Optimization of Axial Intensity Point Spread Function

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｉｎｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｅｒｙｌａｒｇｅｓｃａｌｅｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ (ＶＬＳＩ) ,ｗｈｅｎａＣＭＯＳｃｈｉｐｉｓｃｕｔｉｎｔｏｂｉｔｓｌｅｓｓｔｈａｎｏｎｅｍｉｃｒｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｂｉｔｓａｒｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｄｂｅａｍ .Ｔｈｅｓｍａｌｌｅｒｔｈｅｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒｉｓ,ｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｒｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｗｉｌｌｂｅ,ｔｈｕｓｔｈｅｃｏｓｔｏｆｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ .…     

Lens axicon illuminated by polychromatic Gaussian beams for generating uniform focal segments

In this paper, we investigate a lens axicon, which actually is a lens with spherical aberration, illuminated by a polychromatic Gaussian beam for producing an extended axial line image of a desired length and nearly uniform intensity. A numerical calculation is performed to investigate the dependence of the axial intensity distribution of the focal segment on the parameters of the incident polychromatic Gaussian beam. It is shown that, compared with monochromatic Gaussian beam illumination, the illumination of the polychromatic Gaussian beam may improve the uniformity of the distribution of the axial intensity, and this improvement in the uniformity of the axis intensity is strongly dependent on the spectral width of the incident Gaussian beam. Moreover, apodization with annular super-Gaussian amplitude distribution is employed to reduce the undesired oscillation of the axial intensity.     

部分相干光束照射的透镜轴棱锥获得均匀焦线

从部分相干光的交叉谱密度函数传输公式出发,推导了高斯谢尔模型(GSM)光束被球差透镜衍射后轴上光强分布的解析公式,并进行了数值模拟和物理分析。结果表明,具有一定束腰宽度和空间相干度的GSM光束经过负球差透镜聚焦后,可以获得轴上光强的均匀分布。通过改变GSM光束的束腰宽度和空间相干度来实现轴上光强均匀分布的方法很简单,转换效率高。     

亚微米局域空心光束的产生及其在单原子囚禁与冷却中的应用理论研究

提出了一种采用单模光纤、环形二元相位板和微透镜组成的光束整形系统产生亚微米局域空心光束的方案. 根据瑞利-索莫菲衍射积分公式, 数值计算了微透镜焦平面附近的场分布, 详细研究了空心光束的暗斑尺寸与单模光纤模场半径和微透镜焦距的关系. 数值计算结果表明: 在微透镜焦平面附近光场分布近似对称, 在焦点处场强近似为零, 周围场强逐渐增大, 形成半径约为0.4 μm的三维封闭的球形空心光场区域, 即亚微米局域空心光束. 当局域空心光束为蓝失谐时, 光场中的原子将被囚禁在光场最弱处. 若加上抽运光, 原子将受到蓝失谐局域空心光束与抽运光共同激发的强度梯度Sisyphus冷却. 本文利用该方案产生的亚微米局域空心光束构建单原子的囚禁与冷却器件, 并以单个⁸⁷Rb原子为例, 利用Mont-Carlo方法研究亚微米局域空心光束中单原子囚禁与强度梯度冷却的动力学过程, 结果表明利用该器件可以获得温度在5.8 μK量级的超冷单原子.     

部分相干平顶高斯光束通过球差透镜的聚焦特性

 基于部分相干光的传输理论，研究了部分相干平顶高斯光束通过球差透镜聚焦后轴上点的光强分布。数值计算表明:轴上最佳聚焦点随着球差从负到正的变化而向几何焦点方向移动；光束阶数越大，实现最佳聚焦点越过几何焦点所需的正球差值越小；正负球差对应的最佳聚焦点始终分居于无球差时最佳聚焦点的两侧;轴上最佳聚焦点的光强随着球差从负到正的变化而变小；当正负球差绝对值较大时，光强随球差的变化较为缓慢，而在球差值为0附近，光强随球差的变化比较剧烈。     

Cylindrical vector axisymmetric Bessel-modulated Gaussian beam

Focusing properties of the cylindrical vector axisymmetric Bessel-modulated Gaussian beam with quadratic radial dependence (QBG beam) in high numerical aperture system is investigated theoretically by vector diffraction theory. Results show that intensity distribution in focal region can be altered considerably by beam parameter μ and polarization angle. Polarization angle may adjust transverse intensity distribution, for instance from one focal spot to one ring shape. While μ alters axial intensity distribution remarkably, focal splitting may occur with tunable focal shift, and real value μ also may induce local intensity minimum. For certain case, with increasing imaginary value μ, transverse focal spot shrinks accompanied with higher full width half maximum of axial intensity distribution.     

平顶飞秒激光经圆锥透镜在熔融石英中成丝及超连续辐射

实验研究了平顶飞秒激光经圆锥透镜后在熔融石英中的成丝及超连续辐射.与高斯飞秒激光的成丝对比发现,平顶飞秒激光可以获得在圆锥透镜焦深区域内强度分布更为均匀的等离子体细丝,这一特征更有利于飞秒激光在固体介质中进行微纳加工等领域的应用.并且,在不损伤熔融石英的条件下,平顶飞秒激光成丝可以获得更高能量、更高转换效率的超连续辐射,这是因为若产生光强相近的细丝,平顶飞秒激光所需的初始激光能量更高,此激光能量下产生的细丝长度更长、均匀性更好.     

Tight focusing effect of annular obstructed incident beam in the focal region of high NA lens

Focusing properties of the azimuthally polarized axisymmetric Bessel-modulated Gaussian beam with Quadratic Bessel Gaussian (QBG beam) and annular aperture are investigated theoretically by vector diffraction theory. Simulation results show that the intensity distribution in focal region of the azimuthally polarized axisymmetric QBG beam can be shifted along optical axis considerably by changing parameter (C). On introducing annular aperture (δ), focal pattern at the focus extends along optical axis. In this paper, we have shown the generation of focal hole and focal shifting in the axial direction of incident beam propagating through aligned optical system which is suitable for application such as optical manipulation and optical trapping.     

Focus evolution of Gaussian beam induced by phase plate

In this article, vector diffraction theory is employed to investigate the focusing properties of the Gaussian beam through a phase plate. The phase plate may alter the wavefront phase of an incoming beam by topological charge. Both the circular phase distribution and the annular phase distribution plates are investigated. Numerical simulations show that the focal intensity distribution depends on topological charge. With changing topological charge, focal intensity distribution may evolve into ring shape, and some novel focal spots may occur. Focal intensity distribution evolving process with integer topological charge differs considerably from that with fraction topological charge. When the concentric annular phase plate is placed in the laser path, the focal intensity distribution depends on both the inner radius and topological charge. For small inner radius of the phase plate, doughnut-shape focal pattern occurs. With increasing inner radius, the diameter of the doughnut focal pattern decreases, and doughnut shape disappears slowly in some cases.     

The effect of spherical aberration on temperature distribution inside glass by irradiation of a high repetition rate femtosecond pulse laser

In this paper, we study the effect of spherical aberrations on the light intensity and the temperature distribution in the focal region in a 250-kHz femtosecond laser irradiated Ag⁺-doped borosilicate glass. When a focused beam goes through an interface between air and glass, spherical aberration will result in the separation of the focal point and then cause a clear change of the light intensity distribution along the incident direction. That phenomenon will further influence the longitudinal cross-section temperature distribution in glass. Here we use Ag nanoparticle formation as a marker for establishing temperature distribution and we find that the formation of nanoparticle shows a strong dependence on the temperature field and the detailed precipitation process is also discussed.     

Far-field vector-diffraction of off-axis parabolic mirror under oblique incidence

Based on a full vector-diffraction theory, a detailed theoretical study is carried out, aiming at providing a clear insight into the effects of different focusing and off-axis parabola parameters on far-field vector-diffraction properties of an offaxis parabolic mirror in the presence of misalignments of the incoming beam. The physical origin of these effects is also explored. The results show that the far-field intensity profile is altered by the distortion-, coma-, and astigmatism-like aberrations, which are caused by oblique incidence rather than inherent aberrations for the off-axis configuration. The radius of 90% encircled energy also increases but does not change monotonically with incident beam size increasing, or rather,it first decreases and then increases. The focal shift strongly depends on the effective focal length and oblique incidence angle, but it is almost independent of the beam size, which affects the focusing spot patterns. The intensity distribution produces a higher astigmatic image with off-axis angle increasing. Coma-like aberration starts to become dominant with beam size increasing and results in larger curved propagation trajectory. The incident polarization also affects the intensity distribution. The variation in the Strehl ratio with oblique incidence angle strongly depends on the misalignment direction and beam size as well. In addition, we find that the difference in locus between the catacaustic and the diffraction focus in the meridian is small. But the locus of the sagittal foci is obviously different from the locus of the meridian foci and the catacaustic focus. Moreover, the peak intensity of the sagittal focus is maximum, and the ratio of the peak intensity to that in the meridian plane is approximately 1.5. Understanding these effects is valuable for assessing a practical focused intensity and describing the motion of charged particles under a strong electric field in ultraintense laser–matter interaction.     

Effect of annular apodization and pupil beam parameter in the focal region of high NA lens

Focusing properties of the radially polarized axisymmetric Bessel-modulated Gaussian beam with quadratic radial dependence (QBG beam) and annular aperture are investigated theoretically by vector diffraction theory. Simulation results show that the intensity distribution in the focal region of the radially polarized axisymmetric QBG beam can be adjusted considerably by small beam parameter (μ) and annular aperture (δ). When μ increases, the focal spot may change to focal hole and changes focal pattern remarkably. On introducing annular aperture, focus can split or extends along the optical axis for different μ. In this paper, we have shown the generation of the focal spot, dark focal spot, focal split and increase in focal depth in the axial direction of the incident beam propagating through the aligned optical system.     

风对光束控制系统内热效应的抑制作用

 用光强沿x轴方向呈线性变化的方形环状光束模拟高功率激光，利用自编四维仿真程序对高功率激光在光束控制系统中的传输作了详细的数值计算研究。结果表明：热效应使远场光束的峰值光强和可聚焦能力下降。入射光强的非均匀分布进一步降低峰值光强和可聚焦能力，导致远场光束重心和峰值光强位置移动，并产生像散。光束的非均匀程度越高，远场光束质量越差。横向风和轴向风对热效应均有抑制作用。然而，轴向风不会引起远场光束重心偏移和像散，但是轴向风比横向风建立稳态所用时间更长。     

Effects of excimer laser illumination on microdrilling into an oblique polymer surface

In this work, we present the experimental results of micromachining into polymethy-methacrylate exposed to oblique KrF excimer laser beams. The results of low-aspect-ratio ablations show that the ablation rate decreases monotonously with the increase of incident angle for various fluences. The ablation rate of high-aspect-ratio drilling with opening center on the focal plane is almost independent of incident angles and is less than that of low-aspect-ratio ablation. The results of high-aspect-ratio ablations show that the openings of the holes at a distance from the focal plane are enlarged and their edges are blurred. Besides, the depth of a hole in the samples oblique to the laser beam at a distance from the focal plane decreases with the increase of the distance from the focal plane. The number of deep holes generated by oblique laser beams through a matrix of apertures decreases with the increase of incident angle. Those phenomena reveal the influence of the local light intensity on microdrilling into an oblique surface.     

Focusing for laser hole drilling

The power intensity distribution of a laser beam across the focal plane is important for producing good hole geometry. To examine the power intensity distribution in the region of the image plane of a practical lens, a diffraction integral method is employed. Lens aberration is accounted for by the intensity of the appropriate phase changes. In the analysis, a free-running pulsed multimode solid-state laser is considered and the lens is assumed to have aberrations. Since an on-axis object is examined, only spherical aberration is taken into account.     

非傍轴径向阵列高斯激光束的传输特性

推导出相干和非相干非傍轴径向阵列高斯激光束的传输公式,并用以研究了径向阵列光束在自由空间的传输特性,重点分析了阵列光束参量对合成光束光强分布的影响。结果表明:阵列半径与束腰宽度之比是一个关键参量,当它固定时,相干和非相干合成光束的光强分布都保持不变,但合成光束的光强分布和远场轴上光强最大值都与合成方式有关。     

飞秒平顶光束经微透镜阵列在熔融石英中的成丝及其超连续辐射

实验研究了平顶激光光束经微透镜阵列在熔融石英中成丝的演化以及超连续辐射的产生,并进一步与高斯光束的成丝和超连续辐射进行了对比研究.分别对这两种光束的多丝传输进行了横向和纵向成像.结果表明,使用平顶光束可以获得更为均匀的多丝分布,成丝的起点也更为一致;尤其重要的是,相对于高斯光束,平顶光束可以使用更高的入射激光脉冲能量而不会造成介质的损伤,从而可以获得更高脉冲能量和更高转换效率的超连续辐射.     

Axicons用于光学超分辨

提出了用圆锥棱镜构建光束整形器.该器件能将圆形光束转换成环形光束,由它所产生的环形光束的直径是可调的,即系统超分辨效应具有可调节性.给出了理论分析和数值模拟,模拟结果表明此器件可以实现光学超分辨,改变几何参数可以调节超分辨效应.     

畸变光束的焦斑质心位置

 为分析振幅和相位发生畸变情况下光束焦斑质心位置所受的影响，以光波标量衍射理论中的夫琅和费衍射公式为基础，根据光斑强度分布一阶矩质心位置的定义，推导了直接依赖于光束近场复振幅分布的焦斑质心位置的一般表达式。进一步推导了焦斑质心位置对光束近场强度分布和相位斜率分布的依赖关系式，并对该式清晰的物理意义进行了阐述。利用焦斑质心位置表达式，可分析和确定由于振幅调制和相位畸变导致的质心位置偏移。最后，对无相位畸变和存在低阶泽尼克相位畸变情况下的简单畸变光束进行了相应的分析讨论。     

Optical resonators with inhomogeneous mirrors

It is shown that the possibility of changing a laser light beam intensity distribution exists when the output mirror transmittance depends on the transverse plane coordinates. Methods of manufacture of inhomogeneously transmitting laser mirrors with constant phase of the reflected beam over the whole surface are described. Two examples of application of such systems are considered: one for obtaining a laser beam with constant intensity distribution in the transverse plane, the other for single-segment energy extraction from high-order transverse modes. The total laser output power is shown to be almost the same as for use of a homogeneous output mirror.