Estimates for Some Functionals for Open Sets

We solve new extremal problems of nonoverlapping domains with free poles on rays. Similar results are obtained for open sets. __________ Translated from Neliniini Kolyvannya, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 147–153, April–June, 2005.     

Dimensions of attractors for discretizations for Navier-Stokes equations

In this paper, we discretize the 2-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the periodic boundary condition by the finite difference method. We prove that with a shift for discretization, the global solutions exist. After proving some discrete Sobolev inequalities in the sense of finite differences, we prove the existence of the global attractors of the discretized system, and we estimate the upper bounds for the Hausdorff and the fractal dimensions of the attractors. These bounds are indepent of the mesh sizes and are considerably close to those of the continuous version.     

Convexity conditions for strain-dependent energy functions for membranes

The forms that the convexity, polyconvexity, and rank-one convexity inequalities take when the strain energy is required to be a function of the strain G are studied. It is shown in particular that W(G) must be an increasing function of G, in the sense that W(G)W(G) if G – G is non-negative definite. Relatively simple sufficient conditions in terms of G alone are given. Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of G alone are found to be rather complex.     

A new algorithm for workspace analysis for robot manipulators

Summary A new algorithm to determine the workspace of a robot manipulator is presented in this paper. The method is based on the concept of dividing the robot structure into a regional structure and an orientational structure and is much more efficient than many methods currently available. Another advantage is that the method is expedient to plot the contours of the workspace of a robot manipulator on an arbitrarily defined plane or determine the extreme points along a general direction. The problem of determining subspaces of different joint configurations is also addressed and a method to compute them is proposed. Since for an ordinary industrial robot the regional structure is usually solvable to the first three joint variables, the method proposed is efficient computationally. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by some numeric examples.

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Sommario Nel lavoro viene presentato un nuovo algoritmo per determinare il campo di lavoro di un manipolatore robotico. Il metodo utilizza il concetto di dividere la struttura del manipolatore ad una struttura regionale ed una struttura orientamentale ed è molto più efficace di molti metodi esistenti. Un altro vantaggio del metodo è che esso è conveniente per disegnare i contorni del campo di lavoro su un piano specificato arbitrariamente oppure per determinare i punti estremi lungo una direzione generale. Nel lavoro è studiato anche il problema di determinare i sottospazi di configurazioni diverse dei giunti e viene presentato un metodo per calcolarli. Siccome per un robot industriale la struttura regionale è normalmente risolubile per le prime tre variabili dei giunti, il metodo presentato è molto efficace computazionalmente. L'applicabilità del metodo è dimostrata da qualche esempio numerico.

     

Discrete-layer models for multilayered shells accounting for interlayer continuity

Based on adiscrete-layer approach, in a recent series of papers, the first author has developed the equations governing the elastodynamic behaviour of moderately thick multilayered anisotropic plates by making use of a displacement field which allows a non-linear variation of the in-plane displacements through the laminate thickness and fulfilsa priori the static and geometric continuity conditions at the interfaces between two adjacent layers. Based on this approach, in the present paper we derive the equations of motion and variationally consistent boundary conditions of moderately multilayered anisotropic shells. To show the accuracy and reliability of the proposed approach, closed-form solutions are given and compared with results from three-dimensional elasticity and other approximate bi-dimensional models with and without continuous interlayer stresses. Based on this numerical investigation, the proposed approach appears to work very well.

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Sommario Facendo uso di un approccio del tipodiscrete-layer, in una recente serie di lavori, il primo autore ha rieavato le equazioni del moto indefinite e le condizioni al contorno per piastre anisotrope multistrato, moderatamente spesse. L'approccio si basa sull'assunzione di una legge di variazione degli spostamenti secondo il piano tangente alla superficie media, ottenuta sovrapponendo una legge cubica ad una legge continua lineare a tratti; in tal modo risultano soddisfatte le condizioni di continuitá degli spostamenti e delle tensioni tangenziali all'interfaccia tra due strati. Nel presente lavoro, tale approccio viene esteso al caso di gusci multistrato anisotropi, moderatamente spessi. La validitá dell'approccio proposto viene suffragata mediante confronti numerici con risultati, reperiti in letteratura, ottenuti utilizzando o la teoria dell'elasticitá tridimensionale o altri modelli bidimensionali piú o meno sofisticati.

     

离散元数值模拟中查找邻居元关系的改进算法

离散元方法是近年发展起来的有前途的新概念数值模拟方法,然而查找邻居元关系耗费大量机时和内存。本文引入一种改进算法-“区域法”,并对其原理、算法、运行时间和空间进行了分析。和原算法中的“窗口法”的比较结果表明,新算法在运行时间和空间方面均明显优于原算法。     

A method for deriving hydrodynamic equations for complicated systems

A general algorithm is proposed for constructing a uniformly valid asymptotic solution of the kinetic equations under conditions when the number of slowly varying macroscopic variables is greater than the number of integral invariants of the collision operator. The case of a chemically reacting gas mixture is considered, and a method for constructing the asymptotic solution for this case is described. The hydrodynamic equations for reacting and relaxing gas mixtures are described in general form and it is noted that consistent allowance for the disequilibrium of the reaction and relaxation processes leads to the appearance in the hydrodynamic equations of a number of additional terms, which describe the dependence of the rates of these processes on the spatial derivatives of the hydrodynamic variables.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 96–105, May–June, 1981.     

理想桁架计算模式的精确性分析

 通过对典型钢桁架因结点刚性所产生的次应力的计算，分析了理想桁架计算模 式的精确程度，据此提出了钢桁架焊接设计的改进建议，并将其应用到教学实践中.     

A new approach for failure criterion for sheet metals

The interpretation of sheet forming simulations relies on failure criteria to define the limits of metal deformation. The common requirements for these criteria across a broad range of application areas have not yet been satisfied or fully identified, and a single criterion to satisfy all needs has not been developed. Areas where existing criteria appear to be lacking are in the comprehension of the effects of non-proportional loading, general non-planar and triaxial stress loading, and process and material mechanisms that differentiate between necking and fracture. This study was mainly motivated to provide an efficient method for the analysis of necking and fracture limits for sheet metals. In this paper, a model for the necking limit is combined with a model for the fracture limit in the principal stress space by employing a stress-based forming limit curve (FLC) and the maximum shear stress (MSS) criterion. A new metal failure criterion for in-plane isotropic metals is described, based on and validated by a set of critical experiments. This criterion also takes into consideration of the stress distribution through the thickness of the sheet metal to identify the mode of failure, including localized necking prior to fracture, surface cracking, and through-thickness fracture, with or without a preceding neck. The fracture model is also applied to the openability of a food can for AA 5182. The predicted results show very good agreement with the experimentally observed data.     

Correlations for the pressure drop for flow through metal foam

Steady-state unidirectional pressure-drop measurements for incompressible airflow through nine open-cell aluminum foam samples, having different porosities and pore densities, were undertaken. The pressure drop increased with increasing Darcian velocity following the quadratic Forchheimer equation. The lower-porosity foam produced significantly higher pressure drop. Both the permeability and the form drag coefficient correlated well with the porosity. The correlations predicted the results of some previous studies reasonably well, especially for the low-pore-density foam.     

Generalized stroh formalism for anisotropic elasticity for general boundary conditions

The Stroh formalism is most elegant when the boundary conditions are simple, namely, they are prescribed in terms of traction or displacement. For mixed boundary conditions such as there for a slippery boundary, the concise matrix expressions of the Stroh formalism are destroyed. We present a generalized Stroh formalism which is applicable to a class of general boundary conditions. The general boundary conditions include the simple and slippery boundary conditions as special cases. For Green's functions for the half space, the general solution is applicable to the case when the surface of the half-space is a fixed, a free, a slippery, or other more general boundary. For the Griffith crack in the infinite space, the crack can be a slit-like crack with free surfaces, a rigid line inclusion (which is sometimes called an anticrack), or a rigid line with slippery surface or with other general surface conditions. It is worth mention that the modifications required on the Stroh formalism are minor. The generalized formalism and the final solutions look very similar to those of unmodified version. Yet the results are applicable to a rather wide range of boundary conditions.     

Standing waves for a two-way model system for water waves

In this paper, we prove the existence of a large family of nontrivial bifurcating standing waves for a model system which describes two-way propagation of water waves in a channel of finite depth or in the near shore zone. In particular, it is shown that, contrary to the classical standing gravity wave problem on a fluid layer of finite depth, the Lyapunov–Schmidt method applies to find the bifurcation equation. The bifurcation set is formed with the discrete union of Whitney's umbrellas in the three-dimensional space formed with 3 parameters representing the time-period and the wave length, and the average of wave amplitude.     

A point assembly method for stress analysis for two-dimensional solids

A novel point assembly method (PAM) is presented for stress analysis for two-dimensional solids. In the present method, the boundaries of the problem domain are represented by a set of discrete points, and the domain itself is represented by properly scattered points. The displacement in the influence triangular areas of a point is interpolated by the displacements at the point and pairs of surrounding points using shape functions. The shape functions used in this work are obtained in the same way as those of a triangular element in the conventional finite element method (FEM). A variational (weak) form of the equilibrium equation is used to produce a set of system equations. These equations are assembled for all the points in the domain, and solved for the displacement field. Stresses and strains at a point are then computed using the displacements obtained for the point and pairs of the surrounding points. A PAM program with an automatic point-searching algorithm has been developed in fortran. Patch tests and convergence studies have been carried out to verify the convergence of the present method and program. Examples are also presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the present method compared with analytical solutions as well as the conventional FEM solutions.     

Empirical expression for hot wire with corrections for temperature drift

In using the empirical expression of King's law,E ² =E ₀ ² + BU, to correlate the data obtained from constant temperature hot wire in real low turbulence flow, the value of exponentn can assume widely differing values and is never a universal constant. Also corrections must be employed for varying ambient fluid temperature from the temperature at which calibration was carried out.This paper discuss the possibility of replacing King's law by another empirical expression,E ²=E ₀ ² + BU ^0.5 + CU, in which the exponentn will be fixed at a value 0.5 and the termCU is regarded as a correction factor for changing the exponentn in King's law as well as for the effect of ambient temperature drift.The advantages of using the new expression, beside incorporating the required corrections, are reflected on reducing the errors in local sensitivity resulted from using approximated exponent in King's law, and its validity for very low mean velocities.

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Empirische Formel für den Hitzdraht mit Korrekturen für Temperaturänderungen

Zusammenfassung Benützt man den empirischen Ausdruck des Kingschen Gesetzes,E ²=E ₀ ² + BU ⁿ , um die Meßwerte eines Konstanttemperatur-Hitzdrahtes bei sehr niedriger Turbulenz zu korrelieren, so kann der Wert des Exponentenn sehr unterschiedliche Werte annehmen und ist nie eine universelle Konstante. Es müssen auch Korrekturen angebracht werden, wenn die Fluid temperatur von der Temperatur abweicht, bei der der Hitzdraht geeicht wurde.Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die Möglichkeit, das Kingsche Gesetz durch eine andere empirische Formel,E ²=E ₀ ² +BU ^0.5 +CU, zu ersetzen, in der der Exponentn zu 0,5 festgelegt wird und in der der AusdruckCU als Korrekturfaktor für den sich ändernden Exponentenn in dem Kingschen Gesetz und auch für den Einfluß abweichender Umgebungstemperatur betrachtet wird.Die Vorteile dieser neuen Formulierung mit den vorgeschlagenen Änderungen liegen in der Reduzierung von Fehlanalysen bei örtlich besserer Empfindlichkeit und in der Gültigkeit des Ansatzes auch für sehr niedrige Geschwindigkeiten.

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Nomenclature B slope of the best fit line which relatedE ² andU ^0.5 - C correction factor in equation (3) - C _l correction factor for temperature drift - C _E correction factor for same output voltage - C _s correction factor for same sensitivity - C error in correction factor - E output voltage of hot wire, volt - E _a output voltage atT _a , volt - E _c output voltage atT _c , volt - E ₀ extrapolated value whereU=zero, volt - r.m.s. for voltage fluctuations, volt - n exponent in King's law - n error in exponentn - Re Reynold's number - S local sensitivity=dE/dU - T _a fluid temperature,^°C - T _c fluid temperature during calibration,^°C - T _w hot wire temperature,^°C - T T _a -T _c ,^° CU mean velocity, m/s - r.m.s. for velocity fluctuation, m/s -      

Numbering techniques for preconditioners in iterative solvers for compressible flows

We consider Newton–Krylov methods for solving discretized compressible Euler equations. A good preconditioner in the Krylov subspace method is crucial for the efficiency of the solver. In this paper we consider a point‐block Gauss–Seidel method as preconditioner. We describe and compare renumbering strategies that aim at improving the quality of this preconditioner. A variant of reordering methods known from multigrid for convection‐dominated elliptic problems is introduced. This reordering algorithm is essentially black‐box and significantly improves the robustness and efficiency of the point‐block Gauss–Seidel preconditioner. Results of numerical experiments using the QUADFLOW solver and the PETSc library are given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.