溶液燃烧合成ZnO粉体及其太阳能电池性能研究

以六水合硝酸锌作为锌源,蔗糖作为燃料,采用溶液燃烧法合成ZnO超细粉体,并利用合成ZnO超细粉体制备染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面分析仪(BET)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对合成粉体的物相组成、比表面积、微观形貌,以及ZnO光阳极断面形貌进行表征,采用IPCE光电测试系统研究了不同温度处理ZnO光阳极所组装染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能.实验表明:合成的ZnO 粉体径向平均粒径为50 nm,比表面积为24.83 g/cm2.采用合成的ZnO粉体所制备电池光阳极,当热处理温度为450 ℃时,所组装成染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的光电转化性能较佳,开路电压为0.63 V,短路电流12.73 mA/cm2,填充因子为64.70;,电池效率达5.20;.     

整体利用钛精矿制备多相复合型光催化粉体

以攀枝花钛精矿为原料,加入一定配比的氧化锌,采用固相反应煅烧法制备具有光催化作用的多相复合粉体.利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线粉末衍射、BET氮气吸附法、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱、紫外-可见分光光度法对原料及合成粉体进行性能表征.主要研究了煅烧温度对合成粉体的物相组成、比表面积、光吸收性能及其光催化性能的影响.实验结果表明:随着煅烧温度的升高,粉体的物相组成发生变化,比表面积减小,光催化活性降低.加入20;ZnO、在600℃热处理1 h制备的粉体具有最高的光催化活性,对甲基橙溶液的光催化降解效率达到90;.     

热处理温度对Fe掺杂纳米ZnO/SnO2催化剂粉体的光催化性能的影响

以SnCl4.5H2O、ZnNO3.6H2O、HCl、NaOH、FeCl3.6H2O为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Fe掺杂纳米ZnO/SnO2复合催化剂粉体,以溶液降解甲基橙反应为模型,借助透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)测试仪等研究了热处理温度对0.2wt%Fe-Zn4Sn1(ZnO/SnO2=4/1(物质的量比))复合催化剂(简为:FZS)粉体催化活性和结构的影响。结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,光催化活性先升高后降低,热处理温度为650℃时所得的FZS粉体的光催化活性达到最高,对甲基橙的降解率为89.63%(紫外光照50 min)。随着热处理温度升高,FZS粉体的粒径逐渐增大,分散性仍然较好。当热处理温度达到750℃时,随着热处理温度的升高,FZS粉体团聚现象明显,比表面积急剧减小,使得光催化活性降低。在热处理温度高于850℃时,样品中出现Zn2SnO4晶体,也使得光催化活性降低。     

炭黑吸附水热法制备纳米TiO2粉体及其光催化降解甲基橙

利用炭黑吸附钛酸异丙酯水热法制得锐钛矿型TiO2纳米粉体.采用热重/差热分析(TG-DTA)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积吸附(BET)和紫外-可见光谱(Uv-vIS)等分析方法对不同煅烧机制下所得粉体的物相、颗粒度、分散性和光吸收性能进行表征.同时利用纳米TiO2粉体对甲基橙进行了光催化降解,研究了其光催化性能.结果表明,炭黑的吸附阻止了纳米TiO2超细颗粒的团聚和烧结,制得的颗粒分散均匀、具有单一锐钛矿晶型结构的TiO2纳米粉体.经500℃煅烧获得的TiO2粉体粒径约为15 nm,比表面积为76.31 g/m2.在紫外灯照射下,由于炭黑的吸附和纳米TiO2的光催化形成协同效应,甲基橙的光催化降解率在6min达到99;.     

三种改性方法对纳米ZnO催化剂粉体的光催化性能的影响

以SnCl4·5H2O、ZnNO3·6H2O、HCl、NaOH、FeCl3·6H2O为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Fe掺杂纳米ZnO、纳米ZnO/SnO2和Fe掺杂纳米ZnO/SnO2三种复合催化剂粉体,以降解甲基橙溶液反应为模型,研究了不同比例的ZnO/SnO2复合、Fe元素掺杂量以及SnO2复合Fe元素掺杂同时作用对纳米ZnO粉体光催化活性的影响,采用X射线衍射(XRD)测试方法对不同量Fe元素掺杂纳米ZnO粉体进行了表征.采用透射电镜对三种改性方法ZnO粉体进行表征.结果表明:随着ZnO/SnO2的物质的量比增加,ZnO/SnO2复合光催化剂的催化活性先增加,然后降低;随着Fe掺杂量的增加,纳米ZnO粉体的光催化活性先增加,然后降低.三种改性方法都能提高纳米ZnO粉体的光催化活性,其中Fe元素掺杂以及SnO2复合改性纳米ZnO粉体的光催化效果最好,物相为ZnO和SnO2,颗粒尺寸为15 ～20 nm,分散性好,比表面积为68.7m2/g.     

炭吸附水热法制备TmFeO3及其光催化性能研究

利用炭吸附水热法制备钙钛矿型TmFeO₃纳米粉体,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD),热重-差热分析仪(TG-DTA),紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)和气相色谱仪等设备分析晶体比表面积、热稳定性、吸光性能及物相结构。以全谱镝灯为可见光光源,通过催化甲基橙降解,评价TmFeO₃粉体的光催化性能。实验结果表明,炭吸附水热法制得的TmFeO₃粉体有更高的结晶度和热稳定性,且比表面积大,吸收可见光范围增大,吸光性能更好。光催化降解甲基橙实验结果表明,光照140 min时对甲基橙的降解率达88％,是普通水热合成法制得的TmFeO₃催化性能的1.5倍。     

Zn基ZnO纳米线的水热合成及其光催化性能

以Zn片为基底和锌源,采用正丁胺-水热体系原位生长Zn基ZnO纳米线薄膜.薄膜的形貌、结构、比表面积及光谱性质采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、比表面仪(BET)、荧光光谱仪(PL)及紫外-可见漫反射光谱仪(UV-Vis-DRS)进行分析,薄膜的光催化活性通过紫外光降解甲基橙来评价.结果表明,所生长的Zn基ZnO纳米线薄膜对甲基橙具有良好的光催化活性和循环使用性.水热生长12 h的ZnO样品因长径比大,致密度高,比表面积大,结构中的氧空位浓度高,光催化活性最高.     

ZnO/g-C3N4复合光催化剂制备及其光催化性能研究

以硝酸锌、三聚氰胺为原料,采用热解法合成ZnO掺杂g-C3N4复合光催化剂.利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis等对合成产物的组成、形貌及光吸收性能进行了表征.研究了热解温度及ZnO的掺杂量对合成产物性能的影响,并以亚甲蓝溶液为模拟污染物,对合成ZnO/g-C3N4进行光催化性能评价.结果表明:ZnO掺杂有利于提高ZnO/g-C3N4复合材料的光催化性能,当热解温度为650℃、保温时间为60 min、ZnO的掺杂量为2.5wt;时,合成的ZnO/g-C3N4光催化性能最佳,在高压汞灯照射240 min时,对亚甲蓝溶液的降解率为84.1;,比同条件下单一g-C3N4光催化性能提高26.2;.     

多孔陶瓷负载TiO2光催化降解甲基橙溶液的研究

采用有机先驱体浸渍法及无压烧结工艺,制备了Al2O3多孔陶瓷载体。利用溶胶-凝胶法在多孔陶瓷上负载Sm3+掺杂Ti O2光催化材料。研究了煅烧温度、涂层次数等工艺因素对多孔陶瓷负载Ti O2光催化降解甲基橙溶液的影响规律。结果表明,借助于多孔陶瓷高的气孔率,Ti O2负载在Al2O3颗粒表面或进入颗粒间的孔隙内,使材料具有较大的比表面积。掺入Sm3+使材料的光催化活性提高。在煅烧温度为600℃、四次涂层、甲基橙溶液p H值为2时,多孔陶瓷负载Ti O2光催化降解甲基橙溶液效果最佳。     

炭吸附共沉淀钒酸铋纳米粉体的制备及其光催化性能研究

通过炭吸附共沉淀法制备钒酸铋纳米粉体,并对粉体的相关物理化学特性进行表征,表征方法包括透射电镜(TEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD),比表面积(BET),紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis),红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重分析仪(TG-DTG);利用甲基橙(MO)作为目标降解物,以500 W镝灯为可见光源,进行BiVO4光催化性能研究.结果表明,炭吸附共沉淀法制得的BiVO4粉体较普通沉淀法制得的粉体具有分布均匀且较分散、粒径小、团聚少等优点;同时600℃煅烧所得粉体光吸收波长较其他温度下发生红移,使得在可见光范围吸收能力增强;光催化降解甲基橙降解率在120 min内可达96;.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.