脊椎结核患者儿手术后发生喉水肿的因素分析

根据数量化理论Ⅱ和４６３例患儿的临床研究，分析了脊椎的结核患儿手术后发生喉水肿的主要原因，为今后的医疗实践提供了依据，证实了数量化理论Ⅱ的应用价值。     

关于数量化理论I的一个性质

处理定性数据的数量化理论是多元分析的一个分支．这一理论在国内外地质、气象、环境保护、医学等领域的研究中获得了很好的应用．为了将这理论应用到经济领域中去，笔者对数量化理论Ｉ的性质进行了探讨．本文的主要结果是证明了：从预测的角度看，数量化理论Ｉ与多因子无交互作用方差模型是等价的．     

e_(ij)型数量化方法在小学生素质综合评价中的应用

陶凤梅等．ｅｉｊ型数量化方法在小学生素质综合评价中的应用．数理统计与管理，１９９８，１７（２），５～８．本文应用（日）林知已夫的数量化方法Ⅳ，对小学生素质评价进行试验，通过对样本统计量值的分析，得到了指导小学教育改革的信息     

数量化方法在试题难度预测中的应用

本文提出了一种试题难度的客观测定方法．该方法不同于传统的试测法和直接评价法，基本上解决了试题难度测量中的主观性、随意性、模糊性问题． 本方法中的基本公式是基于数量化理论Ｉ，借助微机处理大量专家对试题评价结果而得到的．     

企业活力测试与评价的数学模型

本文应用系统工程和线性规划理论，提出一套诊断和评价企业活力和经营管理效益的综合指标及数学模型，为企业科学地进行经济预测、制定计划、改善管理、提高效益提供了数量化依据．     

逐步回归在全员效率分析中的应用

本文根据矩阵和逐步回归分析的基本原理，利用电子计算机对影响原煤全员效率的诸多因素进行多元分析．通过数据处理，找出了影响全员效率的主要因素，为预测原煤全员效率提供了数量化依据．     

炼钢过程中脱碳速度的多因素分析

本文采用相关分析、因子分析、多元回归等多元分析方法，对氧气顶吹转炉炼钢过程中影响脱碳速度的诸多因素进行分析．通过数据处理，找出了影响脱碳速度的主要原因，为缩短吹炼时间，提高钢质量提供了数量化依据．     

煤矿企业经营管理效益的评价与分析

本文应用回归分析和线性规划理论，提出一套评价煤矿企业经营管理效益的综合指标及数学模型，为企业科学地进行经济预测、制定计划、改善管理、提高效益提供了数量化依据。     

试用统计方法分析散光与儿童弱视

弱视是一种影响婴幼儿视力的功能性眼病．屈光不正是导致弱视的常见原因之一．尤其是当散光得不到及时正确的矫正时很容易造成弱视．有时散光与可能被误诊为弱视．本文采用了大量临床病历，利用数统计的理论和方法对散光性弱视患儿的弱视程度、患儿的年龄结构及患儿的眼别和性别等关系进行了定量的分析．     

模糊数量化判别模型及其应用

本文介绍一种方法,用于处理含有定性变量的样品的分类问题。本方法从模糊集理论出发,引进模糊平均数、模糊方差及模糊方差比,确定一个线性判别函数使在实数空间上最大可能分离模糊类。本方法是普通数量化理论Ⅱ的推广。本文最后给出一个应用实例。     

Mathematics in the home: Homework practices and mother-child interactions doing mathematics

Parents are a largely untapped resource for improving the mathematics performance of American children, which lags behind the performance of children from other nations. The purpose of the research reported here was to assess homework practices in the home, and to examine interactions between mothers and their 5th grade children as they worked challenging mathematics problems (pre-algebra equivalence problems). Results indicated that children spent on average 23 min per day on mathematics homework, with an average of 8 min of help from parents. Videotapes of mother-child interactions indicated that mothers varied considerably in the quality of the mathematics content that they conveyed while teaching, and in the quality of their scaffolding of the material for the child. As expected, mothers who themselves had more mathematics preparation performed better in conveying mathematical content and in scaffolding. Mothers with more mathematics self-confidence also performed better. The results suggest that children face inequities in the parental resources available to them for math learning; these inequities might be remedied by school-family partnership programs.     

子女身高对父母身高的再回归分析

本文通过抽样调查及统计分析 ,建立了父母身高与子女身高的两个回归方程 ,揭示了父母身高与子女身高之间显著的线性关系 .从分析的结果可以看出 ,不同家庭的子女身高有回归其群体平均身高的倾向 .     

Examining the Types,Features, and Use of Instructional Materials in Afterschool Science

Afterschool programs have garnered much attention as promising environments for learning where children can engage in rich science activities. Yet, little is known about the kinds of instructional materials used in typical, large‐scale afterschool programs that implement science with diverse populations of children. In this study, we investigated the types, features, and use of science instructional materials at more than 150 public afterschool program sites across California. Using afterschool site survey data, we categorized the types and the range of materials used at the sites. We then collected a subsample of the instructional materials for in‐depth analysis of their support features for enabling staff and children to enact science. We also interviewed afterschool site staff to better understand how they selected and used materials. Results from our analysis of survey and interview data show that afterschool staff primarily used stand‐alone lessons and activities found on the Internet or in activity books as resources for planning and enacting science. Our analysis of the subsample of instructional materials indicate that curricular materials, while used less frequently by afterschool staff, have on average more of the support features that would help them implement high‐quality science experiences with children.     

气象因素与儿童气管炎关系的研究

利用济南市卫生局提供的2003年儿童气管炎患者的病例资料和济南市气象局提供的2003年气象资料,对济南地区儿童气管炎疾病与气象资料的关系进行研究.通过相关性分析,用多元回归方法建立了儿童气管炎发病人数的日预报方程.然后对数据进行处理,按季节建立了儿童气管炎与气象要素之间的日预报方程.     

An investigation into the use of microcomputers to teach mathematical problem‐solving skills to 13 year olds

This is an account of an experiment to teach mathematical problem‐solving skills to 13‐year‐old students with the aid of microcomputers. Twenty‐one children worked through six microcomputer program‐generated problem situations in two and a half hours. Nine of the children worked ‘hands on’ with microcomputers. Twelve of the children were class taught, with a single microcomputer used for demonstration purposes. A comparison of pre‐test and post‐test scores on tests indicated that no significant gains in achievement were made by either group. Informal observations suggest a positive affective response. The findings are discussed at length and possible explanations for the lack of achievement are conjectured.     

Children's Evolving Understanding of Polyhedra in the Classroom

To better understand the development of children's thinking in three-dimensional geometry, we conducted a teaching experiment with 8- and 9-year olds in which children built and described polyhedra during several lessons. Analysis of pre-/post-assessments showed that children advanced in their geometric reasoning and began to identify, enumerate, and notice relationships between component parts of polyhedra. Our consideration of a class activity showed how examining a range of examples and non-examples enculturated students into the practice of attending to component parts. Promoting precise, formal definitions for components proved to be a significant challenge for the teacher in establishing norms for class discussions.     

Evaluation of a learning trajectory for length in the early years

Measurement is a critical component of mathematics education, but research on the learning and teaching of measurement is limited, especially compared to topics such as number and operations. To contribute to the establishment of a research base for instruction in measurement, we evaluated and refined a previously developed learning trajectory in early length measurement, focusing on the developmental progressions that provide cognitive accounts of the development of children’s strategic and conceptual knowledge of measure. Findings generally supported the developmental progression, in that children reliably moved through the levels of thinking in that progression. For example, they passed through a level in which they measured length by placing multiple units or attempting to iterate a unit, sometimes leaving gaps between units. However, findings also suggested several refinements to the developmental progression, including the nature and placement of indirect length comparison in the developmental progression and the role of vocabulary, which was an important facilitator of learning for some, but not all, children.     

On the Construction of Learning Trajectories of Children: The Case of Commensurate Fractions

Learning trajectories are presented of 2 fifth-grade children, Jason and Laura, who participated in the teaching experiment, Children's Construction of the Rational Numbers of Arithmetic. 5 teaching episodes were held with the 2 children, October 15 and November 1, 8, 15, and 22. During the fourth grade, the 2 children demonstrated distinctly different partitioning schemes-the equi-partitioning scheme (Jason) and the simultaneous partitioning scheme (Laura). At the outset of the children's fifth grade, it was hypothesized that the differences in the 2 schemes would be manifest in the children's production of fractions commensurate with a given fraction. During the October 15 teaching episode, Jason independently produced how much 3/4 of 1/4 of a stick was of the whole stick as a novelty, and it was inferred that he engaged in recursive partitioning operations. An analogous inference could not be made for Laura. The primary difference in the 2 children during the teaching episodes was Laura's dependency on Jason's independent explanations or actions to engage in the actions that were needed for her to be successful in explaining why a fraction such as 1/3 was commensurate to, say, 4/12.     

Empowering children in the use of statistics

Statistics pervade our society, yet the understanding of statistics has remained the domain of a select few. Although the majority of the literature has focused on the adult learner, there is a movement toward teaching statistics to children. This article addresses the ways in which the study of statistics has been examined in the elementary and secondary schools in terms of content, readiness of children to learn, pedagogy, and assessment. A proposal is presented of how a cognitive apprenticeship model can be developed from the empirical research findings in order to build more effective instructional and assessment methods for statistics education.