Dispersion stabilization of antimony-doped tin oxide（ATO）nanoparticles used for energy-efficient glass coating

Nano-antimony-doped tin oxide（ATO） was synthesized using the sol-gel method.A colloidal dispersion of ATO nanoparticles in distilled water was achieved using a milling process in which different dispersants were studied.In this paper,different factors that affect the stability of ATO nanoparticles were discussed,such as zeta potential,dispersant,and pH value.Sodium polyphosphate was a suitable dispersant for stabilizing ATO nanoparticles in distilled water.A stable dispersion of ATO nanoparticles in distilled water was prepared.The stable dispersion of ATO nanoparticles was used to prepare nano-thermal insulation glass paint to block near-infrared rays of sunlight.     

Homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion prepared with impurity-free dispersant by the ball mill technique

The homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in solvents or polymer matrices is essential for practical application of nanocomposites. In this study, the planetary ball milling technique was used to de-agglomerate silica nanoparticles in butyl acetate. The size of the nanosilica aggregates was evaluated by TEM and SEM. With the addition of polyacrylate polymer to the organic solvent, the nanoparticle agglomerates were effectively broken up by planetary ball milling at the proper milling time; however, re-agglomeration occurred after a longer milling time. The results of TGA and FTIR indicated that the polyacrylate molecules could be adsorbed in situ onto the nanoparticles. Behaving similar to a dispersant, the adsorbed polyacrylate reduced the blend viscosity significantly and prevented re-agglomeration of the nanoparticles. Utilizing the polyacrylate polymer both as the dispersant and the polymer matrix, the polyacrylate-based nanocoatings were further prepared. The optical transmittance and haze value of the nanocoatings were found to be sensitive to the dispersion level of the nanoparticles, and the elastic modulus and hardness of the nanocoatings were improved in comparison with those of the neat polymer coating.     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a circular pipe under laminar flow with wire coil inserts

In this paper, fully developed laminar flow convective heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of Al₂O₃/water nanofluid flowing through a uniformly heated horizontal tube with and without wire coil inserts is presented. For this purpose, Al₂O₃ nanoparticles of 43 nm size were synthesized, characterized and dispersed in distilled water to form stable suspension containing 0.1% volume concentration of nanoparticles. The Nusselt number in the fully developed region were measured and found to increase by 12.24% at Re = 2275 for plain tube with nanofluid compared to distilled water. Two wire coil inserts made of stainless steel with pitch ratios 2 and 3 were used which increased the Nusselt numbers by 15.91% and 21.53% respectively at Re = 2275 with nanofluid compared to distilled water. The better heat transfer performance of nanofluid with wire coil insert is attributed to the effects of dispersion or back-mixing which flattens the temperature distribution and make the temperature gradient between the fluid and wall steeper. The measured pressure loss with the use of nanofluids is almost equal to that of the distilled water. The empirical correlations developed for Nusselt number and friction factor in terms of Reynolds/Peclet number, pitch ratio and volume concentration fits with the experimental data within ±15%.     

Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of CuO/water nanofluid under laminar flow in a helically dimpled tube

An experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in the plain and dimpled tube under laminar flow with constant heat flux is carried out with distilled water and CuO/water nanofluids. For this, CuO nanoparticles with an average size of 15.3 nm were synthesized by sol–gel method. The nanoparticles are then dispersed in distilled water to form stable suspension of CuO/water nanofluid containing 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% volume concentration of nanoparticles. It is found that the experimental Nusselt numbers for 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% volume concentration of CuO nanoparticles are about 6, 9.9 and 12.6%, respectively higher than those obtained with distilled water in plain tube. However, the experimental Nusselt numbers for 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% volume concentration of CuO nanoparticles are about 3.4, 6.8 and 12%, respectively higher than those obtained with distilled water in dimpled tube. The friction factor of CuO/water nanofluid is also increased due to the inclusion of nanoparticles and found to increase with nanoparticle volume concentration. The experimental results show that there exists a difference in the enhancement levels of Nusselt numbers obtained with nanofluids in plain tube and dimpled tube. Hence it is proposed that the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement obtained with nanofluids is due to particle migration from the core of fluid flow to tube wall.     

水分散性纳米级二硫化钼的制备及其摩擦学性能评价

采用乙二醇作为还原剂和溶剂,以自制的四硫代钼酸铵（ATTM）为原料制备了水分散性纳米级二硫化钼;采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）表征了产物的结构;采用四球摩擦磨损试验机测定了其水分散体系的摩擦学性能,同时利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能量色散谱仪(EDS)分析了钢球磨斑表面形貌和元素组成。结果表明:所制备的二硫化钼呈纳米级球形微粒,在水及乙醇中的分散性良好,并能显著改善水的减摩抗磨性能;作为水基添加剂具有很好的摩擦学应用前景。     

Experimental study on convective heat transfer of TiO2 nanofluids

In this study, nanofluids with different TiO₂ nanoparticle concentrations were synthesized and measured in different constant heat fluxes for their heat transfer behavior upon flowing through a vertical pipe. Addition of nanoparticles into the base fluid enhances the forced convective heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the enhancement of the convective heat transfer coefficient in the mixture consisting of ethylene glycol and distilled water is more than distilled water as a base fluid.     

The study of heat transfer for nanofluid with carbon nano particle in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler

A carbon nanofluid was adapted to examine the characteristics of its cooling performance in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler, compared with that of the usual working fluid water. After steady state, the heat transfer rate of water became nearly constant; however, that of the nanofluid showed a slight increase, suggesting that something happened to the nanofluid. The result shows that the cooling performance of the carbon nanofluid was a little better than that of water; however, its performance data improved with time while those of water were stable. It shows that assembly of the carbon nanoparticles changed with its circulation through the EGR cooler and the shape of the particle assembly depended on the dispersion method employed.     

Pore-Scale Monitoring of Wettability Alteration by Silica Nanoparticles During Polymer Flooding to Heavy Oil in a Five-Spot Glass Micromodel

It is well known that the oil recovery is affected by wettability of porous medium; however, the role of nanoparticles on wettability alteration of medium surfaces has remained a topic of debate in the literature. Furthermore, there is a little information of the way dispersed silica nanoparticles affect the oil recovery efficiency during polymer flooding, especially, when heavy oil is used. In this study, a series of injection experiments were performed in a five-spot glass micromodel after saturation with the heavy oil. Polyacrylamide solution and dispersed silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide (DSNP) solution were used as injected fluids. The oil recovery as well as fluid distribution in the pores and throats was measured with analysis of continuously provided pictures during the experiments. Sessile drop method was used for measuring the contact angles of the glass surface at different states of wettability after coating by heavy oil, distilled water, dispersed silica nanoparticles in water (DSNW), polyacrylamide solution, and DSNP solution. The results showed that the silica nanoparticles caused enhanced oil recovery during polymer flooding by a factor of 10%. The distribution of DSNP solution during flooding tests in pores and throats showed strong water-wetting of the medium after flooding with this solution. The results of sessile drop experiments showed that coating with heavy oil, could make an oil-wet surface. Coating with distilled water and polymer solution could partially alter the wettability of surface to water-wet and coating with DSNW and DSNP could make a strongly water-wet surface.     

Effect of calcining temperature and time on the characteristics of Sb-doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by the sol–gel method

Spherical Sb-doped SnO₂ (ATO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel route, employing SnCl₄·5H₂O and SbCl₃ as precursors in an ethanol solution. The influences of the calcining temperature and calcining time on the crystallite size, crystallinity, lattice parameters, lattice distortion ratio and the resistivity of the ATO nanoparticles were synthetically investigated. The results suggested that the ATO nanoparticles were crystallized in a tetragonal cassiterite structure of SnO₂ with a highly (1 1 0)-plane-preferred orientation. The calcining temperature had a dominating effect on the crystallite size, crystallinity, lattice distortion ratios and resistivity of the ATO. As the calcining temperature increased, the average crystallite size increased, the crystallinity was promoted accompanied by a decrease in the lattice distortion ratio and a corresponding decrease in the resistivity of the ATO. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis revealed that Sb ions could not entirely supplant the Sn ions in the SnO₂ lattice for a calcining time of less than 0.5 h, even at a calcining temperature of 1000 °C. The ATO nanoparticles calcined at 1000 °C for 3.0 h possessed the lowest resistivity of 10.18 Ω cm.     

Clarification of the dispersion mechanism of three typical chemical dispersants in lithium-ion battery (LIB) slurry

This paper mainly clarified the dispersion mechanism of three typical chemical dispersants which are polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100, T-100), polyethylene pyrrolidone (PVP) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) within lithium-ion battery (LIB) slurry. Initially, the optimum amounts of T-100, PVP and CMC are selected from 0%, 0.5%, 1.5% and 2.5% by evaluating the impedance of LIB slurry in the case of adding each typical chemical dispersant with EIS method. Moreover, the impedance spectrum of three different slurry samples which are PVDF-NMP solution, LiCoO₂ slurry and Carbon Black (CB) slurry with the optimum amount of each dispersant are also investigated. After using SEM and C element distribution images of LIB slurry to verify the correctness of the dispersion mechanism of each dispersant, it is concluded that the dispersion CMC with its optimum amount 1.5% is the best one to promote the formation of conductive paths and CB-coated LiCoO₂ network structure within LIB slurry, which has the considerably potential to improve the performance of LIB.     

爆炸抛撒金属颗粒群的装药方式

对炸药与金属颗粒混装及炸药与金属颗粒分装方式(添加分散剂和不添加分散剂)下炸药爆炸抛 撒金属颗粒群进行了实验研究。结果表明,分装方式下颗粒容易烧结成团且在空间分布不均,添加分散剂后 颗粒的分散性较好,没有烧结成团现象。混装方式下颗粒不会烧结,空间分散性较好。在有效距离内,从颗粒 空间数密度、颗粒对靶板的侵彻能力、工艺和安全等方面来看,分装加分散剂方式优于其他2种方式。     

Nero-fuzzy modeling of the convection heat transfer coefficient for the nanofluid

In this study, experiments were performed by six different volume fractions of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in distilled water. Then, actual nanofluid Nusslet number compared by Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) predicted number in square cross-section duct in laminar flow under uniform heat flux condition. Statistical values, which quantify the degree of agreement between experimental observations and numerically calculated values, were found greater than 0.99 for all cases.     

Formulation of nanofluids for natural convective heat transfer applications

The paper is concerned about formulation of aqueous based nanofluids and its application under natural convective heat transfer conditions. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are dispersed in distilled water through electrostatic stabilization mechanisms and with the aid of a high shear mixing homogenizer. Nanofluids formulated in such a way are found very stable and are used to investigate their heat transfer behaviour under the natural convection conditions. The preliminary results are presented in this paper. Both transient and steady heat transfer coefficients are measured and the results show a systematic decrease in the natural convective heat transfer coefficient with increasing particle concentration. This is in contradiction to the initial expectation. Possible reasons for the observations are discussed.     

Nanofluids thermal behavior analysis using a new dispersion model along with single-phase

A numerical study has been performed to analyze nanofluids convective heat transfer. Laminar α-Al₂O₃-water nanofluid flows in an entrance region of a horizontal circular tube with constant surface temperature. Numerical analysis has been carried out using two different single-phase models (homogenous and dispersion) and two-phase models (Eulerian–Lagrangian and mixture). A new model is developed to consider the nanoparticles dispersion. The transport equations for the tube with constant surface temperature were solved numerically using a control volume approach. The effects of nanoparticles volume fraction (0.5, 1 %) and Reynolds number (650 ≤ Re ≤ 2300) on nanofluid convective heat transfer coefficient were studied. The results are compared with the experimental data and it is shown that the homogenous single-phase model is underestimated and the mixture model is overestimated. Although the Eulerian–Lagrangian model gives a reasonable prediction for the thermal behavior of nanofluids, the dispersion single-phase model gives more accurate prediction despite its simplicity.     

Influence of the heterogeneity of the solutions on the parameters of miscible displacement in saturated porous medium

The aim of this study is the investigation of the effects of density and viscosity contrasts on miscible displacements when the regime is stable. It has been possible to quantify these effects by using an empirical model which takes into account both the physical properties of the liquids and the hydrodynamic parameters in different configurations of a miscible displacement involving distilled water and a calcium chloride solution. The introduction of a method for measuring electrical conductivities within the porous medium itself (without disturbing the flow) has enabled us to monitor the change in the mixing zone throughout the entire length of the flow path. A stability criterion based on hydrodynamic parameters has been established that depends on two dimensionless numbers.     

Comparison of schemes for preparing magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by means of coprecipitation using NH3·H2O in water and in alcohol, and using NaOH in water. A series of instruments such as SEM, TEM, HRTEM, FT-IR, XRD and VSM were used to characterize the properties of the magnetic nanoparticles.was the longest. The process using NaOH in water was the simplest and the reaction time was the shortest, but the particle characteristics were inferior to those of the other two methods. The mean size of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles prepared by coprecipitation in alcohol was the smallest among the three, but the nanoparticles aggregated severely. The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid using saturated sodium coated successfully and thoroughly.     

润滑油添加剂——偏硼酸钠抗磨特性的研究

作者利用四球试验机和Timken试验机研究了白油中所含偏硼酸钠的抗磨特性,以及分散剂和结晶水对偏硼酸钠的抗磨性能的影响,并且利用X—光电子能谱仪(XPS)和俄歇电子能谱仪(AES)考察了摩擦表面的组成及硼的价态。结果表明,含偏硼酸钠的白油能在摩擦表面形成含偏硼酸钠的表面膜而具有较好的抗磨性,硼在摩擦表面膜中以偏硼酸钠的形式存在,钠和钙的石油磺酸盐型分散剂会降低偏硼酸钠的抗磨性,而丁二酰亚胺类分散剂则能提高其抗磨性。     

Critical heat removal rate through a hemispherical narrow gap

An experimental study has been performed to investigate boiling mechanism and to estimate critical heat removal rate from a critical power through a hemispherical narrow gap using distilled water and Freon R-113. The distilled water data on the critical heat removal rate were compared with the R-113 data. The experimental results on the critical heat removal rate were also compared with the existing correlations, developed in flat plate, annuli, and spherical gaps. The test results have shown that a CCFL (Counter Current Flow Limitation) brings about local dryout and finally global dryout in the hemispherical gap thickness of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm. The boiling mechanism in a hemispherical gap thickness of 5.0 mm is the combination of the CCFL and the pool boiling condition. An increase in gap thickness of 10.0 mm leads to the pool boiling condition rather than the CCFL. Increases in the gap thickness and pressure lead to increase in critical heat removal rate, but the pressure effect on the critical heat removal rate was found to be much milder than the predictions by flat plate and annuli gaps. The measured critical heat removal rate using the R-113 in hemispherical narrow gap thickness of 1.0 and 2.0 mm are 51.5%, 44.5% lower than that using the distilled water due to the lower boiling point and the bubble size, which is different from the pool boiling condition of approximately 14.8%. The measured critical heat removal rate using the R-113 in a gap thickness of 5 mm is 21.6% lower than that using distilled water, which approaches to the pool boiling condition.     

Experimental investigations and theoretical determination of thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3/water nanofluid

Experimental investigations and theoretical determination of effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluid are reported in this paper. The nanofluid was prepared by synthesizing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles using microwave assisted chemical precipitation method, and then dispersing them in distilled water using a sonicator. Al₂O₃/water nanofluid with a nominal diameter of 43 nm at different volume concentrations (0.33–5%) at room temperature were used for the investigation. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids are measured and it is found that the viscosity increase is substantially higher than the increase in thermal conductivity. Both the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids increase with the nanoparticle volume concentration. Theoretical models are developed to predict thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids without resorting to the well established Maxwell and Einstein models, respectively. The proposed models show reasonably good agreement with our experimental results.     

Intensified photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene by Picketing emulsion of ZnO nanoparticles

In this paper, zinc oxide nanoparticles were first prepared and surface-modified. A Pickering emulsion was then prepared, consisting of nitrobenzene （oil phase）, water （water phase） and the modified zinc oxide nanoparticles located on the water-oil interface. The effects of different emulsions on the removal rate of nitrobenzene by photocatalytic degradation were studied. The results proved that use of a Pickering emulsion stabilized by surface-modified ZnO nanoparticles provides an effective and novel way to intensify the photocatalytic degradation of the organic contaminant.