Determination of foscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate) in pharmaceutical preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detection has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of foscarnet in isoosmotic sodium chloride aqueous solution. The mobile phase consisted of mixture of methanol:water (30:70 v/v), containing 1 mm tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulphate at pH 5.80. The analyte was separated on a reversed-phase C(18) column packed with 4 microm spherical particles of octadecylsilane. Hydrochlorothiazide was used as internal standard. UV detection at 232 nm allowed a quantification limit of 50 microg/mL. The assay was linear from 50 to 4000 microg/mL. The coefficient of variation was < or =2.52% for intra-assay precision and < or =3.49% for inter-assay precision. The deviation from the nominal value ranged from -0.57 to 0.47% for the same-day accuracy and from -0.75 to 3.06% for day-to-day accuracy.     

Determination of phosphonoformate (foscarnet) in biological fluids by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Bioanalytical liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of phosphonoformate (foscarnet) have been developed. Biological fluids, after simple pre-treatment (ultrafiltration and/or treatment with charcoal), were injected into a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic system with electrochemical detection. Foscarnet was retained as an ion pair with tetrahexylammonium; addition of pyrophosphate was necessary in order to obtain an acceptable peak. This additive could also be used for the fine regulation of the retention to achieve the necessary selectivity.     

基于磁珠分离的生物质谱技术用于急性白血病疗效评价

基于磁珠分离的生物质谱技术,建立急性白血病疗效的血清评价方法。通过对质控血清的连续检测分析,日间及日内重复性均达国际标准,确保血清多肽分析体系的稳定性及可靠性。以30例初发急性白血病血清及其治疗缓解血清为研究对象,经金属铜鳌合磁珠分离和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪(MAL-DI-TOF-MS)检测后获得血清多肽谱图。经过FlexAnalysis 2.4软件和Biosun_MS软件分析,在m/z1000～10000范围内,得到27个具有统计学意义(p<0.05)的差异峰,其中治疗缓解后表达上调峰10个,表达下调峰17个,利用上述差异峰建立的诊断模型获得了100%敏感性和90%的特异性。基于磁珠分离和MALDI-TOF-MS检测建立的诊断模型具有较高的敏感性和特异性,对差异峰进行测序鉴定将有助于急性白血病疗效评价和发病机理研究。     

Comparative study of xylanase kinetics using dinitrosalicylic,arsenomolybdate, and ion chromatographic assays

Xylanases are commonly assayed by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) or the arsenomolybdate (ARS) method. However, specific activities are many times higher with DNS than with ARS. This is because the DNS assay is more reactive and the ARS assay is less reactive with xylooligosaccharides than with xylose. Xylose is often used as a standard, even though oligosaccharides are prevalent, so the DNS method overestimates and the ARS method underestimates specific activity. Ion chromatography, with pulsed amperometric detection, separates and measures all products and intermediates, but quantitation on a molar basis is difficult, because few xylooligosaccharide response factors are known. This report directly compares these three assay methods for the assay of xylanase activities.     

铋试金测定高铋物料中银量的研究与实践

火法试金最常用的为铅试金,当物料中铋含量>15%时铅试金分析方法测定银量结果精密度差,且结果偏低。本文重点研究了铋试金测定高铋铅阳极泥中的银量方法;铋试金和铅试金方法过程对比;铋试金方法中杂质元素Sb、Cu、As、Ni、Pb的干扰;铋试金过程中铋扣直接溶解滴定和铋扣灰吹二次试金方法对比。通过多家单位对精密度和回收率的考察,认为该方法准确、可靠。     

Validation of erythromycin microbiological assay using an alternative experimental design

The agar diffusion method, widely used in antibiotic dosage, relates the diameter of the inhibition zone to the dose of the substance assayed. An experimental plan is proposed that may provide better results and an indication of the assay validity. The symmetric or balanced assays (2 x 2) as well as those with interpolation in standard curve (5 x 1) are the main designs used in the dosage of antibiotics. This study proposes an alternative experimental design for erythromycin microbiological assay with the evaluation of the validation parameters of the method referring to linearity, precision, and accuracy. The design proposed (3 x 1) uses 3 doses of standard and 1 dose of sample applied in a unique plate, aggregating the characteristics of the 2 x 2 and 5 x 1 assays. The method was validated for erythromycin microbiological assay through agar diffusion, revealing its adequacy to linearity, precision, and accuracy standards. Likewise, the statistical methods used demonstrated their accordance with the method concerning the parameters evaluated. The 3 x 1 design proved to be adequate for the dosage of erythromycin and thus a good alternative for erythromycin assay.     

新型pH敏感相分离高分子的制备及其在免疫分析中的应用

聚Ｎ 异丙基丙烯酰胺 (ＰＮＩＰ)温度敏感高分子以其独特的温度敏感性质已成功地应用于免疫分析[1～ 6] .但这类温度敏感相分离免疫分析的反应温度必须控制在ＰＮＩＰ的相转变温度 ( 31℃ )以下 ,这不可避免地会影响免疫反应速率 .ｐＨ敏感高分子是另一类对环境敏感的智能型高分子 ,在其相转变ｐＨ值附近发生沉淀与溶解的可逆性变化 .目前 ,ｐＨ敏感高分子在免疫分析中的应用并没有受到重视 ,研究得较少[7] .这主要是由于 ｐＨ敏感高分子的相转变 ｐＨ值大都在 3左右 ,在此ｐＨ条件下 ,免疫反应生成的抗原 抗体免疫复合物会受到不同程度的…     

The application of coulometry for total antioxidant capacity determination of human blood

New coulometric method for estimation of blood and plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) based on using electrogenerated bromine was proposed. TAC of blood from patients with chronic renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis was investigated. Statistical significant changes in TAC level of venous and arterial blood were found. Catalase activity and low density lipoproteins (LDL) concentrations were determined. Linear correlation between TAC and parameters mentioned was found. Contribution from some individual antioxidants was investigated. The developed method for TAC assay is expressive, simple, stable and reliable, and successfully could be used for TAC determination of some biological fluids. This method could be applied in clinic for estimation of blood TAC from patients.     

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of urinary catecholamines in diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

The measurement of catecholamines in human body fluids is requested frequently for the differential diagnosis and monitoring of pheochromocytoma. The methods in most clinical laboratories focus on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection, which suffers from high background noise, low sensitivity, and poor separation. We reported and developed a robust high‐throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method in routine clinical laboratories for the measurement of urinary catecholamines for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The method was validated for consistent linearity, good recovery (88–112%), excellent stability and low carryover. Intra‐ and inter‐assay precision values for catecholamines were all below 3.35 and 4.83% respectively. Dilution linearity was investigated with satisfactory linearly dependent coefficients (r > 0.9988). The reference intervals were obtained from 310 results derived from patients in which the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was excluded. This method was successfully used in our laboratory. The clinical characteristics of patients have been explored with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, we have developed a reliable assay for the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry measurement of catecholamines in a routine clinical laboratory. The assay requires a small volume of urine, and all analytes are measured simultaneously. The assay is rapid and reliable to be executed, offering the potential for routine clinical laboratories.     

Quantification of docetaxel and its main metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Docetaxel is an antineoplastic agent widely used in therapeutics. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a routine assay, using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), for the simultaneous quantification of docetaxel and its main hydroxylated metabolites in human plasma. A structural analogue, paclitaxel, was used as the internal standard. Determination of docetaxel and four metabolites (M1, M2, M3 and M4) was achieved using only 100 microL of plasma. Liquid-liquid extraction was used for sample preparation, with extraction efficiency of at least 90% for all analytes. Detection used positive-mode electrospray ionization in selected reaction monitoring mode. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.5 ng/mL for all analytes. The assay was linear in the calibration curve range 0.5-1000 ng/mL and acceptable precision and accuracy (<15%) were obtained with concentrations above the LLOQ. This method was sufficiently selective and sensitive for quantification of metabolites in plasma from cancer patients receiving docetaxel chemotherapy, and is suitable for routine analyses during pharmacokinetic studies.     

Determination of Suramin in Plasma and Urine by Ion-Paired Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the quantification of the anti-viral drug suramin (SUR) in human plasma and urine. This assay is simple and accurate, using an isocratic mobile phase in a reverse-phase ion-pairing mode.

This assay was developed for the determination of high levels of suramin in the urine and plasma of patients being treated for the acquired immunodefficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The limit of detection of this assay was 0.25 μg/mL. Congo red (CR) was used as the internal standard with a retention time of 5.9 min, while suramin had a retention time of 13 min.     

Superficially Bound Acetylcholinesterase Based on a Chitosan Matrix for Neurotoxic Compound Assay by a Photographic Technique

Smartphones have become popular in the last decade and they have been used in analytical chemistry as easy detection systems with comparable parameters to standard laboratory equipment. This work focuses on the attachment of enzyme acetylcholinesterase on the previously activated chitosan. Acetylcholine splits the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as a natural substrate, into choline and acetic acid. However, this compound can cleave alternative substrates, e.g., indoxyl acetate, which was used in this work. The conversion of the substrate is blocked or slowed down by inhibitors from which galantamine and tacrine were tested as model inhibitors with detection limits of 1.1 and 0.18?µM, respectively. The measurement procedure was performed on a three-dimensional printed holder and red–green–blue channels were used for digital photography evaluation. The method was validated using a standard Ellman’s spectrophotometric assay. We successfully attached acetylcholinesterase on the chitosan surface that was used for the inhibitor assay. The long-term stability of the immobilized enzyme as well as the sensitivity to organic solvents were also tested. The proposed method appeared to be suitable for the rapid and inexpensive assay of neurotoxic compounds.     

Assay of sialyltransferase activity by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.

Sialyltransferases (CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid:glycoprotein sialyltransferases, EC 2.4.99.1) are involved in the transfer of a sialic acid moiety from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc) to an oligosaccharide side-chain of an acceptor, asialoglycoprotein (AGP), according to the following reaction: CMP-NeuAc + AGP----NeuAc-O-AGP + CMP. This enzyme occurs in elevated levels in the sera of patients with a wide variety of neoplastic diseases and its assay might be useful in monitoring treatment. Radioactive CMP-NeuAc has been used in assays and the radioactive sialylated product separated and counted by liquid scintillation spectrometry. This study shows that a simple, rapid, non-radiochemically based high-performance liquid chromatographic method developed for the analysis of CMP-sialic acid synthetase can be used for the quantitation of sialyltransferase activity by monitoring simultaneously the utilization of CMP-NeuAc and the release of CMP. We describe the application of this method to assay of commercially available sialyltransferase activity and to activities from synovial, ascites and gastric fluids.     

Enantioselective assay of chloroquine and its main metabolite deethyl chloroquine in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis

A sensitive assay for the determination of chloroquine (Clq) and its pharmacologically active metabolite deethyl chloroquine in plasma by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is developed. Plasma levels of drug and metabolite are measured using HeCd laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection over a range of three orders of magnitude from 2 to 1000 ng/mL after liquid-liquid extraction. A limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL is achieved. Validation of the method yields intra- and interday precision data within the limits of 10% (20% at limit of quantitation) and intra- and interday accuracy data greater than 6% throughout the whole working range. The method is applied for the drug monitoring of patients treated with Clq. Based upon this assay, two enantioselective CE-LIF methods for Clq and its main metabolite are developed. Mixtures of substituted gamma-cyclodextrins are used as chiral selectors. A baseline separation of the enantiomers of both analytes in one run is achieved in less than 11 min (method A) and less than 9 min (method B), respectively. Hydroxychloroquine is used as the internal standard for both methods.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous measurement of floxuridine and fluorouracil in human body fluids.

A method for the simultaneous measurement of floxuridine (5-fluorodeoxyuridine) and fluorouracil in human plasma and peritoneal fluid has been developed. This method utilizes high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis with a Zorbax RX column (25 cm x 4.6 mm I.D.) plus a guard cartridge of the same material. The sensitivity limits for this assay are 0.25 mumol/l in a 20-microliters sample. The detection limit at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 is 2.5 nmol/l. This procedure has been used to quantitatively measure concentration versus time profiles of floxuridine and fluorouracil in plasma and peritoneal fluid of human patients after receiving intraperitoneal administration of floxuridine.     

Fluorometric assay for horseradish peroxidase in organic media

A fluorometric method for assaying the activity of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in organic media has been developed. This method is designed on the basis of the disparity in the spectral properties of substrates and corresponding resultant polymers. It monitors the fluorescence quenching of substrate during enzymatic catalysis, and works efficiently in a number of organic media (such as dioxanewater mixture, acetone-water mixture, and alcohol-water mixture, and so forth) toward many substrates. This assay is simpler, more rapid, and more convenient compared with the commonly used HPLC method. It is qualitatively reproducible and can also be used for quantitative calculation of the substrate conversion.     

Quantitative Determination of Acenocoumarin in Anticoagulated Patients

Abstract

A new procedure of pre-concentration on Tenax GC followed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis has been developed for the quantitative determination of acenocoumarin in human plasma. The recovery of acenocoumarin was greater than 90% over a concentration range of 0.10 to 1.00 μg/ml and the limit of quantitation by the assay was 10 ng/ml of plasma. This method allows quantitative determinations in patients under acenocoumarin therapy and can be used as a routine clinical monitoring.     

Real-time Monitoring of Nucleotide Excision of Molecular Beacon Catalyzed by Klenow Fragment

Klenow fragment(KF) uses the activity of a separate exonuclease to excise nucleotide, which is a crucial step in DNA replication and repair. Here is a novel sensitive and convenient method introduced for real-time monitoring nucleotide excision by KF with a molecular beacon as a detecting probe in a homogeneous solution. This method, which overcomes the drawbacks of traditional methods such as discontinuity, time consuming and low sensitivity, was used to assay KF activity and the detection limit reached up to 0.4 U/mL. In addition, the method was applied to investigating the effects of metal ions and chemical drugs on the reaction. The results demonstrate that it is a potential high-throughput assay for screening inhibitors and activity analysis of KF in vitro.     

A rapid spectrophotometric method for iodimetric α-amylase assay

A kinetic, two-point method for the assay of α-arnylase in serum, involving spectrohotometric measurement of a starch-iodine complex, is described. This approach avoids interferences by serum proteins and other substances that react with iodine. The method requires less than 4 min per assay, only 10 μl of sample is used, and precision and accuracy are comparable to those of established procedures.     

Microbiological assay for the determination of telithromycin in tablets

This study describes the development and validation of a microbiological assay, applying the cylinder-plate method, for the determination of the antibiotic telithromycin. The microbiological method consisted of a cylinder-plate agar diffusion assay using Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as the test microorganism. The response graphs for standard and sample solutions were linear (r = 0.9987), and no parallelism deviations were detected in the tested concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 microg/mL). The interday precision was 2.67%. Recovery values were between 96.75 and 100.91%. A preliminary stability study of telithromycin showed that the microbiological assay is specific for the determination of telithromycin in the presence of its degradation products. The proposed method allows the quantitation of telithromycin in pharmaceutical dosage form and can be used for drug analysis in routine quality control.