几种酰胺类化合物作为添加剂对钢—钢和钢—铝摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机和SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了 4种酰胺化合物对钢 -钢和钢 -铝摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响 ,用X射线光电子能谱 (XPS)分析了丙烯酰胺润滑下铝合金磨斑表面元素的化学状态 .结果表明 :对钢 -钢摩擦副 ,酰胺类化合物表现出一定的抗磨减摩作用 ,对钢 -铝摩擦副 ,丙烯酰胺和乙酰胺表现出良好的抗磨减摩性能 .XPS分析结果显示 ,铝合金磨斑表面存在 3种价态的氮的化合物及 2种价态的铝 ,表明其磨损表面生成了复杂的反应膜     

含纳微米硼酸盐和二烷基二硫代磷酸锌液体石蜡润滑下钢—钢体系的摩擦磨损性能研究

在四球试验机上考察了含纳微米硼酸盐及二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ZDDP）复配添加剂的液体石蜡润滑下钢－钢摩擦副的摩擦学性能。采用X射线光电子能谱仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了复配体系的作用机理。结果表明：纳微米硼酸盐／ZDDP复配添加剂对钢－钢摩擦副的抗磨作用产生对抗效应，在摩擦过程中的某一阶段摩擦系数突然升高，磨损加剧；在试验初期，磨斑表面较为光滑，相应的边界润滑膜为物理和化学吸附膜；随着试验时间的延长，钢球磨斑表面吸附膜表面破裂，磨斑表面变得粗糙并形成微小磨屑碎片，相应的摩擦系数突然升高；随着试验时间的进一步延长，添加剂同钢球磨损表面发生摩擦化学反应，并生成含B、N、S和P等元素的摩擦化学反应膜，从而使摩擦系数波动减小。     

羟基硅酸镁复合粉体润滑油添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副的抗磨自修复机理

以羟基硅酸镁复合矿物粉体作为润滑油添加剂,采用MM-200型环-块摩擦磨损试验机研究了45^#钢摩擦副的减摩抗磨性能;采用扫描电子显微镜观察了钢环磨损表面和润滑油所含添加剂颗粒的形貌,采用能谱仪分析了钢环磨损表面成份,采用表面形貌仪测定了钢环磨损表面粗糙度,进而探讨了复合矿物粉体添加剂的抗磨自修复机理.结果表明:羟基硅酸镁复合矿物粉体添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副具有良好的减摩抗磨作用.在基础油(46^#机油)润滑条件下,随着载荷的增加,磨损机制由轻微擦伤转变为严重擦伤和黏着磨损.在含添加剂的油润滑条件下,较低载荷下钢环磨损表面发生轻微擦伤,且擦伤程度比基础油润滑下的更轻;而在较高载荷条件下钢环磨损表面非常光滑,呈现轻微的黏着磨损迹象.其原因在于在较低载荷条件下,添加剂在摩擦过程中可发生团聚形成大小不一的球状团聚体,球状团聚体可起到微球轴承的作用,使钢-钢摩擦副由滑动接触状态转变为滚动接触状态,从而显著降低摩擦系数,提高抗磨性能.而在较高载荷下,羟基硅酸镁复合矿物粉体添加剂易在钢-钢摩擦副磨损表面形成自修复抗磨层,从而隔离金属表面的直接接触,起到良好的减摩抗磨作用.     

外加电场对边界润滑条件下钢—钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用球－盘式摩擦磨损试验机,考察了钢－钢（ＳＵＪ２／Ｓ４５Ｃ）摩擦副在不同润滑剂润滑下的摩擦磨损性能及外加电场对摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：施加电压,特别是改变电压极性可使摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能发生很大变化,而电场及其极性对摩擦磨损性能的影响效果取决于润滑剂及边界润滑膜的性质。     

几种纳米微粒作为锂基脂添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响研究

采用四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米SiO2、纳米LaF3及纳米Ni等3类纳米微粒作为锂基脂添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响;采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱仪及X射线光电子能谱仪分析了含纳米微粒添加剂的锂基脂润滑下的钢球磨损表面形貌、元素面分布及典型元素的化学状态.结果表明:3种纳米微粒作为添加剂均能够显著提高锂基脂的减摩抗磨能力;锂基脂及含不同纳米添加剂的锂基脂润滑下的钢球磨损表面形貌及其表面保护膜的性质存在明显差异,这种差异决定了钢-钢摩擦副在相应脂润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能差异;含纳米SiO2的锂基脂润滑下的钢球磨损表面形成的含纳米SiO2的表面保护膜均匀且厚度适中,故其相应的减摩抗磨效果最佳.     

一对钢—钢摩擦副摩擦磨损的原位动态研究

摩擦磨损的扫描电子显微镜原位动态研究，可以跟踪观察磨屑形成和磨痕演变的全过程，以及材料表面在摩擦磨损中变化的真实情况。     

干摩擦条件下天然橡胶／钢的磨损机理研究

采用FALEX试验机考察了20^#钢／天然橡胶在干摩擦条件下的磨损机理。用扫描电子显微镜分析了20^#钢和橡胶磨损表面形貌。用X射线光电子能谱仪分析了金属和橡胶磨损表面元素的含量及化学状态,用镜面全反射傅立叶红外光谱仪分析了橡胶磨损表面官能团的变化。结果表明,20^#钢／天然橡胶摩擦副发生了粘着磨损,其磨损机制为：金属及金属氧化物与天然橡胶分子自由基在摩擦表面发生反应;在亚表层以金属与大分子自由基的反应为主,主要产物为含有Fe-C的金属－聚合物;金属本身发生氧化,主要产物为Fe2O3,FeO和Fe3O4,而在亚表层的主要产物以FeO为主,表面膜可能通过化学键、静电作用力和分子间的范德华力与金属基体相结合。     

不同气氛环境中钢/铜摩擦副的高速干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

采用MMS-1G型高温高速摩擦磨损试验机研究了在氧气和二氧化碳2种气氛环境中CrNiMo钢/H96黄铜摩擦副的高速干滑动摩擦磨损特性,采用扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对CrNiMo钢销试样的磨损表面形貌及其元素的化学状态进行分析,结合摩擦表面宏观温度的测量,分析了不同气氛环境中pv值对摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响.结果表明,在不同气氛环境中,摩擦副表现出完全不同的摩擦磨损特性,在二氧化碳气氛环境中,摩擦副的摩擦系数与CrNiMo钢的磨损率均高于氧气气氛环境中,这是由于2种气氛环境中的摩擦表面温度及其磨损机制的差异所致.二氧化碳气氛环境中的摩擦表面温度高于氧气气氛环境中的摩擦表面温度,其主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损、金属流变和粘着磨损;而氧气气氛环境中主要表现为氧化磨损和粘着磨损.     

修复剂羟基硅酸镁存在时钢摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性研究

在实验室条件下,验证了主要组分为Mg6Si4O10(OH)8的金属磨损自修复剂在45#钢摩擦副表面形成修复保护层的能力,得到了厚3～6 μm的反应层;采用Falex型摩擦磨损试验机进行了长达400 h的摩擦磨损试验,研究了在Mg6Si4O10(OH)8润滑下45#钢摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能、摩擦副摩擦表面显微硬度和温度随时间变化的情况.结果表明:Mg6Si4O10(OH)8在润滑过程中具有准周期性衰减振荡函数的特点,200 h左右为1个准周期;反应层的显微硬度较45#钢基体提高1倍;修复层的C和O含量较高.     

可生物降解二聚酸酯类的合成及其摩擦磨损性能研究

以二聚酸和不同链长的醇为原料,合成了一系列二聚酸酯并对其结构进行表征;考查了其流变学性能以及摩擦磨损性能和抗磨剂在二聚酸二异辛酯为基础油中的摩擦感受性,并对其磨损表面主要元素进行分析;按照DIN-51828-1,2标准对各种试样进行生物降解性测试.结果表明:所合成的二聚酸系列酯的粘温性能良好,醇基烷链越长,二聚酸酯的粘度越高,倾点越低,尤其是异构体的倾点更低;醇基烷链越长,二聚酸酯的抗磨性越优良,承载能力越强;链长相同的二聚酸酯的承载能力和抗磨性随分子支链化(异构化)程度增加略有增加;所合成的二聚酸二异辛酯具有最佳综合性能,其流变学性能和摩擦磨损性能优于季戊四醇酯,是一种性能优良的基础油,并可以生物降解.     

Force Action of a Body with a Permeable Boundary on a Wall in a Fluid

The ideal fluid flow due to fluid penetration through the boundary of an infinitely long solid cylinder in contact with a solid wall is determined. A formula is derived according to which the force exerted by a finite-length part of the cylinder on the wall is directed into the wall and can thus have an arbitrarily large absolute value. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 82–84, January–February, 2006.     

On a Paradox in the Motion of a Rigid Particle along a Wall in a Fluid

The results of an experimental investigation of spherical particles with different surface roughnesses rolling under their own weight down an inclined pipe wall in a Newtonian fluid at low Reynolds numbers, both with (friction should be taken into account) and without contact with the wall, are presented. It is shown that a fixed particle moves differently in different fluids with similar viscosities and densities. This fact, as well as the possibility of particle motion without contact with the wall, cannot be explained within the framework of the usual hydrodynamic theories. An example is the dependence of the particle motion on the static pressure.     

Torsion problems for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack

Using the method of singular integral equation and the crack-cutting technique, the rigorous solutions are obtained for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack, which exactly satisfy the boundary conditions and the conditions at the corner points. After that the torsional rigidities and the stress intensity factors at the crack tip are determined. Next, for the doubly connected circular cylinder with a rectangular hole the expressions for the singular stresses around the concave corner points are derived and the generalized stress intensity factors are then defined. Since the crack-cutting technique is used in this paper, the solution of the matching rectangular cylinder is also obtained and its numerical results coincide with those in references. Thus the method proposed here is verified. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Pumping of a fluid through a microchannel by means of a bubble driven by a light beam

A new method of pumping a fluid through a microchannel device using a gas bubble-piston, set in motion by the thermocapillary force induced by a light beam, is proposed. To demonstrate the method, a model micropump has been assembled. The model consists of two reservoirs connected by two channels with a bubble-piston driven by a light beam. The pumping rate and the volume per piston stroke are evaluated experimentally. The method proposed is compared with known microfluid pumping methods. Some advantages of the new method are indicated.     

Interaction of a screw dislocation with a notch in a piezoelectric bi-material

Summary The electro-elastic interaction of a screw dislocation and a notch in a piezoelectric bi-material is analyzed. The electro-elastic fields induced by the dislocation are derived using the conformal mapping and the image-dislocation approach, where the solution for a piezoelectric bi-material without a notch is used as a base. The stress and the electric displacement intensity factors of the notch and the image force on the dislocation are given explicitly. We find that intensity factors are expressed in terms of the effective material constants, while the radial component of the image force is independent of the notch angle and the angular position of the dislocation in the polar coordinate system. Numerical results for the image force are provided for the use when one of the two media is purely elastic. They illustrate the behavior of the dislocation in the neighborhood of the notch.     

Transformation of a breaking wave at a drop of a channel bottom

This paper gives results of an experimental study of incident and reflected waves of the bore type in the neighborhood of a sharp change in the channel bed level. It is shown that under conditions typical of accidents at ship locks, the wave height can reach 8 m.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 115–121, March–April, 2005.     

Diffusive shrinkage of a void within a grian of a stressed polycrystal

A method to predict the shrinkage rate of a void centered at an equiaxial grain under hydrostatic pressure is developed. The rate process is controlled by lattice diffusion under the combined influence of void surface energy, grain boundary interface energy and elastic energy stored in the solid. A dimensionless loading parameter that controls the void evolving is introduced. Below a certain value of this parameter the void will be rounded and is stable. Then the shrinkage behavior of the voids is described by the parameters controlling the lattice diffusion. It is found that only gas-free voids could be totally eliminated through lattice diffusion; for a gas-filled void, the internal pressure produced by the gas firstly retards the rate of the shrinkage and eventually stops the shrinkage process as it becomes high enough.     

Dynamics of a vapor shell around a heated particle in a liquid

The dynamics and heat and mass exchange of a vapor bubble containing a heated particle is studied in relation to the problem of vapor explosions. It is shown that the process involves two stages: dynamic stage and thermal stage. The dynamic stage is characterized by pressure fluctuations and a rapid increase in the thickness of the vapor layer. It is shown that the simplifying assumptions of the constancy of assumptions of constant heat conductivity of the vapor and linear temperature profile in the vapor layer lead to qualitatively incorrect results. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 69–78, July–August, 2007