螺旋压缩弹簧应力松弛特性试验分析及其应用

本文通过应力松弛试验、理论推导及数值模拟研究了高温下螺旋压缩弹簧的应力松弛规律,并利用加速模型对工况下弹簧应力松弛服役寿命做出预测。首先,根据螺旋压缩弹簧的结构特点搭建了弹簧应力松弛连续动态测试装置,该装置不仅避免了传统测试方法存在的缺陷,而且能够保证试验过程中位移载荷恒定,并实时监测载荷变化。本文以某飞机舱门单锁机构中的螺旋压缩弹簧为试验对象进行了不同温度条件下的应力松弛试验,得到其松弛动力学曲线,并基于Arrhenius模型建立了弹簧在工况下的应力松弛服役寿命预测模型;其次,基于应力松弛和蠕变在本质上的一致性,结合金属材料蠕变规律并根据试验弹簧的受力特点,推导出用于描述试验材料松弛行为的蠕变本构方程,由试验结果获得该本构方程的材料常数;最后,通过该本构方程及材料常数,在ANSYS软件中对试验弹簧的松弛过程进行模拟,结果表明,模拟结果与试验结果误差不大于4%。因此,通过本文方法所建立的蠕变方程对弹簧在不同载荷条件下的应力松弛规律进行仿真分析具有一定的可行性与准确性。     

FeCrNi合金静动态物理本构模型研究

以金属材料塑性变形的位错动力学为基础,将FeCrNi合金的流动应力分解为非热应力和热激活应力两部分.通过对该合金屈服应力随温度变化特性、屈服应力的应变速率特性、孪晶组织的温度特性及位错组态的应变速率特性进行分析,认为非热应力不只是应变的函数,还与温度和应变速率相关,因此对Johnson-Cook模型方程形式进行修正以描述非热应力. 同时认为影响热激活应力的微结构参数主要为位错阻碍间距\Deltal, 定义并推导出表征\Delta l演化的g函数的表达式,将其引入Kocks的热激活方程,从而建立FeCrNi合金的物理型本构模型.该模型初步实现了对FeCrNi合金从室温到高温、从准静态到动态塑性变形行为的描述.      

位错热激活滑移的数值模拟

在三维离散位错动力学模型中,用Langevin力描述温度对位错的影响作用,模拟了位错克服晶格Peierls应力与阻尼应力的滑移过程．模拟结果表明,位错克服Peierls应力的热激活效应随温度的升高而增大,随应变率的增高而减小．利用热激活本构模型描述了位错热激活滑移过程,拟合了Peierls应力的激活能,结果表明含温度的离散位错动力学模型能较正确地模拟位错的热激活滑移过程．但Peierls阻碍的非离散化处理使激活能与指前因子均随温度升高而增大,这表明离散位错动力学模型模拟Peierls阻碍存在不足之处,其本质原因是介观级的位错动力学模型目前还无法正确模拟微观级的位错芯性质．     

柔性硅泡沫薄片的短时松弛行为研究

根据多孔硅泡沫材料的单轴压缩和应力松弛实验,利用最小二乘法的LM法拟合得到硅泡沫材料的本构关系.基于上述模型开展了组合结构中多孔泡沫薄片应力松弛行为的数值模拟,得到了短时松弛过程中硅泡沫结构件的应力变化规律.     

非定常微分型黏弹性本构模型

在应力作用下, 材料的力学参数随着微观结构的变化而变化, 需要考虑参数的时间效应. 利用黏滞系数随时间变化的黏性元件, 构造出非定常Maxwell模型、非定常Kelvin模型和非定常Zener模型. 求解非定常模型的微分型本构方程得到它们的松弛模量、蠕变柔量和卸载方程. 结果表明, 可以把常见的经验松弛函数和经验蠕变函数视为非定常微分型本构模型.      

耦合蠕变损伤的粘塑性模型用于疲劳-蠕变交互作用的研究

该文对550℃下30CrMoNiV5-11转子钢进行了轴向应力控制的带保持时间的疲劳实验.按照Le-maitre有效应力的概念,采用Kachanov损伤演化方程,推导了耦合损伤的粘塑性流动方程和随动硬化方程,使用返回映射和向后欧拉方法实现应力更新,并在有限元软件ANSYS的接口程序UMAT中嵌入用户程序.对试样疲劳-蠕变交互行为进行模拟,结果表明,耦合蠕变损伤变量后,模拟结果较不含损伤变量模型的模拟结果精度大为提高.     

耦合蠕变损伤的Chaboche粘塑性模型的研究

Chaboche粘塑性统一本构模型由于没有包含损伤变量,在应力恒定时只能得到不变的塑性应变速率,因此不能描述蠕变第三阶段的加速过程.该文按照Lemaitre有效应力的概念,采用Kachanov损伤演化方程,推导了耦合损伤的Chaboche粘塑性流动方程和硬化方程,并链接到有限元软件ANSYS中,将之用于高温合金钢P91的蠕变寿命计算,结果表明耦合损伤模型的模拟值与实验数据基本吻合;为该模型描述蠕变损伤和疲劳交互作用奠定了基础.     

延性材料平面冲击波基本实验数值模拟的若干问题

假设屈服强度正比于剪切模量,分别构建了四种强度模型,并用于数值模拟Ly12铝的平面冲击波试验的质点速度剖面以及钨合金的平面冲击波试验的锰铜计应力记录.研究发现,基于Steinberg等的屈服强度模型比较符合实验.还对平面冲击波试验的层裂现象进行了简化的数值模拟,其中,采用了该文作者所提出的一种基于空穴聚集的层裂模型,该模型的特点是分别引入了层裂过程的早期及后期应力松弛方程.     

基于改进西原模型巷道围岩流变参数反演分析

当应力达到一定水平时,岩石经过衰减和稳定蠕变过程之后会发生加速蠕变破坏,但是传统西原体模型无法更有效地反映该加速蠕变阶段。为了解决这一问题,引入一个非线性流变元件,并将其串联在西原体模型上,组成一个新的六元件模型,该模型可充分反映岩石蠕变的三个阶段。基于改进的西原体模型本构方程,应用Laplace变换,得到了盾构圆形巷道围岩的径向位移变化规律;根据巷道围岩收敛变形现场实测数据,反演得到了岩石黏弹塑性蠕变参数;由巷道围岩径向位移计算结果和实测数据对比分析表明:两者吻合较好;当t ≤25 d时,巷道围岩处于加速变形阶段,其径向位移变化速率随时间的增长而不断增加,当t>25 d时,巷道围岩进入稳定变形阶段,随时间的推移,其径向围岩位移变化速率逐渐趋于稳定。     

一种新的岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究

为了克服传统元件组合模型不能描述岩石蠕变过程中非线性特征的缺陷，首先根据加速蠕变阶段的应变和应变率随蠕变时间急剧增大的特点，建立黏塑性应变与蠕变时间的指数函数关系并提出非线性黏塑性体．将该非线性黏塑性体与广义Burgers蠕变模型串联，建立可以描述岩石全蠕变过程的非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型，根据叠加原理得到一维应力状态下的轴向蠕变方程．然后基于塑性力学理论指出岩石三维蠕变本构方程建立过程中的不足之处，并给出非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型合理的三维蠕变方程．最后采用不同应力水平下砂岩轴向蠕变试验对模型合理性进行验证，结果表明：拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高，所建蠕变模型能够很好地描述砂岩在不同应力水平下的蠕变变形规律，尤其对加速蠕变阶段的非线性特征描述效果很好，验证了模型的合理性．     

A new thixotropic model for waxy crude

Waxy crude oil shows thixotropic behavior below the gelation temperature. The mostly used thixotropic model for waxy crude is the model proposed by Houska. One problem of Houska’s model is that after the stepwise change in shear rate, the predicted shear stress decreases to its equilibrium value more quickly than the measured data. To address this problem, a new viscoplastic thixotropic model is proposed. The evolution of structural parameter is described by a new kinetic equation. In the kinetic equation, a new pre-factor with shear strain as variable is introduced for the buildup and breakdown terms, and the breakdown term is assumed to be dependent on energy dissipation rate rather than on shear rate. The proposed model was validated by the stepwise shear rate test and hysteresis loop test. And the results showed that the new model’s fitting and predictive capability is satisfactory.     

Modeling stress state dependent damage evolution in a cast Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloy

Internal state variable rate equations are cast in a continuum framework to model void nucleation, growth, and coalescence in a cast Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloy. The kinematics and constitutive relations for damage resulting from void nucleation, growth, and coalescence are discussed. Because damage evolution is intimately coupled with the stress state, internal state variable hardening rate equations are developed to distinguish between compression, tension, and torsion straining conditions. The scalar isotropic hardening equation and second rank tensorial kinematic hardening equation from the Bammann–Chiesa–Johnson (BCJ) Plasticity model are modified to account for hardening rate differences under tension, compression, and torsion. A method for determining the material constants for the plasticity and damage equations is presented. Parameter determination for the proposed phenomenological nucleation rate equation, motivated from fracture mechanics and microscale physical observations, involves counting nucleation sites as a function of strain from optical micrographs. Although different void growth models can be included, the McClintock void growth model is used in this study. A coalescence model is also introduced. The damage framework is then evaluated with respect to experimental tensile data of notched Al–Si–Mg cast aluminum alloy specimens. Finite element results employing the damage framework are shown to illustrate its usefulness.     

复合受力下焊接栓钉SRC柱抗扭承载力计算

为研究压、弯、剪、扭复合受力下焊接栓钉型钢混凝土(SRC)柱的抗扭承载力计算方法,基于滞回性能试验结果,分析了试验过程和破坏形态,利用了空间桁架理论与叠加原理,提出了复合受力下焊接栓钉SRC柱抗扭计算模型和强度统一方程。结果表明:所提出的强度统一方程和抗扭承载力计算方法的计算结果与试验结果均值误差均在3%内,吻合较好。     

计及相变微结构演化的形状记忆合金本构描述

基于对NiTi形状记忆合金的实验观察及有限元分析,考虑两相间的应变不协调关系,采用应变修正法建立了计及片层状微结构的本构模型,本模型考虑了两相间的相互约束,及其约束随微结构演化的变化规律.研究了NiTi形状记忆合金微圆管在拉伸和扭转下的响应特性.计算结果与实验结果的对比表明所建本构模型较好地描述了伪弹性响应尤其是较好地描述了拉伸实验过程中的应力跌落现象.     

A linearization of Mieussens's discrete velocity model for kinetic equations

A linearization is developed for Mieussens's discrete velocity model (see, e.g., [L. Mieussens, Discrete-velocity models and numerical schemes for the Boltzmann-BGK equation in plane and axisymmetric geometries, J. Comput. Phys. 162 (2000) 429–466]) for kinetic equations. The basic idea is to use a linearized expression of the reference distribution function in the kinetic equation, instead of its exact expression, in the numerical scheme. This modified scheme is applied to various kinetic models, which include the BGK model, the ES-BGK model, the BGK model with velocity-dependent collision frequency, and the recently proposed ES-BGK model with velocity-dependent collision frequency. One-dimensional stationary shock waves and stationary planar Couette flow, which are two benchmark problems for rarefied gas flows, are chosen as test examples. Molecules are modeled as Maxwell molecules and hard sphere molecules. It is found that results from the modified scheme are very similar to results from the original Mieussens's numerical scheme for various kinetic equations in almost all tests we did, while, depending on the test case, 20–40 percent of computational time can be saved. The application of the method is not affected by the Knudsen number and molecular models, but is restricted to lower Mach numbers for the BGK (or the ES-BGK) model with velocity-dependent collision frequency.     

Nonlinear viscoelastic response of asphalt binders: An experimental study of the relaxation of torque and normal force in torsion

Development of normal stress in the direction perpendicular to the plane of shear is an important feature of the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt binders. Here, we study the significance of this phenomenon with the help of stress-relaxation experiments in torsion. We conducted these experiments using a dynamic shear rheometer on an unmodified binder and polymer modified binder, at different temperatures and aging conditions. The results not only illustrate the nonlinearity of the behavior but also show certain distinctive characteristics of the relaxation behavior (torque relax faster than normal force) and it is seen that new constitutive models are required to predict such behavior.     

基于微结构演化的V5Cr5Ti合金塑性本构模型

为合理描述V5Cr5Ti合金的塑性变形行为，本文建立了基于微结构演化的塑性本构模型。首先，采用小尺寸试样开展了V5Cr5Ti合金单轴拉伸试验，并对其在不同应变程度下的微结构演化特征进行了分析。研究发现，影响V5Cr5Ti合金塑性变形行为的主要因素是位错密度演化以及团簇状和弥散析出相。据此建立了位错密度演化方程、组分相含量体积分量演化方程，并考虑团簇状和弥散状第二相对V5Cr5Ti合金流动应力的影响，进一步建立了包括非热应力、热激活应力和弥散相强化应力的流动应力关系式。最后，根据隐式应力更新算法对新模型进行了有限元实现，并与实验结果进行比较，验证了新模型的合理性和预测精度。     

METHOD OF STRONGLY SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR THE TORSION OF CYLINDER WITH EDGE CRACK

From the dislocation type solution of the torsion of single crack,by using the concept of finite part integrals,we reduce the torsion problem of cylinder with a single crack into an integral equation with strong singularity.The numerical method is also obtained and several numerical examples are calculated successfully at the end of this paper.     

A new dynamic subgrid-scale model using artificial neural network for compressible flow

The subgrid-scale (SGS) kinetic energy has been used to predict the SGS stress in compressible flow and it was resolved through the SGS kinetic energy transport equation in past studies. In this paper, a new SGS eddy-viscosity model is proposed using artificial neural network to obtain the SGS kinetic energy precisely, instead of using the SGS kinetic energy equation. Using the infinite series expansion and reserving the first term of the expanded term, we obtain an approximated SGS kinetic energy, which has a high correlation with the real SGS kinetic energy. Then, the coefficient of the modelled SGS kinetic energy is resolved by the artificial neural network and the modelled SGS kinetic energy is more accurate through this method compared to the SGS kinetic energy obtained from the SGS kinetic energy equation. The coefficients of the SGS stress and SGS heat flux terms are determined by the dynamic procedure. The new model is tested in the compressible turbulent channel flow. From the a posterior tests, we know that the new model can precisely predict the mean velocity, the Reynolds stress, the mean temperature and turbulence intensities, etc.     

基于微结构演化的V5Cr5Ti合金塑性本构模型

为合理描述V5Cr5Ti合金的塑性变形行为,本文建立了基于微结构演化的塑性本构模型。首先,采用小尺寸试样开展了V5Cr5Ti合金单轴拉伸试验,并对其在不同应变程度下的微结构演化特征进行了分析。研究发现,影响V5Cr5Ti合金塑性变形行为的主要因素是位错密度演化以及团簇状和弥散析出相。据此建立了位错密度演化方程、组分相含量体积分量演化方程,并考虑团簇状和弥散状第二相对V5Cr5Ti合金流动应力的影响,进一步建立了包括非热应力、热激活应力和弥散相强化应力的流动应力关系式。最后,根据隐式应力更新算法对新模型进行了有限元实现,并与实验结果进行比较,验证了新模型的合理性和预测精度。