Amberlyst‐15‐Catalyzed Novel Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives in Ionic Liquid

In recent years, ionic liquids have attracted much attention as useful synthetic solvents. Compared with classical molecular solvents, the ionic liquids are environmentally benign reaction media. A variety of quinoline derivatives have been synthesized under ionic liquid conditions using Amberlyst‐15 as catalyst.     

Synthesis of Imidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines from α‐Tosyloxyketones and 1‐Aminoisoquinoline in Ionic Liquid Solvent

The room temperature ionic liquid n‐butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BPyBF₄) is used as a ‘green’ recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the cyclocondensation of α‐tosyloxyketones with 1‐aminoisoquinoline to prepare imidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines in good yields.     

Direct Three‐Component Synthesis of α‐Cyano Acrylates Involving Cascade Knoevenagel Reaction and Esterification

A direct three‐component approach has been developed for the synthesis of α‐cyano acrylates starting from aldehydes, alcohols and α‐cyano acetamide by employing cyanuric chloride as an organocatalyst. A class of structurally diverse α‐cyano acrylates have been provided with good to excellent yields via the cascade transformation of Knoevenagel condensation and amide esterification.     

Phenyliodine(III) Bis(Trifluoroacetate) Mediated Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1,2‐Benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐Ones in Ionic Liquid

Treatment of N‐aryl‐2‐(benzylthio)benzamides with phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) containing trifluoroacetic acid resulted in an interrupted Pummerer‐type reaction in ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF₆] to give 2‐aryl‐1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐ones rather than the normal Pummerer‐type products.     

Synthesis of 2‐Phenylthiazoles from α‐Tosyloxyketones and Thiobenzamide in [Bmim][PF6] Ionic Liquid at Ambient Temperature

The room temperature ionic liquid, 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmim][PF₆] is used as a ‘green’ recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the cyclocondensation of α‐tosyloxyketones with thiobenzamide to prepare 2‐phenylthiazoles in good yields.     

Hypervalent Iodine(III) Sulfonate Mediated Synthesis of α‐Thiocynanatoketones in a Task‐Specific Ionic Liquid [bmim]SCN

The task‐specific ionic liquid (TSIL) and 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium thiocynanate, ([bmim]SCN) were used as the medium as well as the reactant for the synthesis of α‐thiocynanatoketones by the reaction with α‐sulfonyloxy aryl ketones. Significant rate enhancements and improved yields have been observed.     

功能特异性杂多酸离子液体催化丁二酸水溶液直接酯化

将以磺化六亚甲基四胺([HMT-4PS])制备的阳离子与以杂多酸([HPA])制备的阴离子结合, 制备了一系列功能特异性离子液体催化剂([HMT-4PS][HPA]); 将其用于催化甲醇(MeOH)与丁二酸(SA)水溶液的直接酯化反应. 结果表明, 该系列离子液体在反应过程中以“乳状液”的形式均匀分散在体系中. 反应结束后, 通过降低体系极性即可实现催化剂的快速分离. 在合成的系列催化剂中, [HMT-4PS]₃[PW]₄表现出最佳的催化活性. 分别探讨了反应温度、 催化剂用量、 酸醇摩尔比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响, 确定了最优反应条件: 温度80 ℃, 催化剂用量5%(质量分数, 按丁二酸水溶液计), n(SA)∶n(MeOH)=1∶30, 反应时间8 h. 最优条件下丁二酸的转化率达到79.3%, 二酯选择性达到92.9%; 该催化剂重复使用5次后, 丁二酸转化率及二酯选择性仍分别保持在77%及90%以上.     

Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent Mediated Synthesis of 2‐Methylbenzofuran Derivatives by Pummerer‐type Reaction in Ionic Liquid

An efficient route for the synthesis of 2‐methylbenzofuran derivatives utilizing hypervalent iodine(III) reagent and a‐(methylthio)acetone via Pummerer‐type reaction in ionic liquid is described.     

An Efficient and Green One‐pot Synthesis of 12‐Aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐one Derivatives Promoted by Sulfamic Acid in [BMIM]BF4 Ionic Liquid

An efficient and green procedure for the synthesis of novel 12‐aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐one derivatives has been described through one‐pot condensation of 2‐naphthol, arylaldehyde and 5,5‐dimethyl‐cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione in the presence of sulfamic acid (NH₂SO₃H) in ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF₄). These reactions proceed with good yields under short reaction time. Furthermore, the green catalytic system can be recycled specific times with no decreases in yields and reaction rates.     

RAFT Polymerization of N‐Isopropylacrylamide and Acrylic Acid under γ‐Irradiation in Aqueous Media

Summary: The ambient temperature (20 °C) reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and acrylic acid (AA) conducted directly in aqueous media under γ‐initiation (at dose rates of 30 Gy · h⁻¹) proceeds in a controlled fashion (typically, < 1.2) to near quantitative conversions and up to number‐average molecular weights of 2.5 × 10⁵ g · mol⁻¹ for PNIPAAm and 1.1 × 10⁵ g · mol⁻¹ for PAA via two water‐soluble trithiocarbonate chain transfer agents, i.e., S,S‐bis(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate (TRITT) and 3‐benzylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl propionic acid (BPATT). The generated polymers are successfully chain extended, which suggests that the RAFT agents are stable throughout the polymerization process so that complex and well‐defined architectures can be obtained.

An increase of the monomer/CTA ratio leads to an increase of the molecular weight for the RAFT polymerization of NIPAAm under γ‐radiation in water using TRITT at ambient temperature.     

Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue on Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode and Its Electrocatalysis to 3,4‐Dihydroxybenzoic Acid

In this paper an ionic liquid modified carbon paste electrode (CILE) was prepared and methylene blue (MB) was electropolymerized on the CILE by using the cyclic voltammetric technique in the potential range from −1.0 V to 0.8 V (vs. SCE). A stable polymer film was obtained and exhibited a pair of redox peaks. The morphology and characteristics of poly(methylene blue) (PMB) film was studied by the techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This PMB modified CILE (PMB/CILE) showed excellent electrocatalytic response to 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid with the increase of the electrochemical responses. The oxidation peak current had a linear relationship with 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid concentration in the range of 5.0 × 10⁻⁴ ∼ 3.0 × 10⁻² mol L⁻¹ and the detection limit was 1.72 × 10⁻⁴ Mol L⁻¹ (3 σ).     

Hypervalent Iodine(III) Sulfonate Reagent Mediated Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐2‐Phenyloxazoles in Ionic Liquid

A new and efficient method for the synthesis of 4‐aryl‐2‐phenyloxazoles is described which is based upon the reaction of α‐[(2,4‐dinitrobenzene)sulfonyl]oxy ketone intermediates with benzamide in ionic liquid.     

Synthesis of α,α′‐Bis(Substituted Benzylidene)Cycloalkanones Catalyzed by Amino‐Functionalized Ionic Liquid

Condensation of aromatic aldehydes with cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone using amino‐functionalized ionic liquid, 1‐aminoethyl‐3‐methyl tetrafluoroborate as solvent and catalyst was successfully performed for preparation of α,α′‐bis(substituted benzylidene)cycloalkanones. The catalyst can be recovered and reused for at least three times without apparently lose of activity. The process is simple, environmentally benign and proceeds in excellent yields.     

Ionic Liquid as an Efficient Promoting Medium for Synthesis of Bis‐Pyrazolo[3,4‐b:4′,3′‐e]Pyridines

The preparation of a series of bis‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b:4′,3′‐e]pyridines by the reaction of 5‐aminopyrazole with aldehydes in ionic liquid [bmim]Br is described. This new method has the advantages of easier work‐up, milder reaction conditions, high yields and environmental friendliness compared with other methods.     

An Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of 1‐Pyrenebutyric Acid with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance Based on a Graphene‐Ionic Liquid Doped Chitosan Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

This paper describes a highly sensitive and label‐free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of 1‐pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) which is based on a graphene (GS), chitosan (CS), and ionic liquid (IL) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GS‐CS‐IL/GCE). The modification process was monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Due to the synergistic effects of GS, CS, and IL, the biosensor exhibits excellent selectivity to PBA. The current response of the proposed immunosensor decreases linearly at two concentration ranges from 0.01 to 5 and from 5 to 150 ng mL^?1 with a detection limit of 0.01 ng mL^?1.     

Ultrasonic‐electrodeposition of Flower‐like Graphene Nanosheets in Ionic Liquid and Its Sensing for Ascorbic Acid

Choline chloride–based ionic liquid Ethaline were employed as the supporting electrolyte, graphene (GE) nanosheet was prepared with ultrasonic wave assisted electrodeposition for the first time. Scanning electron microscope results indicated that flower‐like GE nanosheets were obtained at the electrode surface. Energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra and Raman spectra were used to characterize the composition of the flower‐like GE nanosheets. Electrochemical methods showed that the flower‐like GE nanosheets based sensor exhibited high electrocatalytic activity for ascorbic acid (AA) oxidation and can be potentially used for the sensitive amperometric sensing of AA. Amperometric experiments showed that the sensor displayed broad linearity from 0.25 μM to 2.0 mM with a relative low detection limit of 0.1 μM (S/N = 3).     

Iodobenzene‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from Aryl Ketones with mCPBA in Ionic Liquid

Iodobenzene‐catalyzed synthesis of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from aryl ketones with mCPBA as a cooxidant in ionic liquid is described. The method is simple, rapid and practical, generating Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from the aryl ketone without isolation of α‐tosyloxyketones in good to excellent yields.     

Highly Efficient Method for Synthesis of Bis(Indolyl)Methanes Catalyzed by FeCl3−based Ionic Liquid

A simple and highly efficient green protocol for synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes was carried out by the reaction of indole with aldehydes and ketones in the presence of FeCl_3?based ionic liquid. These liquids serve as efficient media as well as Lewis acid catalysts.     

Functionalized Ionic Liquid Promoted Aza‐Michael Addition of Aromatic Amines

A functionalized ionic liquid, 3‐(N,N‐dimethyldodecylammonium) propanesulfonic acid hydrogen sulphate ([DDPA][HSO₄]) has been used as catalyst for the aza‐Michael reactions of aromatic amines with α,β‐unsaturated compounds at room temperature to produce β‐amino compounds in good yields. The catalyst can be reused for several times without obvious loss of the catalytic activity.     

Synthesis and Characterization of a Dinuclear Nitrogen‐Rich Ferrocenyl Ligand and Its Ionic Coordination Compounds and Their Catalytic Effects During Combustion

Alkylferrocene‐based burning‐rate catalysts (BRCs) exhibit distinct migration tendency and high volatility and thus result in inferior performance of composite solid propellants during their combustion processes. To deal with these drawbacks, a novel dinuclear nitrogen‐rich ferrocene derivative, 4‐amino‐3,5‐bis(4‐ferrocenyl‐1,2,3‐triazolyl‐1‐methyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (BFcTAZ) and its twenty seven ionic coordination compounds, [M₂(BFcTAZ)₂(H₂O)₄]_mX_n·xH₂O (M = Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²; X = polycyano anions), were synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, UV/Vis, and elementary analysis. Crystal structure of BFcTAZ was further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and a general molecular structure of the new complexes was proposed. Their high thermal stability was verified by TG technique. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggested that the new compounds are diverse redox systems. Their effects on the thermal degradation of some common oxidizers were measured by DSC technique. The results indicated that most of the new complexes exert great effects on the thermal decomposition of AP, RDX, and 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) and some of them are more active than catocene. The Cu²⁺ complexes are among the excellent ones. However, only six compounds have appreciable catalytic activity in the thermal degradation of HMX.