以清除或转化多余的自由基,对人体起到保护作用.本文从天然高分子及合成高分子两方面对抗氧化剂的研究进展进行了综述.在天然高分子抗氧化剂中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等的结构与功能已经较为清晰;金属硫蛋白、血红蛋白、短肽及多糖等...     

Dose-dependent Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by “Naked” Fe3O4 Nanoparticles in Human Hepatocyte

The dose-dependent cytotoxicity effect on human hepatocyte(HL-7702 cells) induced by “naked” Fe3O4 nanoparticles was assessed through cell viabilities and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activities. Three important oxidative indexes of the cells by glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde( MDA) were determined. The good correlation of the cell viabilities with their GSH-Px, SOD and MDA levels indicated that the cytotoxicity is related to activation of oxidative stress induced by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The oxidative stress also leads to corresponding DNA damage in a similar dose-dependent manner, followed by the changes of cell cycle and cell apoptosis. Such work provides important experimental data for the safety evaluation of superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.     

Comparison of the effects of different antiviral treatments on the antioxidant systems of stroma-free hemoglobin

The effect of virus inactivation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) phototreatment, methylene blue (MB) phototreatment or heat on the activities of antioxidant systems of stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) was studied. DMMB photoinactivated human immunodeficiency virus by > 3.69 log10 under conditions that inactivated 3.33 log10 of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Under conditions which inactivated VSV by 6.10 log10 (1.37 J/cm2 irradiation and 2 microM DMMB), there was little change in the methemoglobin (Met-Hb) formation, concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), or superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) or glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. However, the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) was decreased by 77%. Under conditions that inactivated VSV by 5.69 log10 (1.37 J/cm2 irradiation and 24 microM MB) there was little effect of MB phototreatment on SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH activities. However, GR activity was decreased by 74% and Met-Hb content reached 3.98%. Under conditions that inactivated VSV by more than 6.20 log10 (60 degrees C for 2 min), virucidal heat treatment resulted in 27% Met-Hb formation and decreased GPX activity by 43%. No significant decline in SOD, CAT or GR activities or GSH concentration was observed. These results suggest that, compared with heat treatment and MB phototreatment, virucidal DMMB treatment preserves not only the oxidative state of hemoglobin but also the antioxidant systems against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, although the reduced GR activity may limit the quenching capacity of antioxidants in DMMB-treated SFH.     

Antioxidant activities of protein-enriched fraction from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica

The protein-enriched fraction (PEF) was isolated and purified from the larvae of housefly, Musca domestica. This study was designed to investigate amino acid compositions, antioxidative effects and protective effects of PEF on red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis, lipid peroxidation. The effects of PEF treatment were studied on aged mice liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities, which included superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Results: PEF not only inhibited H(2)O(2) stimulated oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes of mice, but also depressed malondialdehyde (MDA) production in mice liver homogenate by auto-oxidation and hepatic mitochondria expanded induced by Fe(2+)-ascorbic acid system. Compared to control group, treatments of PEF significantly increases SOD and GSH-Px activity of serum and liver homogenate in aged mice. MDA level of serum and liver homogenate decreased significantly in aged mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PEF possesses antioxidative activity and might be a valuable source of natural antioxidative agents.     

Insight into Seasonal Change of Phytochemicals,Antioxidant, and Anti-Aging Activities of Root Bark of Paeonia suffruticosa (Cortex Moutan) Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Chemical compositions, antioxidants, and anti-aging activities of Cortex Moutan (CM), from different collection periods and different producing areas, were measured and compared in order to obtain excellent CM extracts. The bioactivities of CM extracts were examined by an in vitro antioxidant method and a UVB irradiated human dermal fibroblast (HDF) model. Phytochemical properties were obtained from ultra-fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q-TOF-MS) prior to the multivariate statistical analysis. As for the results, the extracts of Heze CM (HZCM) and Luoyang CM (LYCM) collected in June had better in vitro antioxidant activities, significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), compared to other CM extracts. HZCM and LYCM extracts could upregulate the relative expression of SOD and GSH-Px mRNA. The extract of HZCM collected in June could significantly repress the production of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and improve the production of procollagen type I (PCOL)-I in UVB irradiated HDF. In total, 50 compounds, including 17 monoterpenoids, 19 flavonoids, 13 phenols, and 1 amino acid were identified or tentatively identified in the CM extracts. Gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloyl glucose, and paeonol were predominant compounds in the CM extracts. Taken together, CM collected from April to September had better antioxidant and anti-aging effects for external usage.     

Cinnamon and Eucalyptus Oils Suppress the Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo

Inflammation caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts epithelial homeostasis and threatens both human and animal health. Therefore, the discovery and development of new anti-inflammatory drugs is urgently required. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, this study aims to screen and evaluate the effects of cinnamon oil and eucalyptus oil on anti-inflammatory activities. The associated evaluation indicators include body weight gain, visceral edema coefficient, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrogen monoxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Urea, Crea, ALT, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IκB-α, iNOS, and Mn-SOD. In addition, tissue injury was determined by H&E staining. The results revealed that cinnamon oil and eucalyptus oil suppressed inflammation by decreasing SOD, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels. We also found that cinnamon oil increased the level of GSH-Px, MDA, and Mn-SOD, as well as the visceral edema coefficient of the kidney and liver. Altogether, these findings illustrated that cinnamon oil and eucalyptus oil exhibited wide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities against LPS-induced inflammation.     

Susceptibility Against Grey Blight Disease-Causing Fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Cultivars Is Influenced by Anti-oxidative Enzymes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is the first level of response by a host during stress. Even though the ROS are toxic to cell, when present in a limited amount, they act as a signalling molecule for the expression of defence-related genes and later are scavenged by either enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanisms of the host. The different anti-oxidative enzymes like glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APO), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were estimated, and their activities were compared between infected and healthy leaves of the tolerant and susceptible cultivars of tea. The infected leaves of the susceptible cultivars registered higher amount of enzyme activity when compared with the tolerant cultivars. The study reveals that the more anti-oxidative enzymes, the more susceptible the cultivar will be.     

Effect of paclobutrazol on water stress amelioration through antioxidants and free radical scavenging enzymes in Arachis hypogaea L

An investigation was carried out to find out the extent of changes occurred in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars in response to paclobutrazol (PBZ) treatment under water deficit stress. Two groundnut cultivars namely ICG 221 and ICG 476 were used for the study. Individual treatment with PBZ and drought stress showed an increase in ascorbic acid, -tocopherol and reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities. PBZ with drought stressed plants maintained higher levels of antioxidant and scavenging enzymes. Significant differences were observed between cultivars and treatments. These results suggests that the adverse effects of water stress can be minimized by the application of PBZ by increasing the antioxidant levels and activities of scavenging enzymes such as SOD, APX and CAT. The Cv. ICG 221 appears to be more tolerant to water stress than the ICG 476.     

Sequential effects of ultraviolet radiation on the histomorphology, cell density and antioxidative status of the lens epithelium--an in vivo study

In vivo progressive effects of UV irradiation on the lens epithelium were studied using various histomorphological and biochemical parameters. Fifteen day old rat pups were exposed to 600 mW/m2 of radiation, including UV-A and UV-B, 12 h daily for 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Biochemical parameters such as protein-bound and non-protein-bound sulfhydryl groups in both soluble and insoluble fractions and enzymes, which play an important role in combating the oxidative stress, were studied. Decreased cell density of lens epithelial cells (LEC) was observed in all three zones along with the decrease in the levels of soluble sulfhydryls (S-SH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT). On the other hand, an increase in insoluble sulfhydryls was observed. Because of the decrease in S-SH and GR activities, the LEC became vulnerable to oxidative stress. Decreased activities of SOD, GPx and CAT suggest elevated oxidative stress. This effect of UV radiation may lead to cell death that may be responsible for the observed decrease in the cell density in all three zones of the lens epithelium.     

Protective effect of salidroside from Rhodiolae Radix on diabetes-induced oxidative stress in mice

It has been confirmed that diabetes mellitus (DM) carries increased oxidative stress. This study evaluated the effects of salidroside from Rhodiolae Radix on diabetes-induced oxidative stress in mice. After induction of diabetes, diabetic mice were administered daily doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg salidroside for 28 days. Body weights, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, TC (total cholesterol), TG (triglyceride), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Results showed that salidroside possessed hypoglycemic activity and protective effects against diabetes-induced oxidative stress, which could significantly reduce FBG, TC, TG and MDA levels, and at same time increase serum insulin levels, SOD, GPx and CAT activities. Therefore, salidroside should be considered as a candidate for future studies on diabetes.     

Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Procyanidins on Parkinson’s Disease In Vivo and In Vitro

This research assessed the molecular mechanism of procyanidins (PCs) against neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and its metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) models. In vitro, PC12 cells were incubated with PCs or deprenyl for 24 h, and then exposed to 1.5 mM MPP⁺ for 24 h. In vivo, zebrafish larvae (AB strain) 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) were incubated with deprenyl or PCs in 400 μM MPTP for 4 days. Compared with MPP⁺/MPTP alone, PCs significantly improved antioxidant activities (e.g., glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, PCs significantly increased nuclear Nrf2 accumulation in PC12 cells and raised the expression of NQO1, HO-1, GCLM, and GCLC in both PC12 cells and zebrafish compared to MPP⁺/MPTP alone. The current study shows that PCs have neuroprotective effects, activate the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and alleviate oxidative damage in MPP⁺/MPTP-induced PD models.     

ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER, Trichoplusia ni: ENZYMATIC RESPONSES TO THE SUPEROXIDE-GENERATING FLAVONOID, QUERCETIN, and PHOTODYNAMIC FURANOCOUMARIN, XANTHOTOXIN

Abstract— Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was induced by ca 2-fold (to5–6 U) when Trichoplusia ni midfifth-instar larvae were exposed to two toxic oxygen species generating plant pro-oxidants, quercetin (a flavonoid) and xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen; a photoactive furanocoumarin). Very high catalase (CAT) activity ( ca 300 U) of this insect was not affected by 8-methoxypsoralen, but was slightly decreased by quercetin. No Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity was observed, but high glutathione transferase (GST) peroxidase activity (over 50 U) in this insect was slightly induced by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and was partially inhibited by quercetin, 8-Methoxypsoralen induced the activity of glutathione reductase (GR), but quercetin partially inhibited the activity of this enzyme. An increase in SOD activity appears to be the main response of this insect to dietary exposure to pro-oxidant compounds. High CAT activity guarantees the destruction of large cellular increases in H₂O₂, a product of rapid dismutation of superoxide from induced activity of SOD. Moreover, GST with its peroxidase activity apparently substitutes for GPOX, forming a GST/GR enzyme pair as a primary line of defense against deleterious organic hydroperoxides. These studies clearly point out the key role for an insect's antioxidant enzymatic countermeasures against defensive pro-oxidant compounds produced by plants.