CPM网络计划中工序机动时间守恒性探究

借助CPM网络计划进行工序机动时间特性研究是对项目进度进行科学管理的基础.针对项目进度中,若某工序的结束时间从最早结束时间开始一直推迟,其后继工序的机动时间是否会一直受其影响的问题,利用工序机动时间已有的概念和性质,提出路线机动时间和路线自由时差的概念,并借助这两个概念进行工序机动时间守恒性分析,得出某工序的后继工序的机动时间会在该工序的结束时间推迟到一定值后达到恒定值,不再随该工序结束时间的推迟而变化的结论,进而给出工序机动时间守恒性的充分条件,以及计算工序机动时间恒定值的方法.最后,通过应用举例进行具体分析和阐述.     

基于CPM原理和Dijkstra算法的SPM网络计划模型及性质

CPM(关键路线法)网络计划适用于分析工序间存在严格紧前关系(任意工序只能在它的所有紧前工序都结束时才能开始)的进度计划.针对工序间不存在严格紧前关系(任意工序只要其紧前工序中的一个结束它就可以开始)的进度计划,以CPM原理和Dijkstra算法为基础,提出SPM(最短路线法)网络计划以及拟机动时间概念,根据不同的建模原理,建立了两个SPM网络计划模型,并给出了其建立方法以及各模型拟机动时间的求法,分析了每个模型的性质,最后通过算例对其中的一类模型进行了验证.     

CPM网络中机动时间的使用效率及应用

本文研究CPM网络计划中总时差和单时差的使用效率问题及在项目管理中的应用.文章首先探讨了总时差和自由时差的使用对CPM网络中新关键路线形成的影响,得出结论:一般情况下一条路线上各工序分别使用自由时差的方式比某个工序使用总时差的方式具有更高的使用效率.文章随后对这一结论进行了科学性证明,并根据这个结论提出了项目管理中一种运用自由时差节约成本的方法,这种方法能帮助项目管理者提高机动时间使用效率.     

基于节点时差特性的CPM网络次关键路线的简单算法

为寻找求解CPM网络次关键路线的一种简单算法,快速、高效、准确地找到次关键路线,确保大型复杂工程项目的进度,在相关理论和概念的基础上,着眼于整体网络的化简,深入剖析CPM网络计划中最为直观的节点时差,从节点时差与最小非零总时差的关系的角度,分析研究了节点时差的三个特性;并在此基础上提出了运用节点时差实现CPM网络的层层化简,进而快速求解次关键路线的具体步骤;最后,以某工程项目的网络图为例,进行实证分析。案例计算过程表明,在CPM网络中,利用节点时差能够快速、准确地找到大型复杂工程项目的次关键路线。     

运用总时差求CPM网络中次关键路线的方法研究

次关键路线在项目进度控制和工期压缩问题中具有重要意义。本文在给出CPM网络计划的一些新概念的基础上，提出了前主链定理、后主链定理和总时差定理，并且找到了一种运用总时差快速求解网络次关键路线的方法。文章对该方法进行了正确性证明，并给出了应用实例。     

基于Dijkstra算法的单工序对其平行工序数量敏感性分析

在CPM网络计划中，一个工序开始和结束时间的变化可能不光会对它的顺序工序产生影响，也会对它的平行工序产生影响，当该工序的结束时间从最早结束时间开始推迟不同的量时，或者当它的开始时间从最迟开始时间开始提前不同的量时，它的平行工序中自由时差、安全时差或总时差增大的工序数量也可能不同。针对该单个工序对其平行工序数量敏感性问题，利用工序自由时差、安全时差和总时差的概念及功能对其进行分析，建立了某工序最早结束时间的推迟量或最迟开始时间的提前量与它的平行工序中受影响工序数之间的函数关系模型。最后，通过算例，进行了具体阐述。     

用最少的虚工序构建等效多阶段工序网络

运用网络计划可以直观地表示项目管理中的诸多疑难问题, 便于分析和求解. 但是它也存在明显的缺点, 如, (1) 工序网络的有向无回路性表明很多时候适合运用动态规划法, 但它在通常情况下的无阶段性使得该方法无法直接应用; (2) 任意构建的工序网络容易表现得错综复杂, 不利于研究; (3) 用最少的虚工序表示双代号网络是NP-难问题, 因此对一个工序系统可能构建出多个差别迥异的工序网络, 有碍于进度计划管理研究, 等等. 如果能将工序网络构建成等效的多阶段网络, 各工序分别表示在相应的阶段中, 无疑有助于上述问题的解决. 构建等效多阶段工序网络需要添加虚工序. 通过添加最少的虚工序将工序网络构建成等效多阶段网络, 从而有助于建立更合理的工序网络表示法.     

CIMS项目网络计划技术中成本优化算法研究

现有的网络计划在描述项目时已不能适应越来越大型和复杂的C IM S项目,为此,对现有网络计划中任务的约束条件及逻辑关系进行了扩充,并给出了扩充网络计划中时间参数的计算.在此基础上,提出了一种基于样本的成本优化算法,有效地解决了实际项目中的成本优化问题.     

网络计划的最低成本日程研究

网络计划优化的一个重要内容是研究项目的最低成本日程。本文假定工序在可压缩范围内,直接成本呈线性变化的前提下,以线性规划为工具,提出了一种最低成本日程的优化方法。当借助计算机求解时,该方法更加简单实用。     

基于粒子群算法的大型网络计划费用优化

大型网络计划费用优化对科学有效地进行工程项目进度管理具有重要意义,但大型网络计划费用优化随工作个数增加而约束方程和计算量骤增,成为数学和计算机科学领域至今未解决的难题.借助建立评价函数、设计进化方程、设计网络计划时间参数的计算机算法等基础工作,选择工作持续时间作为粒子空间坐标并设置可行解范围,用蒙特卡洛方法和限制条件优化初始粒子群,用二维动态数组解决大型网络计划粒子群算法优化运行image超限问题,成功求解有61个工作的大型网络计划费用优化算例.因此,经过特定设计的粒子群算法是微机和有限的计算时间条件下求解大型网络计划费用优化问题的一个有效方法.     

Multiple schedules and measures of resource constrained float

The conventional analysis of a resource constrained network produces a single schedule. A measure of float for each activity can be defined by examining the sequences of activities, incorporating the linkages implied by the sharing of resources in this particular schedule. However, the resultant floats are specific to one schedule and the analysis ignores the flexibility inherent in many resource constrained networks. It is often possible to employ alternative resource allocations resulting in schedules with identical overall durations but different timings for individual activities; in one schedule an activity may be critical but in another it may have significant float. A systematic exploration of alternative schedules reveals the flexibility of the network and the consequent variation in activities' floats. This paper defines new parameters describing these characteristics of activities in resource constrained networks. The practical value of the parameters is demonstrated in an example in which the measures of float guide the project planner to an alternative schedule, avoiding a critical dependency on a problematic activity and reducing the risk to the project at no additional cost.     

Project Scheduling under Time Dependent Costs – A Branch and Bound Algorithm

In a given project network, execution of each activity in normal duration requires utilization of certain resources. If faster execution of an activity is desired then additional resources at extra cost would be required. Given a project network, the cost structure for each activity and a planning horizon, the project compression problem is concerned with the determination of optimal schedule (duration) of performing each activity while satisfying given restrictions and minimizing the total cost of project execution. This paper considers the project compression problem with time dependent cost structure for each activity. The planning horizon is divided into several regular time intervals over which the cost structure of an activity may vary. But the cost structure of the activities remains the same (constant) within a time interval. Key events of the project attract penalty for finishing earlier or later than the corresponding target times. The objective is to find an optimal project schedule minimizing the total project cost. We present a mathematical model for this problem, develop some heuristics and an exact branch and bound algorithm. Using simulated problems we provide an insight into the computational performances of heuristics and the branch and bound algorithm.     

A note on activity floats in activity-on-arrow networks

In project scheduling, the free float (slack) of an activity represents the leeway for scheduling the activity without affecting any subsequent activity. In the context of activity-on-arrow (AOA) network representation, textbooks on project management, based on our survey, have for decades been using a popular formula to calculate free floats that may lead to erroneous results in the presence of dummy arcs. In this note, we present a correct version of the formula. Extensions of the proposed formula to other floats such as safety float and interference float are also discussed.     

基于时差分析的时标网络图探究

鉴于已有时差概念并不能充分反映CPM网络紧前和紧后工序时差的内在联系，文中引入三个新时差（前共后单时差，前单后共时差，双共时差）概念。针对目前工程项目管理中通用的时标网络图一早时标网络图和迟时标网络图，在路长定理的基础上，给出其理论依据，并在时差分析的基础上，随机绘出时标网络图，三个新时差的引入将有助于今后时标网络图的绘制，使网络技术的应用更具灵活性和实用性。     

On the optimal management of project risk

The uncertainty of project networks has been mainly considered as the randomness of duration of the activities. However, another major problem for project managers is the uncertainty due to the randomness of the amount of resources required by each activity which can be expressed by the randomness of its cost. Such randomness can seriously affect the discounted cost of the project and it may be strongly correlated with the duration of the activity.In this paper, a model considering the randomness of both the cost and the duration of each activity is introduced and the problem of project scheduling is studied in terms of the project's discounted cost and of the risk of not meeting its completion time. The adoption of the earliest (latest) starting time for each activity decreases (increases) the risk of delays but increases (decreases) the discounted cost of the project. Therefore, an optimal compromise has to be achieved. This problem of optimization is studied in terms of the probability of the duration and of the discounted cost of the project falling outside the acceptable domain (Risk function) using the concept of float factor as major decision variable. This last concept is proposed to help the manager to synthetize the large number of the decision variables representing each schedule for the studied project. Numerical results are also presented for a specific project network.     

等效化简带有广义优先关系的时间-费用权衡问题

对于经典的时间-费用权衡问题,工序之间只存在单一时间约束,可用CPM网络表示。但是对于工序之间存在多种时间约束的时间-费用权衡问题,包括最大和最小时间约束(称为广义优先关系,简称GPRs),则只能用GPRs网络表示,比CPM网络复杂许多。首先,论述了带有GPRs的时间-费用权衡问题与经典问题的巨大差别:在GPRs中,(1)缩短某些关键工序的工期能使总工期缩短,但缩短另一些关键工序的工期反而能使总工期延长;(2)缩短或延长工序的工期可能会破坏项目自身的可行性;等。其次,研究了GPRs网络的特性,推导出该网络的路长定理。第三,根据该定理,设计出等效化简带有GPRs的大型时间-费用权衡问题的简单方法,从而大幅减小求解该问题的难度和计算量。最后,通过算例演示了该方法。     

具有质量差异的项目支付进度问题研究——以软件项目为例

目前带有惩罚结构的项目支付进度模型通常以时间或成本为激励因子,来约束承包商保证进度和节约成本,未考虑质量因素对支付进度的影响。质量是项目管理的主要目标和决定项目成败的关键因素,研究质量对项目支付进度的影响有助于激励承包商提高表现从而保证项目质量。以软件项目为例,以软件产品质量为激励因子, 分别从承包商和客户的角度构建现金流净现值最大化为目标的项目支付进度优化模型,分析承包商表现水平及风险规避对双方收益的影响。针对模型的特点设计了遗传算法和禁忌搜索算法的混合算法求解模型。最后通过算例分析表明, 质量激励因子对项目的支付进度和双方的收益均存在较大的影响,为双方协商支付进度提供决策支持。     

A new approach to find project characteristics and multiple possible critical paths in a fuzzy project network

Graphs are widely used to represent data and relationships. Among all graphs, a particularly useful family is the family of trees. In this paper, we utilize a rooted tree to describe a fuzzy project network as it enables simplification in finding earliest starting times and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers to express the operation times for all activities in project network. As there is an increasing demand that the decision maker needs “Multiple possible critical paths” to decrease the decision risk for project management, in this paper, we introduce an effective graphical method to compute project characteristics such as total float, earliest and latest times of activities in fuzzy project network and a new ranking to find possible critical paths. Numerical example is provided to explain the proposed procedure in detail; the results have shown that the procedure is very useful and flexible in finding total floats. By comparing the critical paths obtained by this method with the previous methods, it is shown that the proposed method is effective in finding possible critical paths.     

Fuzzy project scheduling problem and its hybrid intelligent algorithm

Project scheduling problem is to determine the schedule of allocating resources so as to balance the total cost and the completion time. This paper considers a type of project scheduling problem with fuzzy activity duration times. According to some management goals, three types of fuzzy models are built to solve the project scheduling problem. Moreover, the technique of fuzzy simulation and genetic algorithm are integrated to design a hybrid intelligent algorithm to solve the fuzzy models. Finally, some numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

基于资源约束的突发事件应急救援鲁棒性调度优化

突发事件应急救援的调度优化,对于救援活动的顺利实施及应急资源的有效使用具有至关重要的作用。本文研究资源约束下的突发事件应急救援鲁棒性调度优化问题,其中,鲁棒性定义为各活动的时间缓冲与其权重系数乘积的总和,目标是在资源可用量及救援期限的约束下,安排活动开始时间和执行模式以最大化应急救援计划的鲁棒性。作者构建了问题的0-1规划优化模型,针对其NP-hard属性,基于问题特征设计双环路禁忌搜索启发式算法。通过对一个算例的计算分析,得到如下结论:给定网络结构及时间参数,利用权重系数的定义可以将时间缓冲分配到重要活动上,由此提高应急救援计划的鲁棒性;随着资源可用量的增加,计划的鲁棒性呈上升趋势,而当救援期限延长时,计划的鲁棒性单调增加。本文研究可为突发事件应急救援基准计划的制定提供决策支持。