有机太阳能电池研究进展

为了减轻当前能源危机所带来的压力,各国在太阳能电池等清洁能源领域投入了大量的人力、物力和财力.由于有机太阳能电池具有独特的优点(有机材料易于修饰,器件制备方法简便且可制备出柔韧器件),并且随着相关研究的深入,有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率逐步得到提高,这昭示了有机太阳能电池商业化的美好前景,目前已经有大批科研工作者投身于有机太阳能电池领域的研发工作.文章从太阳能电池小分子材料、聚合物材料和提高有机太阳能电池能量转换效率的方法这三方面入手,对有机太阳能电池领域进行综述.     

基于太阳能甲醇分解的冷热电联产系统

本文从太阳能与化石能源综合互补利用的思路出发,将中低温太阳能利用与冷热电联产系统有机结合,研究提出了一种太阳能甲醇分解冷热电联产系统.该联产系统能够提高现有太阳能系统在中低温范围内的能源利用效率,并能部分替代化石能源.(火用)分析表明,系统节能关键在于太阳能供热甲醇分解过程有效减少了燃烧过程能量损失.本文的研究可为太阳能系统的发展及化石能源的替代提供新的思路.     

太阳能甲醇重整制氢-发电联产系统

基于不同用能系统整合和能的综合梯级利用思路,研究提出一种新颖的太阳能甲醇重整制氢-发电联产系统.将太阳能甲醇重整制氢与发电有机整合,不仅合理地利用中低温太阳能,同时实现甲醇重整制氢弛放气的综合利用.新的联产系统具有优良的热力性能,化石能源的相对节能率达到29%,制氢单位能耗降低为0.85 GJ/GJ-H2.研究表明,减小能量转化传递过程的品位差和合理利用太阳能热是系统节能的关键所在.研究成果将为太阳能多功能能源系统发展提供新方案与新思路.     

紫外光响应杂化太阳能电池

太阳能是一种取之不尽、用之不竭的清洁能源,太阳能电池是高效开发利用太阳能的关键。目前所开发的太阳能电池主要利用可见光,而光子能量高的紫外光很少得到利用。由于紫外光响应的太阳能电池目前还未见报道,开发紫外光响应的太阳能电池对光伏电池和光电器件的理论研究和实际应用都具有重要意义。     

半透明有机太阳能电池

与其他利用太阳能的电池相比,有机太阳能电池成本低、易加工,而且拥有柔性,可大面积制备成半透明和不同颜色的器件,引起了科学工作者的广泛兴趣,这使有机太阳能技术在市场上具有巨大的应用前景,例如,智能传感器、发电玻璃窗、房屋建筑、温室、户外生活等.将讨论有机太阳能电池的基本光伏过程以及如何实现半透明有机太阳能电池光电转换效率和可见光透射率的最优化.     

溶液法制备全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

太阳能光伏技术,能实现太阳能与电能的高效转换,是实现人类文明可持续发展的关键绿色能源技术.其中,有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池具有优异的光电特性、低廉的制备成本、高效的转换效率,已成为该领域的研究前沿.虽然有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已约高达24%,但其体系中的有机物组分易受环境中的光、热、潮等因素影响而分解,致使器件稳定性存在严重的缺陷,极大地限制了钙钛矿太阳能电池的产业化进程.因此,如何制备高效稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池,是目前该领域的研究热点与难点,而发展具有更高环境稳定性的全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池具有重要意义.本文回顾了近年来全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池领域的研究成果,重点审视了钙钛矿薄膜的湿法制备工艺,并探讨了器件在光热稳定性方面的改善,为进一步推动钙钛矿太阳能电池的实用化进程提供可行性参考.     

基于三元非富勒烯体系的高效有机太阳能电池

有机材料的"窄吸收"特性制约了有机太阳能电池(OPVs)性能的进一步突破,二元体异质结薄膜难以实现对太阳能的有效宽光谱利用.三元OPVs在二元体系中引入吸收互补的第三组分,能够增强器件光吸收,实现光电转化效率的大幅提升.近年来,非富勒烯受体材料的飞速进展,多次刷新有机太阳能电池最高效率记录,丰富并扩展了三元受体材料的选择范围.本文以非富勒烯受体材料Y6作为第三组分材料,高效率非富勒烯太阳能电池PBDB-T-2F:IT-4F作为基础二元器件,研究并分析了以双非富勒烯材料为受体的三元有机太阳能电池工作机理.通过光电特性分析,发现Y6的引入不仅能够增强器件近红外区域的光吸收能力,而且能够有效抑制双分子复合,提高电荷取出率,从而提高器件能量转换效率.通过调节Y6在三元体系中的质量百分比,在Y6占比为20 wt%时,器件实现最高的能量转换效率12.48%,相比于基础二元器件(10.59%)实现了17.85%的性能提升.     

应用于单分子测序的纳米微结构器件

基因测序技术是现代最为重要的生物医学研究手段之一,单分子测序技术作为最新一代测序技术被广泛研究,并形成了微纳制造、光电子、微流控和分子生物学等多学科的交叉探索和多种技术创新的有机结合.文章系统总结了应用于单分子测序的纳米微结构器件的原理和功能,重点阐述了零模波导器件和纳米孔器件在单分子测序中的作用以及制备工艺,从器件的角度提出了单分子测序技术所面临的挑战.     

中国科学院物理研究所中科院清洁能源前沿研究重点实验室北京市新能源材料与器件重点实验室

2009年5月。为适应物理所／北京凝聚态物理国家实验室（筹）发展的需要,促进基础性、战略性、前瞻性研究工作的发展,凝聚物理所清洁能源获取、存储和高效利用方面的研究力量,更好地服务于国民经济发展与国防建设,中国科学院物理研究所决定抽调表面物理国家重点实验室的化合物半导体材料与物性研究团队和氧化物半导体外延薄膜与器件结构研究团队、纳米物理与器件实验室的纳米离子学与能源材料团队和太阳能材料与器件团队组建一中国科学院物理所清洁能源实验室。姚建年院士任实验室学术委员会名誉主任,     

硅薄膜太阳能电池的原理及其应用

太阳能是人类取之不尽用之不竭的可再生能源和清洁能源,在太阳能的有效利用中,太阳能光电利用是近些年来发展最快、最具活力的研究领域,20世纪60年代辉光放电法(glow discharge)薄膜制备技术取得一系列重大进展,使人们认识到可以将同样具有光伏效应的非结晶状态的硅以薄膜形式镀制在廉价的玻璃基板上.     

聚光光伏与温差联合发电装置的研究

针对太阳能量利用率较低的现状,设计了基于砷化镓多结太阳能电池、半导体温差发电片的聚光光伏与温差联合发电装置.通过测量得出单独聚光光伏发电模块在几何聚光比为75时光电转换效率最大,达31.87%;而在加了半导体温差发电模块之后在几何聚光比为112时系统光电转换效率达32.81%,提高了整体光能量转化电能效率.     

平板集热太阳热电器件建模及结构优化

太阳能热电转换是光伏效应外另一种直接将太阳辐射转变为电能的途径, 近年来已经成为太阳能利用的热点之一. 本文以Bi₂Te₃材料为基础构建平板集热太阳热电器件模型, 采用有限元法分析AM1.5辐射条件下器件温度分布情况, 并结合基于温度的物性参数计算集热比、热臂截面积与长度变化等因素对器件的开路电压、 最大输出功率及转化效率的影响. 研究发现: 集热比与热臂长度的变化对器件性能有显著影响, 热臂截面积的变化对器件转化效率影响相对较弱; 在这一模型中, 平板集热太阳热电器件的转化效率达到1.56%.     

太阳能光伏/光热化学利用系统

本文研究了一种基于光谱分频的太阳能光伏/光热化学耦合利用系统。在该系统中,全光谱的太阳能按照波长不同被区分利用。适合光伏电池利用的太阳能被分配给光伏电池进行光伏转换,其它波段的太阳能则转化为热能驱动甲醇裂解反应产生合成气。实验结果表明在太阳辐照强度为712.8 W/㎡,甲醇流量为2.7 kg/h时,系统效率达到31.18%。系统实现了低品位的太阳能向高品位的电能和化学能的转换,为研究太阳能的全光谱高效利用提供了新的思路。     

Solar thermal power plants

The solar thermal power plant technology, the opportunities it presents and the developments in the market are outlined. The focus is on the technology of parabolic trough power plants, a proven technology for solar power generation on a large scale. In a parabolic trough power plant, trough-shaped mirrors concentrate the solar irradiation onto a pipe in the focal line of the collector. The thermal energy thus generated is used for electricity generation in a steam turbine. Parabolic trough plants can be combined with thermal storage and fossil or biomass fired heat exchangers to generate electricity even when the sun is not shining. Solar Millennium AG in Erlangen has developed the first power plant of this kind in Europe. After two years of construction the plant started operation in Southern Spain in 2008. This one and its sister projects are important steps leading the way for the whole market. The paper also covers the technological challenges, the key components used and the research and development activities concerning this technology. Solar thermal power plants are ideal for covering peak and medium loads in power grids. In hybrid operation they can also cover baseload. The Solar Chimney power plant, another striking technology for the conversion of solar into electric energy, is described briefly. The paper concludes with a look at the future – the import of solar energy from the deserts of North Africa to central Europe.     

Charge transfer modification of inverted planar perovskite solar cells by NiOx/Sr:NiOx bilayer hole transport layer

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most promising commercial photoelectric conversion technology in the future. The planar p-i-n structure cells have advantages in negligible hysteresis, low temperature preparation and excellent stability. However, for inverted planar PSCs, the non-radiative recombination at the interface is an important reason that impedes the charge transfer and improvement of power conversion efficiency. Having a homogeneous, compact, and energy-level-matched charge transport layer is the key to reducing non-radiative recombination. In our study, NiO$_{x}$/Sr:NiO$_{x}$ bilayer hole transport layer (HTL) improves the holes transmission of NiO$_{x}$ based HTL, reduces the recombination in the interface between perovskite and HTL layer and improves the device performance. The bilayer HTL enhances the hole transfer by forming a driving force of an electric field and further improves $J_{\rm sc}$. As a result, the device has a power conversion efficiency of 18.44%, a short circuit current density of 22.81 mA$\cdot$cm$^{-2}$ and a fill factor of 0.80. Compared to the pristine PSCs, there are certain improvements of optical parameters. This method provides a new idea for the future design of novel hole transport layers and the development of high-performance solar cells.     

Study of the performance of a thermoelectric generator transformation of the thermal energy conveyed by a heat transfer fluid into electrical energy

A mathematical model to predict the maximum energy conversion efficiency of the thermoelectric generator is developed to improve the performance and maximize the energy conversion efficiency of the thermoelectric power generator. The studied device corresponds to an original configuration of thermoelectric modules mounted on the peripheral surfaces of two channels, one of the channels is crossed by hot fluid and the other by a cold fluid. First, the effect of the flow rate was studied to choose the flow rate adapted to our study for three different configurations of the thermopile, the co-current configuration, the counter-current configuration, and the sandwich configuration. Then a comparison was made to choose the best configuration between these three studied configurations by addressing their thermoelectric performances. The results revealed that the sandwich configuration is much better than the co-current and counter-current configurations and reduces the surface area occupied by the TEG by half while generating more power than a solar panel.     

新型空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池是一种全新的全固态薄膜电池. 报道的能量转换效率已提高到19.3%, 成为可再生能源领域的热点研究方向. 空穴传输材料是构成高效钙钛矿太阳能电池的重要组分之一. 本文介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本结构, 对空穴传输材料的分子结构、能级水平和迁移率等对电池性能的影响进行了详细的总结和评述.     

Silver clusters insert into polymer solar cell for enhancing light absorption

As an employment of surface plasmonic effect, the consequence of insertion of a layer of Ag clusters into polymer solar cell on the enhancement of light absorption and power conversion efficiency is investigated. Optical analysis based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is performed with experiments to evaluate the effect of the interaction between the Ag clusters and incident light on light absorption in polymer solar cell. Ag clusters modify the light wave vector and the electromagnetic field inside the device is redistributed and enhanced. As a result, polymer solar cells achieve an overall increase in absorption, short-circuit current density, and power conversion efficiency.     

Efficient design of perovskite solar cell using mixed halide and copper oxide

Solar cells based on perovskites have emerged as a transpiring technology in the field of photovoltaic. These cells exhibit high power conversion efficiency. The perovskite material is observed to have good absorption in the entire visible spectrum which can be well illustrated by the quantum efficiency curve. In this paper, theoretical analysis has been done through device simulation for designing solar cell based on mixed halide perovskite. Various parameters have efficacy on the solar cell efficiency such as defect density, layer thickness, doping concentration, band offsets, etc. The use of copper oxide as the hole transport material has been analyzed. The analysis divulges that due to its mobility of charge carriers, it can be used as an alternative to spiro-OMeTAD. With the help of simulations, reasonable materials have been employed for the optimal design of solar cell based on perovskite material. With the integration of copper oxide into the solar cell structure, the results obtained are competent enough. The simulations have shown that with the use of copper oxide as hole transport material with mixed halide perovskite as absorber, the power conversion efficiency has improved by 6%.The open circuit voltage has shown an increase of 0.09 V, short circuit current density has increased by 2.32 m A/cm~2, and improvement in fill factor is 8.75%.