藏药材白花龙胆花中微量元素的分析

对藏药材白花龙胆花中17种微量元素（Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Se、Cr、Mg、Ca、K、Na、P、As、Hg、Pb、Cd）的含量作了测定。结果表明,白花龙胆花中含有较高的人体必需微量元素和常量元素,其中常量元素K、Ca、Na、Mg和微量元素Zn、Fe、Mn的含量均较高。     

Availability of essential elements in bhasmas: Analysis of Ayurvedic metallic preparations by INAA

Summary Twenty bhasmas based on Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg, Ag, K, As, Cu, Sn and gemstones have been analyzed for main constituent elements along with minor (Na, K, Mg, Ca, P), trace (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Hg) and toxic elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) including their C, H, N and S contents. Siddhamakaradhwaja, an Hg preparation and Swet parpati of K were found to be stoichiometrically HgS and KNO3     

Multielemental Analysis of Agroindustrial By-Products Employed in Animal Feeding by INAA

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) with gamma-ray spectrometry was applied to determine As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Sb, Se and Zn in the Brazilian agroindustrial by-products. These materials are widely used in ruminant feeding. The results obtained were compared with requirement and maximum tolerable concentrations. The general conclusions from the data obtained were: (1) many by-products presented concentrations of some essential elements lower than the requirement concentrations, while in some concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mg and Se exceeded by a little the maximum tolerable concentrations, (2) the elements As, Cd, Hg and Sb, generally considered toxic, showed concentrations lower than maximum tolerable values.     

Findings of national proficiency test exercise for the determination of trace elements in edible mushroom reference material

This paper presents the results of the proficiency test exercise conducted in Pakistan for the determination of trace elements in mushroom reference material. Thirteen laboratories from different organizations of the country submitted trace elemental data on Al, As, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Rb Sc, Si, Sm, Sr, Th, Zn. Results for Al, As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb Sc, and Zn, in the mushroom material were reported by two or more participating laboratories and could be subjected to statistical evaluation. The original data of these trace elements was subjected to a computer program “Histo Version 2.1” provided by IAEA. The four outlier tests, i.e., Dixon, Grubbs, skewness and kurtosis were applied to the data sets. Consensus (overall) mean values, absolute standard deviation, relative standard deviation, standard error, median and range of values for these elements have been reported at a significance level of 0.05.     

Prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis for multi-element determination in sediment samples

A facility for the irradiation of internal targets has been installed at the research reactor FRG-of the GKSS Research Center. Thermal-neutron induced prompt gamma radiation was detected by pair spectrometer. With this experimental arrangement concentrations of the major and mino elements Na, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cl, and S, as well as of the trace constituents Cr Ni, Cu Cd, and Hg of samples from a sediment core of the Elbe River could be determined. The results indicate, that prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) is a powerful instrumental tool for a complete characterization of the main sediment constituents and for the detection of the trace elements Cd and Hg which are of considerable ecological relevance.     

Accelerated denitration by formic acid accompanied with residual acid-electrolytic trimming

The fruit bodies of wild-growing higher fungi (macromycetes), commonly called mushrooms, of various genera and species collected in localities with different geochemical features and man-made burden in the Czech Republic were analyzed by different modes of activation analysis. The elements Na, Mg, Al, S, Cl, K, Ti, V, Mn, Cu, Br, Ba and Dy were determined by short-term instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Short-term epithermal INAA (ENAA) was used for determination of I and other elements, such as Rb, Ag, and U. The elements Na, K, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Hf, Au, Hg and Th were determined by long-term INAA, whereas long-term ENAA enabled determination of several other elements, such as Ni, Ta, W and U. The analytical possibilities of instrumental photon activation analysis (IPAA) using a microtron were also explored and found useful for determination of several additional elements, namely Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, and Pb. High concentrations of several essential and toxic trace elements found (up to hundreds of mg^.g^-1, dry mass) should be of concern in nutritional studies, because mushrooms form non-negligible part of diet in many countries, especially in Middle and East Europe.     

青藏高原白刺、枸杞和沙棘果粉中微量元素含量比较研究

采用原子吸收光谱法、氢化物原子荧光光谱法对青藏高原白刺、枸杞、沙棘果粉中的13种元素进行了分析测定。结果表明,3种植物果粉中的Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、K、Ca、Na、Mg等8种元素含量丰富且差异显著,Pb、As、Cr、Cd、Hg等5种重金属元素含量均较低,为3种植物资源深度开发利用提供了基础数据。     

Determination of minor, trace and toxic elements in chewing tobacco products by instrumental neutron activation analysis and identification of glutamic acid

Tobacco smoking/chewing has been a cause of concern because of it being related with oral cancer. It causes stimulation and ill physiological effects. Ten different brands of spit tobacco, eight gutkaas and five paan masalas have been analyzed for seven minor (Al, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg, and P) and 17 trace (As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Rb, Sb, Sc, Th, and Zn) elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Also Ni and Pb were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concentration of Cd was below detection limit (<10?mg?kg^?1) in the tobacco samples. Mg, generally added as MgCO₃ to prevent caking, is present as minor constituent in spit tobacco and gutkaas but is below detection limit (<1?g?kg^?1) in paan masalas. Most elemental concentrations vary in a wide range depending on the nature of chewing tobacco. Spit tobacco has been found to be more enriched in essential elements (Ca, K, Na, P, Mn, and Rb), whereas gutkaas contain higher concentrations of Fe, Cr, Cu, and Zn. Paan masalas contain lower contents of other elements but higher content of Hg. Gutkaas also contain higher amounts of As and Pb. Further glutamic acid has been separated from tobacco leaves and characterized as it might bind with some elements.     

The distribution of trace elements in normal human liver determined by semi-automated radiochemical neutron activation analysis

The eight segments of five normal human livers are analysed for 25 trace elements by radiochemical NAA. This consits of an automated wet destruction of the samples and two distillations, followed by ion exchange procedures. Ru is used as triple-comparator for the standardisation. Short-lived and matrix-isotopes are standardised by the Bowen's kale powder. The results reveal that the coefficient of variation within the liver is smaller than 10% for the elements Cd, Cl, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Rb, Se and Zn. The highest range observed for the elements As, Br, Co, Cr, Hg, La, Mo, Na and Sb within a liver is smaller than the range observed between the five livers.     

Determination of trace element levels in polyethylene by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Elements Al, As, Au, Br, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, V, and Zn were determined by INAA in several brands and batches of high pressure polyethylene (PE) Bralen (Slovnaft Bratislava, Czechoslovakia). A large scatter of trace element contents was found in both granules and foils, indicating an inhomogeneous distribution for the majority of the above mentioned elements present as impurities in PE. Larger amounts of the elements Al, Mn, and Sb were found in foils than in granules. Blank values resulting from using of PE Bralen as a canning material for INAA were compared to trace element concentration in human hair samples, too.     

Determination of elemental levels in radiopharmaceuticals by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to thedetermination of the concentration levels of Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Sc, Ti, V,Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, I, Cs,Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Hg, Th and U in three radiopharmaceuticals.The irradiation of the samples was carried out in a 0.5 kW Bariloche RA-6Research Nuclear Reactor and the induced gamma-activity was measured by gamma-spectrometry.INAA proves to be an accurate and precise technique to obtain a quick informationon the concentration levels of several minor and trace components in radiopharmaceuticals.The quantification of heavy toxic elements is required for the registrationof radiopharmaceuticals.     

Elemental composition of drinking water supplies in three states in Southeastern Nigeria

The levels of some trace elements; Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, Se, As, Ni and minor elements; Na, K, Ca and Mg were determined in public drinking water supplies (public taps and groundwaters) in three states in Southeastern Nigeria using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The mean levels of most of the trace elements in the groundwater samples were below the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water quality limits, the only exception being Hg whose mean value of 3.69 μg/l exceeded the WHO limit of 1.0 μg/l. Violations of the WHO limits were also observed for Fe, Zn, Se and Pb in some of the groundwater samples. In the public tap samples only Hg violated the WHO limit.     

Investigations on the direct introduction of cigarette smoke for trace elements analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Direct introduction of mainstream cigarette smoke into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been investigated with respect to its feasibility for on-line analysis of trace elements. An automated apparatus was designed and built interfacing a smoking machine with an ICP-MS for smoke generation, collection, injection and analysis. Major and minor elements present in the particulate phase and the gas phase of mainstream cigarette smoke of 2R4F reference cigarettes have been qualitatively identified by examination of their full mass spectra. This method provides a rapid-screening analysis of the transfer of trace elements into mainstream smoke during cigarette combustion. A full suite of elements present in the whole cigarette smoke has been identified, including As, B, Ba, Br, Cd, Cl, Cs, Cu, Hg, I, K, Li, Mn, Na, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Tl and Zn. Of these elements, the major portions of B, Ba, Cs, Cu, K, Li, Mn, Na, Pb, Rb, Sn, Tl and Zn are present in the particulate phase, whereas the major portion of Hg is present in the gas phase. As, Br, Cd, Cl, I and Sb exist in a distribution between the gas phase and the particulate phase. Depending on the element, the precision of measurement ranges from 5 to 25% in terms of relative standard deviation of peak height and peak area, based on the fourth puff of 2R4F mainstream cigarette smoke analyzed in five smoking replicates.     

An indirect study of air pollution by neutron activation analysis of snow

Al, As, Br, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Sb, Sc, Sr, Ti, V and Zn were determined in the soluble and insoluble fractions of snow which was collected at 6 differents sites in the Montreal area. From these data the variability coefficients and the enrichment factors were calculated and the probable sources of each element are discussed. The overall concentrations found in the snow were compared with the concentrations of these elements in the air sampled in the same area by high volume samplers. From these, the snow-out ratios for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, V and Zn and their mean were calculated. They are equal to 3338, 3389, 2322, 526, 563, 2603 and 2913 m³/kg respectively.     

Interlaboratory study of trace and other elements in the iaea powdered human hair reference material,HH-1

A powdered intercomparison material for trace element studies was prepared from human scalp hair and distributed to more than 100 laboratories of which 66 reported results for altogether more than 40 elements. By statistical evaluation of these data certified concentration values were derived for 20 elements, namely As, Au, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sr and Zn. The data also made it possible to compare different methods of analysis and to judge the value of different levels of experience on the part of the analyst concerned; these comparisons are presented here with special reference to the elements As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sb.     

Trace element determinations in shale oil products by neutron activation

Neutron activation offers some important advantages for the determination of selected trace elements in shale oil products. This paper gives techniques and results of a study of crude shale oil and naphtha, heavy distillate, and wax products of shale oil. The elements determined were Al, As, Au, Br, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mn. Mo, Na, S, Sb, Se, V, and Zn. Some elements (Mn, Na, As) tend to accumulate in heavier fractions, whereas chlorine and iodine are concentrated in the more volatile fractions. The volatility of sulphur compounds in the shale oil products appears to be essentially uniform, with some tendency toward accumulation in distillation residues. The tendency for the trace elements to accumulate in the waxes that precipitated from cooled heavy distillates was very low.     

Mineral constituents of edible parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop. ex Fr.) Sing and soils beneath its fruiting bodies collected from a rural forest area

Concentrations and interrelationships of twenty elements were studied in parasol mushroom and in the top layer of soil (0–10 cm) from the area of Kiwity (Poland). K, P, Mg, Ca, and Zn were found to be the most abundant elements in the mushroom. Higher concentrations of Fe, Mn, Na, Ni occurred in stipes then in caps, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Rb dominated in caps. Ag, Al, and Ba concentrations in caps and stipes were similar. Parasol mushroom is efficient in up-take and separation of Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, K (in caps, the bioconcentration factor is BCF ≥ 100), Na, P, Rb (50 < BCF < 100), and Mg, Zn (BCF > 10) in its fruiting bodies, while Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Sr, and Pb are eliminated (BCF < 1). Parasol mushroom from rural forest area in the north-eastern region of Poland is of hygienic concern for human health because of toxic mercury and cadmium content in the edible caps, which are also rich in essential Cu, Fe, and their K, Mn, and Zn content is also high.     

Determination of trace elements in food by neutron activation analysis

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) methods have been developed for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in duplicate diets and individual food items. These include a cyclic instrumental NAA (CINAA) method for measuring Se content through its short-lived nuclide^77mSe; epithermal INAA (EINAA) for I and As; conventional INAA for Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn and Zn; combination of EINAA and INAA for Al; radiochemical NAA (RNAA) for As, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Sb, Se and Zn; and preconcentration NAA (PNAA) for U and Th. Accuracy of measurements have been evaluated by analyzing a number of biological and diet reference materials. Multielement concentrations of diets and foods have been measured by these methods.     

Some trace elements in the waters,marine organisms and sediments of the Adriatic by neutron activation analysis

A number of investigations of trace elements in the waters, organisms and sediments of the Adriatic, using neutron activation analysis with radiochemical, separations are reported. These include studies of Hg in mussels from the Northern Adriatic, of Hg and Se in edible animals from the Rijeka region, and of seven elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se and Zn) in marine invertebrates from the Slovene coast. Additionally, plankton, sediment cores and water samples were taken from a grid of stations covering the whole Adriatic and analyzed for 6 to 11 of the trace elements As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Sb and Zn (Hg only in water). Generally, levels found were not indicative of pollution as compared with oceanic samples, but some evidence of locally increased levels was found, especially for Hg. The levels of eleven trace elements in three marine Intercomparison samples prepared by the IAEA Monaco Laboratory are also presented.