Exploration of mid-temperature alkali-metal-ion extraction route using PTFE (AEP): transformation of α-NaFeO2-type layered oxides into rutile-type binary oxides

Alkali-metal-ion extraction reactions using poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE; AEP reactions) were performed on two kinds of α-NaFeO(2)-type layered compounds: Na(0.68)(Li(0.68/3)Ti(1-0.68/3))O(2) and K(0.70)(Li(0.70/3)Sn(1-0.70/3))O(2). At 400 °C in flowing argon, these layered compounds were reacted with PTFE. By these reactions, alkali-metal ions in the layered compounds were successfully extracted, and TiO(2) and SnO(2) with rutile-type structure were formed. The structural similarity between the alkali-metal-ion-extracted layered compounds and the binary metal oxide products in these unique alkali-metal-ion extraction reactions was interpreted in terms of their interatomic distance distribution by atomic pair distribution function analysis. The results of this study indicate that PTFE is an effective agent to extract alkali-metal ions from layered compounds, and AEP reaction is not limited to the previously reported γ-FeOOH-type layered titania K(0.8)(Li(0.27)Ti(1.73))O(4), but is also applicable to other layered titania and other non-titanium-based layered metal oxides. Therefore, it was clarified that AEP reactions are widely applicable routes to prepare various compounds, including those that are difficult to synthesize by other reactions.     

The Construction of Molecular Complexity from Functionalized Alkylidenecyclopropanes (FACPs)

As a special family of cyclopropanes, alkylidenecyclopropanes (ACPs), exhibit outstanding physical and chemical activities, which provide opportunities to participate in fascinating chemical transformations to access cyclopropane-containing units without ring-opening processes and other unavailable compounds through conventional routes with ring-opening processes owing to their strain-driven reactivity and synthetic accessibility. Nowadays, intramolecular reactions of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) or ACPs with adjacent functionalities have emerged as a powerful synthetic protocol for the construction of a variety of polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds with different sized skeletons through catalytic methods. Recently, we put forward the concept of functional alkylidenecyclopropanes (FACPs) and in this Minireview, we will summarize the reactions of FACPs after 2016 including several important early works from three aspects: 1) reactions with distal C−C bond cleavage, 2) reactions with proximal C−C bond cleavage (including ring-expansion reactions), and 3) reactions without C−C bond cleavage.     

Carbonyl group‐containing organometallic intramolecular‐coordination five‐membered ring compounds

Carbonyl group‐containing organometallic intramolecular‐coordination five‐membered ring compounds are easily synthesized by the following five reaction methods: (1) cyclometalation, especially, orthometalation reactions; (2) the reactions of the moieties of an unsaturated carbon? carbon bond attached to a carbonyl group (C?C? CO, C?C? CO); (3) the reactions of an unsaturated carbon? carbon bond with carbon monoxide (C?C and CO, C?C and CO); (4) carbonylative ring expansion reactions; and (5) others. These compounds are very easily and regio‐specifically synthesized with many kinds of metal compounds, including both transition metals and main group metals. Many of such the reactions are easily applied to organic syntheses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of new synthetic reactions for nitrogen-containing compounds and their application

Nitrogen-containing compounds are core parts not only of natural and synthetic medicines but also of biologically active compounds including natural products. This review focuses on the development of new synthetic reactions for nitrogen-containing compounds via three methodologies: the reductive photocycloaddition reaction of enamides, radical addition reaction, and nucleophilic addition reaction. Newly developed reactions were successfully applied to the synthesis of various types of nitrogen-containing compounds including medicines, lead compounds to new drugs, natural alkaloids, and others.     

OPTICALLY PURE CHALCOGENURANES: SYNTHESIS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THEIR REACTIONS

Abstract

An overview of our recent studies on the asymmetric syntheses, stereochemical studies, reactions and applications of chiral chalcogenuranes is described. Chiral chalcogenuranes, including halooxachalcogenuranes and spirooxachalcogenuranes, have been synthesized by highly diastereoselective oxidation of the 2-exo-hydroxy- 10-bornyl chalcogenides. The stereochemistry of chalcogenuranes have been confirmed as with a trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) geometry. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of these compounds provided a good method to prepare the chiral chalcogenonium (IV) compounds with excellent diastereoselectivity. Our results indicated that the reactivity of the axial bonds of chalcogenuranes plays an important role in the control of the stereochemistry of the reactions. The mechanistic and stereochemical research on the nucleophilic substitution reactions have been carried out which indicated that two kinds of pathways, dissociative and associative routes, might exist. The applications of the reactions through the asymmetric [2, 3] sigmatropic rearrangement and enantioselective protonation with optically active selenonium (IV) compounds have been investigated to give good to high selectivities.     

Recent advances on boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode as cathode in organic and inorganic preparative electrotransformations

Although anodic oxidation reactions mediated by boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been broadly studied, research on cathodic conversion remains still scarce despite the favorable characteristics of this electrode for such application. A detailed survey of the recent literature about processes in which boron-doped diamond electrode has been employed in cathodic reactions is presented, including inorganic species (O₂, CO₂, nitrate, metaborate) and organic compounds (carbonyl, nitro groups and halogenated compounds).     

Tetracoordinate phosphorus cage compounds with endocyclic P–C bonds: Synthesis and reactivity

The survey summarizes modern methods of synthesis and reactivity of tetracoordinated phosphorus cage compounds containing one or more endocyclic P–C bonds (phosphine oxides, phosphinates and phosphonates, phosphatripticenes and others). Intramolecular cyclization reactions including electrophilic aromatic substitution with unsaturated organophosphorus compounds, reactions of P–H-derivatives with carbonyl compounds as well as cycloaddition reactions involving I–IV-coordinated phosphorus derivatives are considered.     

A practical method for the synthesis of 2-alkynylpropenals

A general method for the preparation of 2-alkynyl acroleins is described beginning with vinyl iodide 5 and involving a combination of Sonogashira coupling and Dess-Martin oxidation. Critical to the success of this approach is the use of a special workup procedure for the oxidation step. The resultant enynals participate in a variety of addition reactions including aldol condensations and reactions with organolithium compounds.     

2-Cyano-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) Acetamide as a Synthon in Heterocyclic Synthesis

This review describes the synthesis and reactions of 2-cyano-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl) acetamide as a building block for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized heterocyclic compounds including its synthesis, reactivity, and reaction.     

Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels–Alder Reactions of 2-Pyrones: Bridged Lactones and Beyond

Inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reactions of electron-poor 2-pyrones as electrophilic dienes have been extensively studied in the past fifty years. These reactions provide an efficient access to bridged bicyclic lactones and their derivatives, such as densely functionalized 1,3-cyclohexadienes after CO₂ extrusion and polysubstituted aromatic compounds through elimination. This reaction has been used for the synthesis of many biologically active natural products and drug candidates. In this review, the developments of these IEDDA reactions including non-catalytic, Lewis acid-catalyzed and organocatalytic IEDDA reactions, and their applications in total synthesis are discussed in detail.     

Heterogeneous versus Homogeneous Copper(II) Catalysis in Enantioselective Conjugate‐Addition Reactions of Boron in Water

We have developed Cu^II‐catalyzed enantioselective conjugate‐addition reactions of boron to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds and α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in water. In contrast to the previously reported Cu^I catalysis that required organic solvents, chiral Cu^II catalysis was found to proceed efficiently in water. Three catalyst systems have been exploited: cat. 1: Cu(OH)₂ with chiral ligand L1 ; cat. 2: Cu(OH)₂ and acetic acid with ligand L1 ; and cat. 3: Cu(OAc)₂ with ligand L1 . Whereas cat. 1 is a heterogeneous system, cat. 2 and cat. 3 are homogeneous systems. We tested 27 α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds and an α,β‐unsaturated nitrile compound, including acyclic and cyclic α,β‐unsaturated ketones, acyclic and cyclic β,β‐disubstituted enones, acyclic and cyclic α,β‐unsaturated esters (including their β,β‐disubstituted forms), and acyclic α,β‐unsaturated amides (including their β,β‐disubstituted forms). We found that cat. 2 and cat. 3 showed high yields and enantioselectivities for almost all substrates. Notably, no catalysts that can tolerate all of these substrates with high yields and high enantioselectivities have been reported for the conjugate addition of boron. Heterogeneous cat. 1 also gave high yields and enantioselectivities with some substrates and also gave the highest TOF (43 200 h^?1) for an asymmetric conjugate‐addition reaction of boron. In addition, the catalyst systems were also applicable to the conjugate addition of boron to α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, although such reactions have previously been very limited in the literature, even in organic solvents. 1,4‐Addition products were obtained in high yields and enantioselectivities in the reactions of acyclic α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with diboron 2 by using cat. 1, cat. 2, or cat. 3. On the other hand, in the reactions of cyclic α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with compound 2 , whereas 1,4‐addition products were exclusively obtained by using cat. 2 or cat. 3, 1,6‐addition products were exclusively produced by using cat. 1. Similar unique reactivities and selectivities were also shown in the reactions of cyclic trienones. Finally, the reaction mechanisms of these unique conjugate‐addition reactions in water were investigated and we propose stereochemical models that are supported by X‐ray crystallography and MS (ESI) analysis. Although the role of water has not been completely revealed, water is expected to be effective in the activation of a borylcopper(II) intermediate and a protonation event subsequent to the nucleophilic addition step, thereby leading to overwhelmingly high catalytic turnover.     

碘作为Lewis酸催化剂在合成中的应用

碘催化的有机反应具有价廉易得、操作简单、温和、清洁、高效及高选择性等优点, 广泛应用于亲电反应、亲核反应、多组份反应以及其它涉及复杂官能团化合物的合成反应中, 在环境友好化学合成、复杂化合物合成及选择性合成领域具有应用价值.     

[2+2]环加成反应机理的理论研究

[2+2]环加成反应是有机化学中非常重要的一类反应,其机理的研究一直是实验和理论工作者关注的课题之一。本文从理论的角度综述了三类[2+2]环加成反应的反应机理,即简单烯烃或炔烃参与的环加成反应、累积双键体系参与的环加成反应以及稀土钍化合物参与的环加成反应, 得出对于简单的烯烃或炔烃之间的环加成反应一般是按双自由基机理进行,而其他两类反应主要按协同或两性离子方式进行,并且从前线分子轨道作用理论角度分析了产生不同反应机理的原因。     

Proton-ligand stability constants of halo-N-arylhydroxamic acids

In sealed tube reactions bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury has been shown to exchange ligands with halogenated compounds such as GeBr₄ and SnBr₄ to produce a series of trifluoromethyl containing germanium and tin compounds including Ge(CF₃)₄ and Sn(CF₃)₂Br₂. These exchange reactions are shown to be synthically useful provided the desired products are stable at the required reaction temperatures.     

Synthesis and Study of Lactim Ethers of 3,4-Dihydrocarbostyryl and 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-2-one

Alkylation of 3,4-dihydrocarbostyryl and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-2-one using dimethyl sulfate and triethyloxonium fluoborate gives the corresponding lactim ethers. The reactions of lactim ethers with different compounds having primary amino groups (including ammonia, alkyl-, aralkyl-, and arylamines, amino acids, and related compounds) have been studied. Novel heterocyclic compounds based on the lactim ethers have been synthesized.     

Regioselective C−H Trifluoromethylation and Its Related Reactions of (Hetero)aromatic Compounds

Fluorinated functional groups, including trifluoromethyl group, play important roles in the development of drugs, agrochemicals, and organic functional materials. Therefore, the development of highly effective and practical reactions to introduce fluorinated functional groups into (hetero)aromatic compounds is highly desirable. We have achieved several regioselective C−H trifluoromethylation and related reactions by electrophilic and nucleophilic activation of six-membered heteroaromatic compounds and steric protection of aromatic compounds. These reactions proceed in good to excellent yields, even on a gram scale, with high functional group tolerance, and are applicable to the regioselective trifluoromethylation of drug molecules. In this personal account, the background of the introduction reactions of fluorinated functional groups, our reaction designs to achieve regioselective C−H trifluoromethylation and the related reactions of (hetero)aromatic compounds are explained.     

金属催化的2(5H)-呋喃酮反应研究进展

2(5H)-呋喃酮结构单元广泛存在于天然产物中,同时许多2(5H)-呋喃酮类化合物也是重要的有机合成中间体.因此,基于常见2(5H)-呋喃酮的有机合成研究近年来引起了人们的关注,尤其是金属催化的2(5H)-呋喃酮反应的地位日趋彰显重要,从而成为众多化学工作者的研究热点.按照反应类型的不同,对近年来金属催化的2(5H)-呋喃酮反应的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括Sonogashira,Suzuki,Stille等偶联反应,以及Michael加成反应、Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应、Baylis-Hillman反应、亲核取代反应、还原反应等.     

Regioselectivity and tautomerism of novel five-membered ring nitrogen heterocycles formed via cyclocondensation of acylthiosemicarbazides

A series of 1-acyl-4-phenyl/(acridin-9-yl)thiosemicarbazides 3, including four new compounds, were prepared in order to study substituent effects on cyclization reactions with oxalyl chloride (producing imidazolidine-4,5-diones 4), dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (to give thiazolidin-4-ones 7 and 8) and autocondensation under alkaline conditions (to yield 1,2,4-triazoles 9). A positional isomer, 10 of compound 3f was also prepared. Altogether, twenty new compounds characterized and identified by IR, UV,1H, 13C and 2D NMR and quantum chemical calculations are described. The tautomerism of the products and regioselectivity of the reactions were evaluated. Compounds 3f-h,3h.2HCl, 7b,d and 10 were screened for cytotoxic activity against the L1210 leukemia cell line and all compounds, except for 3f, exhibited promising inhibitions of cell growth.     

Large-scale screening of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage from first-principles calculations based on equilibrium reaction thermodynamics

Systematic thermodynamics calculations based on density functional theory-calculated energies for crystalline solids have been a useful complement to experimental studies of hydrogen storage in metal hydrides. We report the most comprehensive set of thermodynamics calculations for mixtures of light metal hydrides to date by performing grand canonical linear programming screening on a database of 359 compounds, including 147 compounds not previously examined by us. This database is used to categorize the reaction thermodynamics of all mixtures containing any four non-H elements among Al, B, C, Ca, K, Li, Mg, N, Na, Sc, Si, Ti, and V. Reactions are categorized according to the amount of H(2) that is released and the reaction's enthalpy. This approach identifies 74 distinct single step reactions having that a storage capacity >6 wt.% and zero temperature heats of reaction 15 ≤ΔU(0)≤ 75 kJ mol(-1) H(2). Many of these reactions, however, are likely to be problematic experimentally because of the role of refractory compounds, B(12)H(12)-containing compounds, or carbon. The single most promising reaction identified in this way involves LiNH(2)/LiH/KBH(4), storing 7.48 wt.% H(2) and having ΔU(0) = 43.6 kJ mol(-1) H(2). We also examined the complete range of reaction mixtures to identify multi-step reactions with useful properties; this yielded 23 multi-step reactions of potential interest.     

芳香族化合物的脱芳构化反应

芳香族化合物稳定、易得，通过芳香族化合物的脱芳构化反应，制备官能化的脂肪六元碳环化合物，早以引起人们的广泛兴趣。本文对六类脱芳构化反应进行了逐一评述，其包括：氧化脱芳构化反应；还原脱芳构化反应；光催化脱芳构化反应；亲核加成脱芳构化反应；σ-键迁移重排脱芳构化反应；过渡金属参与的脱芳构化反应。其中，过渡金属参与的脱芳构化反应，反应条件温和，反应底物广泛，可应用于生物活性物质的合成。