On harmonic tori in compact rank one symmetric spaces

In this paper we prove that, in contrast with the Sn and CPn cases, there are harmonic 2-tori into the quaternionic projective space HPn which are neither of finite type nor of finite uniton number; we also prove that any harmonic 2-torus in a compact Riemannian symmetric space which can be obtained via the twistor construction is of finite type if and only it is constant; in particular, we conclude that any harmonic 2-torus in CPn or Sn which is simultaneously of finite type and of finite uniton number must be constant.     

All harmonic 2-spheres in the unitary group, completely explicitly

We give a completely explicit formula for all harmonic maps of finite uniton number from a Riemann surface to the unitary group U(n) in any dimension, and so all harmonic maps from the 2-sphere, in terms of freely chosen meromorphic functions on the surface and their derivatives, using only combinations of projections and avoiding the usual ${\bar{\partial}}We give a completely explicit formula for all harmonic maps of finite uniton number from a Riemann surface to the unitary group U(n) in any dimension, and so all harmonic maps from the 2-sphere, in terms of freely chosen meromorphic functions on the surface and their derivatives, using only combinations of projections and avoiding the usual [`(?)]{\bar{\partial}} -problems or loop group factorizations. We interpret our constructions using Segal’s Grassmannian model, giving an explicit factorization of the algebraic loop group, and showing how to obtain harmonic maps into a Grassmannian.     

Harmonic maps from Kähler manifolds

Some Liouville type theorems for harmonic maps from Kähler manifolds are obtained. The main result is to prove that a harmonic map from a bounded symmetric domain (exceptR _IV(2)) to any Riemannian manifold with finite energy has to be constant.     

EXPLICIT CONSTRUCTION FOR HARMONIC SURFACES IN U（N） VIA ADDING UNITONS

§0. Introduction In [1–4] it has been proved that any harmonic map ? : ? →U(N) from a simplyconnected domain ? ? R2 ∪{∞} to the unitary group U(N) with ?nite uniton numbercan be factorized into a product of a ?nite number of ?ag factors (called u     

On twistor Gauss maps of surfaces in 4-spheres

In this paper we study surfaces in S⁴ and their twistor Gauss maps. Some necessary and sufficient conditions that the twistor Gauss map is harmonic are given. We find many examples of nonisotropic harmonic maps from a surface to P ³.Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province.     

Factorization and symplectic uniton numbers for harmonic maps into symplectic groups

It is proved that any harmonic map ϕ : Ω →Sp(N) from a simply connected domain Ω ⊆R ²⋃ | ∞ | into the symplectic groupSp(N) ⊂U(2N) with finite uniton number can be factorized into a product of a finite number of symplectic unitons. Based on this factorization, it is proved that the minimal symplectic uniton number of ϕ is not larger thanN, and the minimal uniton number of ϕ is not larger than 2N - 1. The latter has been shown in literature in a quite different way.     

Twistor fibrations over Hermitian symmetric spaces and harmonic maps

Given a twistor space over a Hermitian symmetric space of compact type we construct a map onto a twistor space over another inner symmetric space of compact type. This map is holomorphic and preserves the superhorizontal distributions. We describe an application to harmonic maps.     

ON HARMONIC MAPS INTO SYMPLECTIC GROUPS Sp（N）

50. IntroductionThe construction and the factorization of harmonic maps from R2 (or its simPlyconnecteddomain) into the uIiltary group U(N) were firstly solved by K.Ulilenbeck in [11, wherethe conception of unitons was iniroduced. Since then various developmenis have beencoatributed[2--5]. Recently, by introducing (singular) Darboux transformations, a purelya1gebraic method to construct harmonic maPs and unitons illto U(N) has been shownin t6'7]. This method can be aIso aPplied to the ca…     

关于曲面到U（N）调和映射的极小uniton数

本文给出曲面到Ｕ（Ｎ）有限调和映射极小ｕｎｉｔｏｎ数的一个不等式。     

Immersed surfaces in Lie algebras associated to primitive harmonic maps

Sym and Bobenko gave a construction to recover a constant mean curvature surface in 3-dimensional euclidean space from the one-parameter family of harmonic maps associated to its Gauss map into the sphere. More recently, Eschenburg and Quast generalized this construction by replacing the sphere by a Kähler symmetric space of compact type. In this paper we shall take the generalization of Eschenburg and Quast a step further: our target space is now a generalized flag manifold N = G/K and we consider immersions of M in the Lie algebra ${\mathfrak{g}}$ of G associated to primitive harmonic maps.     

Almost fixed-point-free automorphisms of order 2

Let φ be an automorphism of order 2 of the group G with C _G (φ) finite. We prove the following. If G has finite Hirsch number then G is (nilpotent of class at most 2)-by-finite but need not be abelian-by-finite. If G is a finite extension of a soluble group with finite abelian ranks, then G is abelian-by-finite.     

Rigidity of harmonic maps of maximum rank

Thehomotopical rank of a mapf:M →N is, by definition, min{dimg(M) ¦g homotopic tof}. We give upper bounds for this invariant whenM is compact Kähler andN is a compact discrete quotient of a classical symmetric space, e.g., the space of positive definite matrices. In many cases the upper bound is sharp and is attained by geodesic immersions of locally hermitian symmetric spaces. An example is constructed (Section 9) to show that there do, in addition, exist harmonic maps of quite a different character. A byproduct is construction of an algebraic surface with large and interesting fundamental group. Finally, a criterion for lifting harmonic maps to holomorphic ones is given, as is a factorization theorem for representations of the fundamental group of a compact Kähler manifold. The technique for the main result is a combination of harmonic map theory, algebra, and combinatorics; it follows the path pioneered by Siu in his ridigity theorem and later extended by Sampson.     

Concentrated boundary data and axially symmetric harmonic maps

We examine the existence problem for harmonic maps between the three-dimensional ball and the two-sphere. We utilize results on the classification of harmonic maps into hemispheres and a result on the regularity of the weak limit of energy minimizers over the class of axially symmetric maps to establish the existence of asmooth harmonic extension for boundary data suitably “concentrated” away from the axis of symmetry. In addition, we establish convergence results for the harmonic map heat flow problem for suitably “concentrated” axially symmetric initial and boundary data.     

Finite Abelian actions on surfaces

Edmonds showed that two free orientation preserving smooth actions φ₁ and φ₂ of a finite Abelian group G on a closed connected oriented smooth surface M are equivalent by an equivariant orientation preserving diffeomorphism iff they have the same bordism class [M,φ₁]=[M,φ₂] in the oriented bordism group Ω₂(G) of the group G. In this paper, we compute the bordism class [M,φ] for any such action of G on M and we determine for a given M, the bordism classes in Ω₂(G) that are representable by such actions of G on M. This will enable us to obtain a formula for the number of inequivalent such actions of G on M. We also determine the “weak” equivalence classes of such actions of G on M when all the p-Sylow subgroups of G are homocyclic (i.e. of the form n(Z/pαZ)).     

Computation of Nielsen numbers for maps of compact surfaces with boundary

In this paper we study the Nielsen number of a self-map f:M→M of a compact connected surface with boundary. Let G=π₁(M) be the fundamental group of M which is a finitely generated free group. We introduce a new algebraic condition called “bounded solution length” on the induced endomorphism φ:G→G of f and show that many maps which have no remnant satisfy this condition. For a map f that has bounded solution length, we describe an algorithm for computing the Nielsen number N(f).     

A framework of the harmonic Arnoldi method for evaluating <Emphasis Type="Italic">φ</Emphasis>-functions with applications to exponential integrators

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been focused on exponential integrators. The important ingredient to the implementation of exponential integrators is the efficient and accurate evaluation of the so called φ-functions on a given vector. The Krylov subspace method is an important technique for this problem. For this type of method, however, restarts become essential for the sake of storage requirements or due to computational complexities of evaluating matrix function on a reduced matrix of growing size. Another problem in computing φ-functions is the lack of a clear residual notion. The contribution of this work is threefold. First, we introduce a framework of the harmonic Arnoldi method for φ-functions, which is based on the residual and the oblique projection technique. Second, we establish the relationship between the harmonic Arnoldi approximation and the Arnoldi approximation, and compare the harmonic Arnoldi method and the Arnoldi method from a theoretical point of view. Third, we apply the thick-restarting strategy to the harmonic Arnoldi method, and propose a thick-restarted harmonic Arnoldi algorithm for evaluating φ-functions. An advantage of the new algorithm is that we can compute several φ-functions simultaneously in the same search subspace after restarting. The relationship between the error and the residual of the harmonic Arnoldi approximation is also investigated. Numerical experiments show the superiority of our new algorithm over many state-of-the-art algorithms for computing φ-functions.     

Twistors, 4-symmetric spaces and integrable systems

An order four automorphism of a Lie algebra gives rise to an integrable system introduced by Terng. We show that solutions of this system may be identified with certain vertically harmonic twistor lifts of conformal maps of surfaces in a Riemannian symmetric space. As applications, we find that surfaces with holomorphic mean curvature in 4-dimensional real or complex space forms constitute an integrable system as do Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangian surfaces in 4-dimensional Hermitian symmetric spaces (this last providing a conceptual explanation of a result of Hélein-Romon).